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Zhao J, Ma Y, Zheng X, Sun Z, Lin H, Du C, Cao J. Bladder cancer: non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 39217254 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a highly prevalent type of cancer worldwide, and it is responsible for numerous deaths and cases of disease. Due to the diverse nature of this disease, it is necessary to conduct significant research that delves deeper into the molecular aspects, to potentially discover novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Lately, there has been a significant increase in the focus on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), due to their growing recognition for their involvement in the progression and manifestation of BCa. The interest in exosomes has greatly grown due to their potential for transporting a diverse array of active substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. The combination of these components differs based on the specific cell and its condition. Research indicates that using exosomes could have considerable advantages in identifying and forecasting BCa, offering a less invasive alternative. The distinctive arrangement of the lipid bilayer membrane found in exosomes is what makes them particularly effective for administering treatments aimed at managing cancer. In this review, we have tried to summarize different ncRNAs that are involved in BCa pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomal ncRNAs in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital, Hangzhou, 311215, Zhe'jiang, China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital, Hangzhou, 311215, Zhe'jiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of the First Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhe'jiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of the First Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhe'jiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Ganzhou Donghe Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiang'xi, China
| | - Chuanjun Du
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhe'jiang, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital, Hangzhou, 311215, Zhe'jiang, China.
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Su X, Yan L, Si J, Wang Z, Liang C, Peng K, Shen J, Duan S. LINC00319: Unraveling the spectrum from gene regulation to clinical applications in cancer progression. Gene 2024; 896:148044. [PMID: 38042213 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs are RNA transcripts that exceed 200 nucleotides in length and do not encode proteins. LINC00319 is a type of lncRNA that is highly expressed in various cancers and is regulated by CCL18 and MYC. High levels of LINC00319 are associated with poorer prognosis and more malignant clinical features in cancer patients. LINC00319 can regulate the expression of downstream genes, including 2 protein-coding genes and 11 miRNAs. It participates in controlling three signaling pathways and various cellular behaviors. LINC00319 and its downstream genes are potential targets for cancer therapy and are associated with common cancer treatments. This article reviews the abnormal expression of LINC00319 in human cancers and related molecular mechanisms, providing clues for further diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Su
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingtao Yan
- Medical Genetics Center, Department of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahua Si
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kehao Peng
- The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinze Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Lee KT, Lin CY, Liu SC, He XY, Tsai CH, Ko CY, Tsai YH, Chao CC, Chen PC, Tang CH. IL-17 promotes IL-18 production via the MEK/ERK/miR-4492 axis in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1829-1844. [PMID: 38261743 PMCID: PMC10866453 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The concept of osteoarthritis (OA) as a low-grade inflammatory joint disorder has been widely accepted. Many inflammatory mediators are implicated in the pathogenesis of OA. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine with versatile cellular functions that are pathogenetically important in immune responses, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by Th17 cells, is upregulated in OA patients. However, the role of IL-17 in OA progression is unclear. The synovial tissues collected from healthy donors and OA patients were used to detect the expression level of IL-18 by IHC stain. The OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) were incubated with recombinant IL-17 and subjected to Western blot, qPCR, and ELISA to examine IL-18 expression level. The chemical inhibitors and siRNAs which targeted signal pathways were used to investigate signal pathways involved in IL-17-induced IL-18 expression. The microRNAs which participated IL-18 expression were surveyed with online databases miRWalk and miRDB, followed by validation with qPCR. This study revealed significantly higher levels of IL-18 expression in synovial tissue from OA patients compared with healthy controls, as well as increased IL-18 expression in OASFs from rats with severe OA. In vitro findings indicated that IL-17 dose-dependently promoted IL-18 production in OASFs. Molecular investigations revealed that the MEK/ERK/miR-4492 axis stimulated IL-18 production when OASFs were treated with IL-17. This study provides novel insights into the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of OA, which may help to inform OA treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tsan Lee
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Yuan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Alizamir A, Amini MA, Karbasi A, Beyrami M. MiR-4492, a New Potential MicroRNA for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Mini Review. Chonnam Med J 2024; 60:21-26. [PMID: 38304137 PMCID: PMC10828084 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2024.60.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that the incidence of cancer sufferers is rising in the world, and it is estimated that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from malignancies or the cancer rate will double. Diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent an excellent approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as many other diseases. One of the latest miRNAs is miR-4492, upregulating some genes in tumor tissues including ROMO1, HLA-G, NKIRAS2, FOXK1, and UBE2C. It represents an attractant example of a miRNA acting at multiple levels to affect the same malignancy hallmark. Based on the studies, miR-4492 plays a key role in several cancers such as, breast cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer. Putting it all together, identifying the precise mechanisms of miR-4492 in the pathogenesis of cancer, could pave the way to find better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer sufferers. For this reason, it might be a novel potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Alizamir
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Amini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Karbasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Beyrami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Chen WY, Thuy Dung PV, Yeh HL, Chen WH, Jiang KC, Li HR, Chen ZQ, Hsiao M, Huang J, Wen YC, Liu YN. Targeting PKLR/MYCN/ROMO1 signaling suppresses neuroendocrine differentiation of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102686. [PMID: 36963289 PMCID: PMC10060381 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) uses androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to inhibit androgen receptor (AR) signaling-driven tumor progression. ADT-induced PCa recurrence may progress to an AR-negative phenotype with neuroendocrine (NE) histologic features, which are associated with metabolic disturbances and poor prognoses. However, the metabolic pathways that regulate NE differentiation (NED) in PCa remain unclear. Herein, we show a regulatory mechanism in NED-associated metabolism dysfunction induced by ADT, whereby overexpression of pyruvate kinase L/R (PKLR) mediates oxidative stress through upregulation of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1), thereby promoting NED and aggressiveness. ADT mediates the nuclear translocation of PKLR, which binds to the MYCN/MAX complex to upregulate ROMO1 and NE-related genes, leading to altered mitochondrial function and NED of PCa. Targeting nuclear PKLR/MYCN using bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) inhibitors has the potential to reduce PKLR/MYCN-driven NED. Abundant ROMO1 in serum samples may provide prognostic information in patients with ADT. Our results suggest that ADT resistance leads to upregulation of PKLR/MYCN/ROMO1 signaling, which may drive metabolic reprogramming and NED in PCa. We further show that increased abundance of serum ROMO1 may be associated with the development of NE-like PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Phan Vu Thuy Dung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ru Li
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Qing Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yu-Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang H, Feng Y, Zheng X, Xu X. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041007. [PMID: 36831352 PMCID: PMC9954389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although the means of diagnosis and treatment have continually improved in recent years, the recurrence rate of bladder cancer remains high, and patients with MIBC typically have an unfavourable prognosis and a low quality of life. Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. The potential role of lincRNAs in the regulation of gene expression has been explored in depth in recent years. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60-300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the biological functions of these molecules in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yanfei Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.X.)
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lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network in bladder cancer. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 8:135-145. [PMID: 36605618 PMCID: PMC9792360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although immunotherapy approaches such as adoptive T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade have been investigated for the treatment of bladder cancer, their off-target effects and ability to affect only single targets have led to clinical outcomes that are far from satisfactory. Therefore, it is important to identify novel targets that can effectively control tumor growth and metastasis. It is well known that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are powerful regulators of gene expression. Increasing evidence has shown that dysregulated lncRNAs in bladder cancer are involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we focus on the roles and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in the regulation of bladder cancer progression. In addition, we discuss the potential of targeting lncRNA-mediated ceRNA networks to overcome cancer treatment resistance and its association with clinicopathological features and outcomes in bladder cancer patients. We hope this review will stimulate research to develop more effective therapeutic approaches for bladder cancer treatment.
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Kwack WG, Sung JY, Lee SH. Overexpression of Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 Predicts Unfavorable Clinical Outcome in EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinomas Treated With Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770230. [PMID: 34956890 PMCID: PMC8695430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (Romo1) is a novel protein that regulates the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Romo1 has been shown to be associated with poor survival in various clinical settings for the treatment of lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated whether tissue Romo1 expression was associated with clinical outcomes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated lung adenocarcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Method Romo1 expression in tumor tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry and evaluated by histologic score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the clinicopathologic parameters, including Romo1 expression, which may be associated with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and incidence of secondary T790M mutation. Results A total of 96 tumor specimens were analyzed. With the cut-off value of 200, 71 (74.0%) and 25 (26.0%) patients were classified into low and high Romo1 groups, respectively. The median PFS of the high Romo1 group was significantly shorter than that of the low Romo1 group (13.1 vs 19.9 months, p = 0.0165). The median OS of the high Romo1 group was also significantly shorter than that of the low Romo1 group (19.8 vs 37.0 months, p = 0.0006). Multivariate analyses showed that high Romo1 expression was independently associated with both poor PFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–4.56, p = 0.0034) and poor OS (HR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.57–6.41, p = 0.0013). In addition, the rate of secondary T790M mutation after TKI failure was significantly lower in the high Romo1 group than the low Romo1 group (16.7% vs. 38.3%, p = 0.0369). Conclusions Romo1 overexpression was associated with poor response to treatment and short survival in patients treated with EGFR-TKIs, suggesting a distinct subgroup warranting active surveillance and tailored therapeutic approach. In addition, our data highlight that Romo1 could be a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Gun Kwack
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Sung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Fu Q, Wang F, Zhou X, Xiang J, He N, Hu Z, Jin X. Comprehensive analysis of pyroptosis regulators and tumor immune microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:667. [PMID: 34906145 PMCID: PMC8670029 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence has indicated that pyroptosis could regulate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to affect the tumor development. As a highly immunogenic tumor, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) can benefit from immunotherapy, but related research on pyroptosis in the TIME of ccRCC is still deficient. Methods Available data derived from TCGA and GEO databases were analyzed to identify the different expression profiles of pyroptosis in ccRCC and normal tissues, and the correlation of pyroptosis regulators with TIME was evaluated in ccRCC. Results According to consensus clustering analysis, two differential expression levels of subtypes were identified to affect patient prognosis, and were related to histological tumor stage and grade. Immune cells were calculated by the CIBERSORT algorithm. Higher infiltrated levels of B cells naive, T cells CD4 memory resting, NK cells resting, monocytes, macrophages were observed in Cluster 1, while higher infiltrated levels of CD8+ T cells, T follicular helper cells, and Tregs were observed in Cluster 2. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that Cluster 2 was enriched in multiple immune-related pathways, including the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Moreover, overexpression of eight immune checkpoints was related to ccRCC development, especially in Cluster 2. As four potentially key pyroptosis regulators, AIM2, CASP5, NOD2, and GZMB were confirmed to be upregulated in ccRCC by RT-qPCR analysis and further verified by the HPA database. Further pan-cancer analysis suggested that these four pyroptosis regulators were differentially expressed and related to the TIME in multiple cancers. Conclusion The present study provided a comprehensive view of pyroptosis regulators in the TIME of ccRCC, which may provide potential value for immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02384-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghe Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejian Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayong Xiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Biological functions and clinical significance of long noncoding RNAs in bladder cancer. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:278. [PMID: 34611133 PMCID: PMC8492632 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the 10 most common cancers with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a large class of noncoding RNA transcripts, consist of more than 200 nucleotides and play a significant role in the regulation of molecular interactions and cellular pathways during the occurrence and development of various cancers. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of high-throughput gene sequencing technology, several differentially expressed lncRNAs have been discovered in BCa, and their functions have been proven to have an impact on BCa development, such as cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and drug-resistance. Furthermore, evidence suggests that lncRNAs are significantly associated with BCa patients' clinicopathological characteristics, especially tumor grade, TNM stage, and clinical progression stage. In addition, lncRNAs have the potential to more accurately predict BCa patient prognosis, suggesting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for BCa patients in the future. In this review, we briefly summarize and discuss recent research progress on BCa-associated lncRNAs, while focusing on their biological functions and mechanisms, clinical significance, and targeted therapy in BCa oncogenesis and malignant progression.
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He X, Xiao H, Yang R, Chen H, Wang B. lncRNA LOC339524 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by targeting the miR-875-5p/COPS7A signaling axis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1202. [PMID: 34584547 PMCID: PMC8422399 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in the progression of various types of cancer. The role of numerous lncRNAs in a variety of cancer types has been investigated. However, the underlying mechanisms of the majority of lncRNAs in bladder cancer (BCa) remain to be elucidated. In the present study, abnormally expressed lncRNAs in BCa and para-carcinoma tissues were identified through screening the Cancer RNA-Seq Nexus database and were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. It was found that LOC339524 expression levels were markedly downregulated in BCa tissues and cells (J82, T24, UM-UC-3 and 5637). LOC339524 overexpression was revealed to suppress the proliferation of BCa cells. LOC339524 was also discovered to act as a sponge for microRNA (miR)-875-5p, as identified using dual luciferase reporter assays and biotin pull-down analysis. LOC339524 downregulated the expression of miR-875-5p and knockdown of miR-875-5p expression inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells. In addition, COP9 signalosome subunit 7A (COPS7A) was identified to be the target gene of miR-875-5p and COPS7A expression level was upregulated following LOC339524 overexpression. lncRNA LOC339524 was proposed to function as a competitive endogenous RNA to facilitate the expression of COPS7A by binding to miR-875-5p. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that LOC339524 may inhibit cell proliferation in BCa by targeting the miR-875-5p/COPS7A signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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12
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Lv J, Wu Y, Li W, Fan H. High Expression of ROMO1 Aggravates the Malignancy of Hepatoblastoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:2341719. [PMID: 34512752 PMCID: PMC8426091 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2341719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a kind of tumor that occurs frequently in children and is highly malignant. Here, the function of ROS modulator 1 (ROMO1) was identified in the development of HB. In this study, the mRNA expression of ROMO1 was measured by RT-qPCR. Colony formation assay, MTT assay, and flow cytometric analysis were applied to detect cell viability. The cell migrative and invasive ability was measured by wound healing and transwell assays. Tumor xenografts were performed to examine tumor growth. The results showed that upregulation of ROMO1 was identified in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) tissues and predicted poor prognosis in LIHC patients. And ROMO1 expression was also increased in HB tissues and cells. Functionally, ROMO1 knockdown restrained cell viability, migration, and invasion in HB. In addition, knockdown of ROMO1 was found to suppress tumor formation in vivo. In conclusion, upregulation of ROMO1 promotes tumor growth and cell aggressiveness in HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271199, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuagding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology (II), Qingdao Central Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, China
| | - Huaping Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
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13
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Yang H, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang Y, Li H. Upregulated LINC00319 aggravates neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via modulating miR-200a-3p. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:844. [PMID: 34149890 PMCID: PMC8210224 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of physical disability and mortality worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to be dysregulated in various biological progressions and serve important roles in pathological processes of cerebral ischemia. However, their biological actions and potential mechanisms in the progression of ischemic stroke remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of LINC00319 on ischemic brain injury. It was identified that LINC00319 was significantly upregulated in the Gene Expression Omnibus profile of ischemic stroke. Furthermore, LINC00319 overexpression elevated caspase-3 activity and increased the apoptotic rate of neuronal cells, as well as decreased cell viability and glucose uptake. It was also demonstrated that LINC00319 participated in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cerebral ischemic injury. LINC00319 could competitively bind with microRNA (miR)-200a-3p and decrease its expression. Moreover, miR-200a-3p could partly offset the negative effects of LINC00319 overexpression on neuronal injury caused by OGD. Collectively, the present results suggested that LINC00319 promoted apoptosis and aggravated neuronal injury induced by OGD by regulating miR-200a-3p, which may be important for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154001, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154001, P.R. China
| | - Yuehan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154001, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154001, P.R. China
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Jia X, Wei L, Zhang Z. NEAT1 Overexpression Indicates a Poor Prognosis and Induces Chemotherapy Resistance via the miR-491-5p/ SOX3 Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:616220. [PMID: 33995475 PMCID: PMC8118527 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.616220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated studies have reported that dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in ovarian cancer (OC) initiation and development. However, detailed biological functions of lncRNA NEAT1 during the progression of OC remains to be uncovered. Purpose Our aim was to identify the role of NEAT1 in cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The expression patterns of NEAT1 in OC cell lines and tissue samples were identified by qRT-PCR. The cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity of OC cells was detected by MTT and CCK8 assay, while OC cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected using flow cytometer assays. In addition, effects of NEAT1 on tumor growth were determined by xenograft tumor model. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to prove the regulatory relation of miR-491-5p, NEAT1, and SOX3. Importantly, the expression of NEAT1 in exosomes from cisplatin-resistant patients was also determined by using qRT-PCR. Results In this study, upregulated NEAT1 was detected in OC cell lines and tissues. Meanwhile, NEAT1 was also increased in cisplatin-resistant OC cell lines and tissues. Upregulation of NEAT1 inhibited cisplatin-induced OC cell apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation, while knockdown of NEAT1 played the opposite role. These effects were also observed in vivo. Furthermore, direct interaction was observed between NEAT1 and miR-491-5p. NEAT1 led to the upregulation of miR-491-5p-targeted SOX3 mRNA. Importantly, this study also showed upregulated NEAT1 expression in serum exosomes derived from cisplatin-resistant patients. Conclusion NEAT1 is vital in the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer through regulating miR-491-5p/SOX3 pathway, showing that NEAT1 might be a potential target for OC resistance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuan Jia
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Department of Chest Surgery, Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Wei N, Sun Y, Pan W, Chen Y. Silencing LINC00482 inhibits tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis through down-regulation of MMP-15 via FOXA1 in bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2264-2278. [PMID: 33323547 PMCID: PMC7880329 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have previously demonstrated that long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) play an important role in the development of bladder cancer. However, little is known regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms of LINC00482 functions in bladder cancer. The current study aimed to elucidate the role of LINC00482 in the progression of bladder cancer. The initial step was to detect the expressions of LINC00482 and MMP15 in bladder cancer cells and tissue. According to the results from the RT-qPCR, LINC00482 and MMP15 were both highly expressed in bladder cancer cells and tissue. The relationship among LINC00482, FOXA1 and MMP15 was studied via dual-luciferase reporter assay. LINC00482 was positively correlated with MMP15. LINC00482 promoted MMP15 expression by recruiting FOXA1. Using the gain- and loss-of-function approaches, silencing of LINC00482 resulted in the downregulation of VEGF and NF-κB protein levels, decreased expression of inflammatory factors, and inhibited angiogenesis. Silencing of LINC00482 also suppressed tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis in vivo, which was found to be reversed by the overexpression of MMP15. The present study demonstrated that LINC00482 induced the expression of MMP15 by interacting with FOXA1, thereby contributing to the inflammation and angiogenesis in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Na Wei
- The First Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- The First Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Weiyun Pan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
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Liu T, Sun Y, Bai W. The Role of Epigenetics in the Chronic Sinusitis with Nasal Polyp. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 21:1. [PMID: 33236242 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common and heterogeneous inflammatory disease. The underlying epigenetic mechanisms and treatment of CRSwNP are partially understood. Of the different epigenetic changes in CRSwNP, histone deacetylases (HDACs), methylation of DNA, and the levels of miRNA are widely studied. Here, we review the human studies of epigenetic mechanisms in CRSwNP. RECENT FINDINGS The promoters of COL18A1, PTGES, PLAT, and TSLP genes are hypermethylated in CRSwNP compared with those of controls, while the promoters of PGDS, ALOX5AP, LTB4R, IL-8, and FZD5 genes are hypomethylated in CRSwNP. Promoter hypermethylation suppresses the gene expression, while promoter hypomethylation increases the gene expression. Studies have shown the elevation in the levels of HDAC2, HDAC4, and H3K4me3 in CRSwNP. In CRSwNP patients, there is also an upregulation of certain miRNAs including miR-125b, miR-155, miR-19a, miR-142-3p, and miR-21 and downregulation of miR-4492. Epigenetics takes part in the immunology of CRSwNP and may give rise to endotypes of CRSwNP. Both HDAC2 and the miRNA including miR-18a, miR-124a, and miR-142-3p may take function in the regulation of glucocorticoid resistance. HDAC inhibitors and KDM2B have shown effectiveness in decreasing nasal polyp, and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or HDAC inhibitors may have a potential efficacy for the treatment of CRSwNP. Recent advances in the epigenetics of CRSwNP have led to the identification of several potential therapeutic targets for this disease. The use of epigenetics may provide novel and effective biomarkers and therapies for the treatment of nasal polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Weiliang Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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CCL18-induced LINC00319 promotes proliferation and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma via the miR-199a-5p/FZD4 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:777. [PMID: 32948745 PMCID: PMC7501282 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which may be modulated by chemokines, are key regulators in many cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). An understanding of lncRNAs involved in chemokine (CC motif) ligand 18 (CCL18)-induced OSCC promotion remains elusive. The present study using lncRNA sequencing found LINC00319 to be significantly upregulated in OSCC cells subjected to rCCL18 stimulation. Furthermore, LINC00319 knockdown was found to attenuate the carcinogenic function of CCL18 in OSCC, reducing OSCC proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. LINC00319 was demonstrated to act as a ceRNA in OSCC, which directly responded to miR-199a-5p and rescued the repression of FZD4 by miR-199a-5p. Functionally, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that LINC00319 promoted OSCC growth and metastasis via downregulating miR-199a-5p and upregulating FZD4. In vitro rescue assays demonstrated that miR-199a-5p inhibitor or FZD4 overexpression reversed the effects of LINC00319 silencing in OSCC. Importantly, the expression of miR-199a-5p and FZD4 were found to be mediated by CCL18, and miR-199a-5p mimics inhibited the CCL18-promoting effects in oral cancer cells. Taken together, these results evidenced a mechanism of CCL18 action in OSCC mediated through the LINC00319/miR-199a-5p/FZD4 signaling pathway, which may comprise a potential target for OSCC therapeutic development.
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Huo W, Tan D, Chen Q. CASC9 Facilitates Cell Proliferation in Bladder Cancer by Regulating CBX2 Expression. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:388-399. [PMID: 32570259 DOI: 10.1159/000507828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the seventh most common urologic carcinoma worldwide, approximately 430,000 patients are diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC) every year. Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the progression of BC. OBJECTIVES This study is aimed to explore the function and mechanism of CASC9 in BC. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis and experiments including RT-qPCR, luciferase reporter, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Western blot, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, and TUNEL staining were applied to explore the function and mechanism of CASC9 in BC tissues and cell lines. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that CASC9 was upregulated in BC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, we found that CASC9 knockdown notably decreased proliferation while increased apoptotic rate in BC cells. Mechanistically, bioinformatics prediction and following experiments indicated that CASC9 worked as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of CBX2 through sponging miR-497-5p. Meanwhile, we recognized that CASC9 and miR-497-5p negatively regulated each other in a mutual way. Furthermore, we found that miR-497-5p shared binding site with CBX2. In addition, miR-497-5p could negatively regulated CBX2, while CASC9 could positively regulated CBX2. Rescue assays reveled that CBX2 overexpression could reversed the reduction of cell proliferation or the enhancement of cell apoptosis induced by CASC9 suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our study manifests the first evidence that CASC9 serves as an oncogene in BC and accelerates cell proliferation by modulating miR-497-5p/CBX2 axis. The present study may provide a cogitable target for BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Huo
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of Chongqing Steel Company, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Tan
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of Chongqing Steel Company, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingbiao Chen
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China,
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