1
|
Ma LZ, Wang A, Lai YH, Zhang J, Zhang XF, Chen SL, Zhou XY. USP14 inhibition promotes DNA damage repair and represses ovarian granulosa cell senescence in premature ovarian insufficiency. J Transl Med 2024; 22:834. [PMID: 39261935 PMCID: PMC11389224 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition characterized by a substantial decline or loss of ovarian function in women before the age of 40. However, the pathogenesis of POI remains to be further elucidated, and specific targeted drugs which could delay or reverse ovarian reserve decline are urgently needed. Abnormal DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell senescence in granulosa cells are pathogenic mechanisms of POI. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a key enzyme that regulates the deubiquitylation of DDR-related proteins, but whether USP14 participates in the pathogenesis of POI remains unclear. METHODS We measured USP14 mRNA expression in granulosa cells from biochemical POI (bPOI) patients. In KGN cells, we used IU1 and siRNA-USP14 to specifically inhibit USP14 and constructed a cell line stably overexpressing USP14 to examine its effects on DDR function and cellular senescence in granulosa cells. Next, we explored the therapeutic potential of IU1 in POI mouse models induced by D-galactose. RESULTS USP14 expression in the granulosa cells of bPOI patients was significantly upregulated. In KGN cells, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection decreased etoposide-induced DNA damage levels, promoted DDR function, and inhibited cell senescence. USP14 overexpression increased DNA damage, impaired DDR function, and promoted cell senescence. Moreover, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection increased nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), upregulated RNF168, Ku70, and DDB1, and increased ubiquitinated DDB1 levels in KGN cells. Conversely, USP14 overexpression had the opposite effects. Intraperitoneal IU1 injection alleviated etoposide-induced DNA damage in granulosa cells, ameliorated the D-galactose-induced POI phenotype, promoted DDR, and inhibited cell senescence in ovarian granulosa cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Upregulated USP14 in ovarian granulosa cells may play a role in POI pathogenesis, and targeting USP14 may be a potential POI treatment strategy. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of POI and a novel POI treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zi Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yun-Hui Lai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shi-Ling Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Xing-Yu Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Centre, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koll R, Theilen J, Hauten E, Woodhouse JN, Thiel R, Möllmann C, Fabrizius A. Network-based integration of omics, physiological and environmental data in real-world Elbe estuarine Zander. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173656. [PMID: 38830414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Coastal and estuarine environments are under endogenic and exogenic pressures jeopardizing survival and diversity of inhabiting biota. Information of possible synergistic effects of multiple (a)biotic stressors and holobiont interaction are largely missing in estuaries like the Elbe but are of importance to estimate unforeseen effects on animals' physiology. Here, we seek to leverage host-transcriptional RNA-seq and gill mucus microbial 16S rRNA metabarcoding data coupled with physiological and abiotic measurements in a network analysis approach to decipher the impact of multiple stressors on the health of juvenile Sander lucioperca along one of the largest European estuaries. We find mesohaline areas characterized by gill tissue specific transcriptional responses matching osmosensing and tissue remodeling. Liver transcriptomes instead emphasized that zander from highly turbid areas were undergoing starvation which was supported by compromised body condition. Potential pathogenic bacteria, including Shewanella, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Chryseobacterium, dominated the gill microbiome along the freshwater transition and oxygen minimum zone. Their occurrence coincided with a strong adaptive and innate transcriptional immune response in host gill and enhanced energy demand in liver tissue supporting their potential pathogenicity. Taken together, we show physiological responses of a fish species and its microbiome to abiotic factors whose impact is expected to increase with consequences of climate change. We further present a method for the close-meshed detection of the main stressors and bacterial species with disease potential in a highly productive ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Koll
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Cell- and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Animal Physiology, Germany.
| | - Jesse Theilen
- University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Biodiversity Research, Germany
| | - Elena Hauten
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science, Marine ecosystem dynamics, Germany
| | - Jason Nicholas Woodhouse
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Cell- and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Animal Physiology, Germany; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Microbial and phytoplankton Ecology, Germany
| | - Ralf Thiel
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB) - Hamburg site, Centre for Taxonomy & Morphology, Zoological Museum, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Biodiversity Research, Germany
| | - Christian Möllmann
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science, Marine ecosystem dynamics, Germany
| | - Andrej Fabrizius
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Cell- and Systems Biology of Animals, Molecular Animal Physiology, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei K, Liang R, Liang J, Lu N, Huang J, Xu K, Tan B, Wang K, Liang Y, Wang W, Lin H, Wang M. CircPDE5A-encoded novel regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by promoting USP14-mediated de-ubiquitination of PIK3IP1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:124. [PMID: 38658954 PMCID: PMC11040784 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor and has become an important global health problem. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of ESCC. CircRNAs have been reported to be involved in the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify protein-coding circRNAs and investigate their functions in ESCC. METHODS Differential expression of circRNAs between ESCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was identified using circRNA microarray analysis. Thereafter, LC-MS/MS was used to identify circPDE5A-encoded novel protein PDE5A-500aa. Molecular biological methods were used to explore the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of circPDE5A and PDE5A-500aa in ESCC. Lastly, circRNA-loaded nanoplatforms were constructed to investigate the therapeutic translation value of circPDE5A. RESULTS We found that circPDE5A expression was down-regulated in ESCC cells and tissues and that it was negatively associated with advanced clinicopathological stages and poorer prognosis in ESCC. Functionally, circPDE5A inhibited ESCC proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by encoding PDE5A-500aa, a key regulator of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in ESCC. Mechanistically, PDE5A-500aa interacted with PIK3IP1 and promoted USP14-mediated de-ubiquitination of the k48-linked polyubiquitin chain at its K198 residue, thereby attenuating the PI3K/AKT pathway in ESCC. In addition, Meo-PEG-S-S-PLGA-based reduction-responsive nanoplatforms loaded with circPDE5A and PDE5A-500aa plasmids were found to successfully inhibit the growth and metastasis of ESCC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The novel protein PDE5A-500aa encoded by circPDE5A can act as an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the progression of ESCC by promoting USP14-mediated de-ubiquitination of PIK3IP1 and may serve as a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ruihao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jialu Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Binghua Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kexi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yicheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Huayue Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Li K, Mo S, Yao P, Zeng J, Lu S, Qin S. Identification of common genes and pathways between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19. Front Genet 2024; 15:1249501. [PMID: 38699234 PMCID: PMC11063347 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have reported a high incidence and risk of severe illness due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). COVID-19 patients may experience elevated or decreased blood sugar levels and may even develop diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms linking these two diseases remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the common genes and pathways between T2DM and COVID-19. Methods Two public datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE95849 and GSE164805) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in blood between people with and without T2DM and COVID-19. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on the common DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify common genes, and their diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Validation was performed on the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the GeneMANIA database to explore interactions among core DEGs and their co-expressed genes. Finally, a microRNA (miRNA)-transcription factor (TF)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network was constructed based on the common feature genes. Results In the GSE95849 and GSE164805 datasets, 81 upregulated genes and 140 downregulated genes were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were closely related to the negative regulation of phosphate metabolic processes, the positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division, T-cell co-stimulation, and lymphocyte co-stimulation. Four upregulated common genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2) and one downregulated common feature gene (RIOK2) were identified and showed good diagnostic accuracy for T2DM and COVID-19. The AUC values of DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2 in T2DM diagnosis were 0.931, 0.917, 0.986, 0.903, and 0.917, respectively. In COVID-19 diagnosis, the AUC values were 0.960, 0.860, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.90, respectively. Validation in the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets confirmed these results. The miRNA-TF-mRNA regulatory network showed that TYH2 was targeted by PITX1, PITX2, CRX, NFYA, SREBF1, RELB, NR1L2, and CEBP, whereas miR-124-3p regulates THK2, RIOK2, and USP14. Conclusion We identified five common feature genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2) and their co-regulatory pathways between T2DM and COVID-19, which may provide new insights for further molecular mechanism studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Endocrinology Department, Liuzhou Peoples’ Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Orthopedics Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shuangyang Mo
- Gastroenterology Department, Liuzhou Peoples’ Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Peishan Yao
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxing Zeng
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Microsurgery, and Hand Surgery, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shunyu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanyu Qin
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Geng L, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Lei H, Xu H, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Gu W. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 targets PFKL-mediated glycolysis to promote the proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2024; 22:193. [PMID: 38388430 PMCID: PMC10885370 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant upregulation of the ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) has been found in some malignant tumors, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we further demonstrated that aberrantly overexpressed USP14 was also closely related to adverse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in patients with OSCC, so we hypothesized that USP14 might act as a tumor-promoting factor during the progression of OSCC. Notably, we originally proved that USP14 is a deubiquitinating enzyme for phosphofructokinase-1 liver type (PFKL), a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway. USP14 interacts with PFKL and enhances its stability through deubiquitination in OSCC cells, which in turn enhances PFKL-mediated glycolytic metabolism and ultimately promote cellular proliferation, migration, and tumorigenesis. In this work, we have also demonstrated for the first time that USP14 is a critical regulator of glycolysis in OSCC and verified a novel mechanism whereby it is involved in tumor metastasis and growth. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the tumor-promoting role of USP14 and establish mechanistic foundations for USP14-targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lou Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chujiao Zhu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hu Lei
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hanzhang Xu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Research Units of Stress and Tumor (2019RU043), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wenli Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bian J, Ge W, Jiang Z. miR-26a-5p Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy through the USP14/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. J Ophthalmol 2024; 2024:1470898. [PMID: 38282961 PMCID: PMC10817816 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1470898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular disease caused by diabetes and may lead to vision impairment and even blindness. Oxidative stress and inflammation are two key pathogenic factors of DR. Recently, regulatory roles of different microRNAs (miRNAs) in DR have been widely verified. miR-26a-5p has been confirmed to be a potential biomarker of DR. Nevertheless, the specific functions of miR-26a-5p in DR are still unclear. Methods Primary cultured mouse retinal Müller cells in exposure to high glucose (HG) were used to establish an in vitro DR model. Müller cells were identified via morphology observation under phase contrast microscope and fluorescence staining for glutamine synthetase. The in vivo animal models for DR were constructed using streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Western blotting was performed to quantify cytochrome c protein level in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Müller cells and to measure protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14), as well as factors associated with NF-κB signaling (p-IκBα, IκBα, p-p65, and p65) in Müller cells or murine retinal tissues. ROS production was detected by CM-H2DCFDA staining, and the concentration of oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT) was estimated by using corresponding commercial kits. Quantification of mRNA expression was conducted by RT-qPCR analysis. The concentration of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) was evaluated by ELISA. Hematoxylin-eosin staining for murine retinal tissues was performed for histopathological analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to determine NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in Müller cells. Furthermore, the interaction between miR-26a-5p and USP14 was verified via the luciferase reporter assays. Results HG stimulation contributed to Müller cell dysfunction by inducing inflammation, oxidative injury, and mitochondrial damage to Müller cells. miR-26a-5p was downregulated in Müller cells under HG condition, and overexpression of miR-26a-5p relieved HG-induced Müller cell dysfunction. Moreover, miR-26a-5p targeted USP14 and inversely regulated USP14 expression. Additionally, HG-evoked activation of NF-κB signaling was suppressed by USP14 knockdown or miR-26a-5p upregulation. Rescue assays showed that the protective impact of miR-26a-5p upregulation against HG-induced Müller cell dysfunction was reversed by USP14 overexpression. Furthermore, USP14 upregulation and activation of NF-κB signaling in the retinas of DR mice were detected in animal experiments. Injection with miR-26a-5p agomir improved retinal histopathological injury and weakened the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in the retinas of DR mice. Conclusion miR-26a-5p inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in DR progression by targeting USP14 and inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weizhong Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengmei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Codognoto VM, de Souza FF, Cataldi TR, Labate CA, de Camargo LS, Scott C, da Rosa Filho RR, de Carvalho NAT, Oba E. Uterine secretome: What do the proteins say about maternal-fetal communication in buffaloes? J Proteomics 2024; 290:105023. [PMID: 37838095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the UF proteomics of pregnant and non-pregnant buffalo during early pregnancy. Forty-four females were submitted to hormonal estrus synchronization and randomly divided into two groups: pregnant (n = 30) and non-pregnant (n = 14). The pregnant group was artificially inseminated and divided into a further two groups: P12 (n = 15) and P18 (n = 15). Conceptus and uterine fluid samples were collected during slaughter at, respectively, 12 and 18 days after insemination. Of all the inseminated females, only eight animals in each group were pregnant, which reduced the sample of the groups to P12 (n = 8) and P18 (n = 8). The non-pregnant group was also re-divided into two groups at the end of synchronization: NP12 (n = 7) and NP18 (n = 7). The UF samples were processed for proteomic analysis. The results were submitted to multivariate and univariate analysis. A total of 1068 proteins were found in the uterine fluid in both groups. Our results describe proteins involved in the conceptus elongation and maternal recognition of pregnancy, and their action was associated with cell growth, endometrial remodeling, and modulation of immune and antioxidant protection, mechanisms necessary for embryonic maintenance in the uterine environment. SIGNIFICANCE: Uterine fluid is a substance synthesized and secreted by the endometrium that plays essential roles during pregnancy in ruminants, contributing significantly to embryonic development. Understanding the functions that the proteins present in the UF perform during early pregnancy, a period marked by embryonic implantation, and maternal recognition of pregnancy is of fundamental importance to understanding the mechanisms necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. The present study characterized and compared the UF proteome at the beginning of pregnancy in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes to correlate the functions of the proteins and the stage of development of the conceptus and unravel their processes in maternal recognition of pregnancy. The proteins found were involved in cell growth and endometrial remodeling, in addition to acting in the immunological protection of the conceptus and performing antioxidant actions necessary for establishing a pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Maria Codognoto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani Cataldi
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Laíza Sartori de Camargo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Scott
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rodrigues da Rosa Filho
- Department of Animal Reproduction - School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nélcio Antonio Tonizza de Carvalho
- Research and Development Unit of Registro / Diversified Animal Science Research Center / Institute of Animal Science, Registro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin J, He J, Li X, Ni X, Jin X. The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: A potential target for cancer therapy. Gene 2023; 889:147807. [PMID: 37722609 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway controls key cellular processes, including proliferation and tumor progression, and abnormally high activation of this pathway is a hallmark in human cancers. The post-translational modification, such as Ubiquitination and deubiquitination, fine-tuning the protein level and the activity of members in this pathway play a pivotal role in maintaining normal physiological process. Emerging evidence show that the unbalanced ubiquitination/deubiquitination modification leads to human diseases via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may be helpful to uncover the underlying mechanism and improve the potential treatment of cancer via targeting this pathway. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of ubiquitination and deubiquitination of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, systematically discuss the associated crosstalk between them, as well as focus the clinical transformation via targeting ubiquitination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao Z, Pan Y, Kong B, Meng H, Shuai W, Huang H. Ubiquitin-specific protease 38 promotes inflammatory atrial fibrillation induced by pressure overload. Europace 2023; 26:euad366. [PMID: 38288617 PMCID: PMC10823351 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial structural and electrical remodelling is a major reason for the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Ubiquitin-specific protease 38 (USP38) is a deubiquitinating enzyme, but its function in the heart remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of USP38 in pressure overload-induced AF. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac-specific knockout USP38 and cardiac-specific transgenic USP38 mice and their corresponding control mice were used in this study. After 4 weeks with or without aortic banding (AB) surgery, atrial echocardiography, atrial histology, electrophysiological study, and molecular analysis were assessed. Ubiquitin-specific protease 38 knockout mice showed a remarkable improvement in vulnerability to AF, atrial weight and diameter, atrial fibrosis, and calcium-handling protein expression after AB surgery. Conversely, USP38 overexpression further increased susceptibility to AF by exacerbating atrial structural and electrical remodelling. Mechanistically, USP38 interacted with and deubiquitinated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and USP38 overexpression increased the level of p-NF-κB in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by the upregulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that USP38 contributes to adverse effects by driving NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Overall, our study indicates that USP38 promotes pressure overload-induced AF through targeting NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yucheng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Liao Y, Luo M, Ye Y, Xu Z, Hou W, Liu R, Zhai Q, Lv S, Wei Q. IU1 and enzalutamide combination yields synergistic effects on castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1446-1457. [PMID: 37545197 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is one of the main treatment modalities for prostate cancer (PCa); however, almost all patients treated with ADT eventually progress into castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Although second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, such as enzalutamide, have been approved for CRPC treatment, AR signaling in CRPC cells is reactivated through multiple mechanisms, resulting in resistance to treatment and tumor progression with a very poor prognosis. The present study aimed to explore the anticancer effect of a treatment combining AR antagonist enzalutamide with AR degrader IU1 on PCa cells. METHODS The joint effects of enzalutamide and IU1 on PCa cell proliferation and apoptosis and associated cell signaling were evaluated in vitro. Mechanistically, the ubiquitination level and half-life of AR were examined under the combination treatment. The binding of IU1 and enzalutamide to AR was further verified using cellular thermal shift analysis and isothermal dose-response curve fingerprinting. RESULTS The combination of IU1 and three AR antagonists showed synergistic effects in different prostate cell lines. IU1 and enzalutamide synergistically promoted the degradation of AR and AR-V7 proteins, as well as suppressed the expression levels of AR and AR-V7 downstream target genes at the transcriptional and protein levels. The combination also synergistically blocked the PCa cell cycle and promoted apoptosis in PCa cell lines. Mechanistically, the combination promoted increased levels of AR ubiquitination. In CRPC cell lines and in the presence of increased androgen concentrations, enzalutamide was still able to bind AR competitively with androgens, reducing the stability of AR and thus promoting the degradation effect of IU1 on AR, synergistically producing an inhibitory effect on PCa cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that the combination of AR degrader and enzalutamide potentially represents a new therapeutic strategy for CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanpeng Liao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mayao Luo
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuedian Ye
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Zhai
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidong Lv
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu T, Li C, Zhou C, Niu X, Li G, Zhou Y, Gu X, Cui H. Inhibition of USP14 enhances anti-tumor effect in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma by regulation of Skp2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2381-2399. [PMID: 35648318 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutation of BRAF V600E often occurred in melanoma and results in tumorigenesis. BRAF mutation drives hyperactivation of the RAF-MAPK-ERK pathway. The acquired drug resistance upon prolonged use of BRAF inhibitors (such as vemurafenib) still remains the main obstacle. Previously, we have found that E3 ligase Skp2 over-expresses vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, and knockdown of Skp2 enhances the anti-tumor effect of vemurafenib. Interestingly, the literature has reported that the selective USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 displays great potential in melanoma therapy; however, the molecular mechanism still remains unknown. METHODS In vitro, the effect of the combination regimen of vemurafenib (Vem, PLX4032) and b-AP15 on vem-sensitive and vem-resistant melanoma has been investigated by wound healing, colony formation, transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, lysosome staining, and ROS detection. In vivo, the combination effect on vem-resistant melanoma has been evaluated with a nude mice xenograft tumor model. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays have been applied to investigate the interactions between USP14, UCHL5, and Skp2. Cycloheximide (CHX) assay and ubiquitination assays have been used to explore the effect of USP14 on Skp2 protein half-life and ubiquitination status. RESULTS In the present study, we have revealed that repression of USP14 sensitizes vemurafenib resistance in melanoma through a previously unappreciated mechanism that USP14 but not UCHL5 stabilizes Skp2, blocking its ubiquitination. K119 on Skp2 is required for USP14-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of Skp2. Furthermore, the mutated catalytic activity amino acid cysteine (C) 114 on USP14 abrogates stabilization of Skp2. Stabilization of Skp2 is required for USP14 to negatively regulate autophagy. The combination regimen of Skp2 inhibitor vemurafenib and USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 dramatically inhibits cell viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma. Vemurafenib and b-AP15 hold cells in the S phase thus leading to apoptosis as well as the formation of the autophagic vacuole in vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL28 cells. The enhanced proliferation effect of USP14 and Skp2 is mainly due to a more effective reduction of cell apoptosis and autophagy. Further evaluation of various protein alterations has revealed that the increased expression of cleaved-PARP, LC3, and decreased Ki67 are more obvious in the combination of vemurafenib and b-AP15 treatment than those in single-drug treatment. Moreover, the co-treatment of vemurafenib and b-AP15 dramatically inhibits the growth of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma xenograft in vivo. Collectively, our findings have demonstrated that the combination of Skp2 inhibitor and USP14 inhibitor provides a new solution for the treatment of BRAF inhibitor resistance melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao H, Yin J, Ji C, Yu X, Xue J, Guan X, Zhang S, Liu X, Xing F. Targeting ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs) in cancer immunotherapy: from basic research to preclinical application. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:225. [PMID: 37658402 PMCID: PMC10472646 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have evolved in various mechanisms to evade the immune system, hindering the antitumor immune response and facilitating tumor progression. Immunotherapy has become a potential treatment strategy specific to different cancer types by utilizing multifarious molecular mechanisms to enhance the immune response against tumors. Among these mechanisms, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a significant non-lysosomal pathway specific to protein degradation, regulated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that counterbalance ubiquitin signaling. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), the largest DUB family with the strongest variety, play critical roles in modulating immune cell function, regulating immune response, and participating in antigen processing and presentation during tumor progression. According to recent studies, the expressions of some USP family members in tumor cells are involved in tumor immune escape and immune microenvironment. This review explores the potential of targeting USPs as a new approach for cancer immunotherapy, highlighting recent basic and preclinical studies investigating the applications of USP inhibitors. By providing insights into the structure and function of USPs in cancer immunity, this review aims at assisting in developing new therapeutic approaches for enhancing the immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jianqiao Yin
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ce Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ge J, Wang Y, Chen X, Yu K, Luo ZQ, Liu X, Qiu J. Phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination of USP14 by the SidE family effectors of Legionella excludes p62 from the bacterial phagosome. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112817. [PMID: 37471226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy is an evolutionarily conserved host defensive mechanism to eliminate invading microorganisms through autophagic machinery. The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila can avoid clearance by the xenophagy pathway via the actions of multiple Dot/Icm effector proteins. Previous studies have shown that p62, an adaptor protein involved in xenophagy signaling, is excluded from Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs). Such defects are attributed to the multifunctional SidE family effectors (SidEs) that exhibit classic deubiquitinase (DUB) and phosphoribosyl ubiquitination (PR-ubiquitination) activities, yet the mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrate that the host DUB USP14 is PR-ubiquitinated by SidEs at multiple serine residues, which impairs its DUB activity and its interactions with p62. The exclusion of p62 from the bacterial phagosome requires the ubiquitin ligase but not the DUB activity of SidEs. These results reveal that PR-ubiquitination of USP14 by SidEs contributes to the evasion of xenophagic clearance by L. pneumophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xindi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang T, Tong J, Zhang X, Luo H, Xu L, Wang Z. In silico screening and computational evaluation of novel promising USP14 inhibitors targeting the palm-thumb pocket. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20903-20916. [PMID: 37527190 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02537c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation and synthesis are essential for regulating various biological activities within the body. As a member of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) plays a critical role in regulating protein degradation and maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. However, abnormal expression of USP14 has been associated with a variety of malignant tumors and other diseases. In this study, we conducted hierarchical virtual screening against the palm-thumb pocket of USP14, which resulted in the identification of two promising hits with novel scaffolds. We systematically evaluated the potential of these two hits in terms of their binding affinity and selectivity at the computational level. The results indicated that they had stronger binding affinities than previously reported molecules, as evidenced by lower docking scores and binding free energies. The binding stability analysis and hotspot residue prediction based on the MD simulations further revealed that they were capable of stably binding to the palm-thumb pocket of USP14 via crucial interactions with the residues GLN197, TYR476, ASP199, PHE331, TYR436 and HIS426. More importantly, both candidates exhibit higher selectivity for USP14 over several other USP family members (USP5, USP7 and USP15). Our findings are hoped to be a good starting point for the development of selective USP14 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Luo
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng C, Chen J, Wu Y, Wang X, Lin Y, Shu L, Liu W, Wang P. Elucidating the role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in osteoarthritis progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217466. [PMID: 37359559 PMCID: PMC10288844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory degenerative joint arthritis, which exacerbates disability in elder persons. The molecular mechanisms of osteoarthritis are elusive. Ubiquitination, one type of post-translational modifications, has been demonstrated to accelerate or ameliorate the development and progression of osteoarthritis via targeting specific proteins for ubiquitination and determining protein stability and localization. Ubiquitination process can be reversed by a class of deubiquitinases via deubiquitination. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the multifaceted role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. We also describe the molecular insight of deubiquitinases into osteoarthritis processes. Moreover, we highlight the multiple compounds that target E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases to influence osteoarthritis progression. We discuss the challenge and future perspectives via modulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases expression for enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy in osteoarthritis patients. We conclude that modulating ubiquitination and deubiquitination could alleviate the osteoarthritis pathogenesis to achieve the better treatment outcomes in osteoarthritis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yurui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongan Lin
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lilu Shu
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luo W, Zhang G, Wang Z, Wu Y, Xiong Y. Ubiquitin-specific proteases: Vital regulatory molecules in bone and bone-related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110075. [PMID: 36989900 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of bone structure and function involves multiple cell-to-cell and molecular interactions, in which the regulatory functions of post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination and deubiquitination shouldn't be underestimated. As the largest family of deubiquitinating enzymes, the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) participate in the development of bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases through multiple classical osteogenic and osteolytic signaling pathways, such as BMP/TGF-β pathway, NF-κB/p65 pathway, EGFR-MAPK pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, USPs may also broadly regulate regulate hormone expression level, cell proliferation and differentiation, and may further influence bone homeostasis from gene fusion and nuclear translocation of transcription factors. The number of patients with bone-related diseases is currently enormous, making exploration of their pathogenesis and targeted therapy a hot topic. Pathological increases in the levels of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β and TNF-α lead to inflammatory bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. While impaired body metabolism greatly increases the probability of osteoporosis. Abnormal physiological activity of bone-associated cells results in a variety of bone tumors. The regulatory role of USPs in bone-related disease has received particular attention from academics in recent studies. In this review, we focuse on the roles and mechanisms of USPs in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, with the expectation of informing targeted therapies in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin C, Li L, Xu Q, Xu S, Tang C. Yap1-Usp14 Axis Inhibits Neuronal Mitophagy During Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Encephalopathy by Regulation of Beclin-1 Ubiquitination in Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03344-5. [PMID: 37062801 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) that results from perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia has become one of the leading causes of acute mortality and chronic disability in infants and children. Despite that neuronal mitophagy and subsequent clearance of damaged neurons exert protective effect, the pathogenesis of HIE and effective treatment strategies for intervention of HIE remain poorly understood. Here, we report that ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14, a deubiquitinating enzyme) is closely associated with HIE progression by its negative regulation in neuronal mitophagy in mouse. The expression of Usp14 is elevated in both an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) mouse neuronal cell line culture model in vitro and a HIE mouse model in vivo. Mechanistically, OGD treatment activates Hippo signaling that enhances Yap1 phosphorylation levels at Ser-127 but inhibits Yap1 protein level, which potentiates Usp14 transcription and leads to the downregulated ubiquitination at Lys-63 of Beclin-1, a key molecule in autophagy, resulting in the suppressed neuronal mitophagy, subsequent failure in the clearance of damaged neurons, and finally possible dysregulation in brain functions. Thus, our results provide with Usp14 as a novel target and treatment strategy for intervention of HIE, which may help diagnose and treat HIE in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Lin Li
- Depanrtment of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Shouying Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Inhibition of USP14 Suppresses ROS-dependent Ferroptosis and Alleviates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:87-96. [PMID: 36255562 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a deubiquitinating enzyme, its inhibitor was reported could alleviate the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-stimulated cerebral neuronal damage. However, its specific role in I/R-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. We established hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced HK-2 cell injury model in vitro and I/R-induced kidney injury mice model in vivo. The expression or activity of USP14 was inhibited by siRNA or IU1, a small molecule inhibitor of USP14. ROS were scavenged by N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Biochemical index analysis and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining were performed to evaluate renal injury. The results indicated that USP14 was upregulated in H/R-induced HK-2 cells and kidney tissues of I/R mice. Inhibition of USP14 suppressed the cell death, inflammatory, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptosis of H/R-induced HK-2 cells. What's more, IU1 and NAC effectively alleviated renal injury of I/R mice. In summary, this study suggested that inhibition of USP14 protected renal from I/R injury.
Collapse
|
19
|
Su Y, Zeng K, Liu S, Wu Y, Wang C, Wang S, Lin L, Zou R, Sun G, Luan R, Zhou B, Bai Y, Niu J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 maintains estrogen receptor α stability via its deubiquitination activity in endometrial cancer. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102734. [PMID: 36423684 PMCID: PMC9800553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
USP14 deubiquitinates ERα to maintain its stability in ECEndometrial cancer (EC) is one of the common gynecological malignancies of which the incidence has been rising for decades. It is considered that continuously unopposed estrogen exposure is the main risk factor for EC initiation. Thus, exploring the modulation of estrogen/estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling pathway in EC would be helpful to well understand the mechanism of EC development and find the potential target for EC therapy. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14), a member of the proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme family, plays a crucial role in a series of tumors. However, the function of USP14 in EC is still elusive. Here, our results have demonstrated that USP14 is highly expressed in EC tissues compared with that in normal endometrial tissues, and higher expression of USP14 is positively correlated with poor prognosis. Moreover, USP14 maintains ERα stability through its deubiquitination activity. Our results further demonstrate that USP14 depletion decreases the expression of ERα-regulated genes in EC-derived cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of USP14 or USP14-specific inhibitor treatment significantly suppresses cell growth and migration in EC cell lines or in mice. We further provide the evidence to show that the effect of USP14 on EC cell growth, if not all, at least is partially related to ERα pathway. Our study provides new sights for USP14 to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EC, especially for EC patients with fertility preservation needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuchang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Renlong Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruina Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Baosheng Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jumin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China,For correspondence: Yue Zhao; Yi Zhang
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China,For correspondence: Yue Zhao; Yi Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu N, Lin MM, Wang Y. The Emerging Roles of E3 Ligases and DUBs in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 60:247-263. [PMID: 36260224 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite annual increases in the incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, there is a lack of effective treatment strategies. An increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have been observed to participate in the pathogenesis mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, on the basis of which we conducted a systematic literature review of the studies. This review will help to explore promising therapeutic targets from highly dynamic ubiquitination modification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lin
- Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu G, Sui S, Shi F, Wang Q. Inhibition of USP14 suppresses ferroptosis and inflammation in LPS-induced goat mammary epithelial cells through ubiquitylating the IL-6 protein. Hereditas 2022; 159:21. [PMID: 35549778 PMCID: PMC9102600 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ferroptosis, a novel manner of cell death depended on iron ion, contributed to goat mammary epithelial cell dysfunction. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major pro-inflammatory factor during many inflammation-related diseases including mastitis, and a quite recently identified ferroptosis inducer. This study aims to explore the role of IL-6 in the dysfunction of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) and how the level of IL-6 was regulated. Methods Primary GMECs were isolated, cultured and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or together with Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a well-known ferroptosis inhibitor. CCK-8 was used to detect cell viability, ELISA was used to detect TNF-α content, and the levels of ROS, GSH and MDA were analyzed with DCFDA-cell ROS detection kit, GSH assay kit and MDA assay kit, respectively. The iron ion level was measured with an iron assay kit. Results The expression level of IL-6 protein in GMECs was up-regulated in response to LPS treatment, and the secretion of TNF-α, the cell oxidative stress level and the Fe2+ ion content was robustly increased, which could be reversed by Fer-1 treatment. Knockdown of IL-6 decreased cell oxidative stress level and inhibited ferroptosis in LPS-treated GMECs. Further, ubiquitin experiment and co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that USP14 upregulated IL-6 protein expression by reducing the ubiquitination of IL-6, and overexpression of IL-6 reversed the inhibitory effect of USP14 shRNA on LPS-treated GMECs ferroptosis. The NRF2 inhibitor Brusatol reversed the inhibitory effect of IL-6 shRNA on LPS-treated ferroptosis. Conclusion IL-6 protein is deubiquitinated by USP14 and upregulated in LPS-treated GMECs, further promoting ferroptosis and inflammation through the NRF2 signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-022-00235-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Zhu
- Xuzhou City Key Laboratory of Modern AgroBiotechnology, Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, No. 297 of Sanhuan West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, 221006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shaopu Sui
- Xuzhou City Key Laboratory of Modern AgroBiotechnology, Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, No. 297 of Sanhuan West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, 221006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengyun Shi
- Xuzhou City Key Laboratory of Modern AgroBiotechnology, Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, No. 297 of Sanhuan West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, 221006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinglin Wang
- Xuzhou City Key Laboratory of Modern AgroBiotechnology, Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, No. 297 of Sanhuan West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, 221006, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
USP14-regulated allostery of the human proteasome by time-resolved cryo-EM. Nature 2022; 605:567-574. [PMID: 35477760 PMCID: PMC9117149 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation of ubiquitylated proteins is tightly regulated at multiple levels1-3. A primary regulatory checkpoint is the removal of ubiquitin chains from substrates by the deubiquitylating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14), which reversibly binds the proteasome and confers the ability to edit and reject substrates. How USP14 is activated and regulates proteasome function remain unknown4-7. Here we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of human USP14 in complex with the 26S proteasome in 13 distinct conformational states captured during degradation of polyubiquitylated proteins. Time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the conformational continuum revealed two parallel pathways of proteasome state transitions induced by USP14, and captured transient conversion of substrate-engaged intermediates into substrate-inhibited intermediates. On the substrate-engaged pathway, ubiquitin-dependent activation of USP14 allosterically reprograms the conformational landscape of the AAA-ATPase motor and stimulates opening of the core particle gate8-10, enabling observation of a near-complete cycle of asymmetric ATP hydrolysis around the ATPase ring during processive substrate unfolding. Dynamic USP14-ATPase interactions decouple the ATPase activity from RPN11-catalysed deubiquitylation11-13 and kinetically introduce three regulatory checkpoints on the proteasome, at the steps of ubiquitin recognition, substrate translocation initiation and ubiquitin chain recycling. These findings provide insights into the complete functional cycle of the USP14-regulated proteasome and establish mechanistic foundations for the discovery of USP14-targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang F, Ning S, Yu B, Wang Y. USP14: Structure, Function, and Target Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:801328. [PMID: 35069211 PMCID: PMC8766727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), is associated with proteasomes and exerts a dual function in regulating protein degradation. USP14 protects protein substrates from degradation by removing ubiquitin chains from proteasome-bound substrates, whereas promotes protein degradation by activating the proteasome. Increasing evidence have shown that USP14 is involved in several canonical signaling pathways, correlating with cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, immune responses, and viral infections. The activity of USP14 is tightly regulated to ensure its function in various cellular processes. Structural studies have demonstrated that free USP14 exists in an autoinhibited state with two surface loops, BL1 and BL2, partially hovering above and blocking the active site cleft binding to the C-terminus of ubiquitin. Hence, both proteasome-bound and phosphorylated forms of USP14 require the induction of conformational changes in the BL2 loop to activate its deubiquitinating function. Due to its intriguing roles in the stabilization of disease-causing proteins and oncology targets, USP14 has garnered widespread interest as a therapeutic target. In recent years, significant progress has been made on identifying inhibitors targeting USP14, despite the complexity and challenges in improving their selectivity and affinity for USP14. In particular, the crystal structures of USP14 complexed with IU1-series inhibitors revealed the underlying allosteric regulatory mechanism and enabled the further design of potent inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the structure, regulation, pathophysiological function, and selective inhibition of USP14, including disease associations and inhibitor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ming SL, Zhang S, Wang Q, Zeng L, Zhou LY, Wang MD, Ma YX, Han LQ, Zhong K, Zhu HS, Bai YL, Yang GY, Wang J, Chu BB. Inhibition of USP14 influences alphaherpesvirus proliferation by degrading viral VP16 protein via ER stress-triggered selective autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 18:1801-1821. [PMID: 34822318 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2002101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus infection results in severe health consequences in a wide range of hosts. USPs are the largest subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes that play critical roles in immunity and other cellular functions. To investigate the role of USPs in alphaherpesvirus replication, we assessed 13 USP inhibitors for PRV replication. Our data showed that all the tested compounds inhibited PRV replication, with the USP14 inhibitor b-AP15 exhibiting the most dramatic effect. Ablation of USP14 also influenced PRV replication, whereas replenishment of USP14 in USP14 null cells restored viral replication. Although inhibition of USP14 induced the K63-linked ubiquitination of PRV VP16 protein, its degradation was not dependent on the proteasome. USP14 directly bound to ubiquitin chains on VP16 through its UBL domain during the early stage of viral infection. Moreover, USP14 inactivation stimulated EIF2AK3/PERK- and ERN1/IRE1-mediated signaling pathways, which were responsible for VP16 degradation through SQSTM1/p62-mediated selective macroautophagy/autophagy. Ectopic expression of non-ubiquitinated VP16 fully rescued PRV replication. Challenge of mice with b-AP15 activated ER stress and autophagy and inhibited PRV infection in vivo. Our results suggested that USP14 was a potential therapeutic target to treat alphaherpesvirus-induced infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Di Wang
- The Education Department of Henan Province Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Shui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu H, Cheng J, Xu H, Wan Z. Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:766-780. [PMID: 34435133 PMCID: PMC8354378 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine can inhibit the malignant development of various human cancers. Circular RNA (circRNA) dynein 1 heavy chain gene (circ_DYNC1H1) acted as a pro-cancer molecule in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore whether the function of lidocaine was related to the oncogenic circ_DYNC1H1 in HCC. Colony formation assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were used for proliferation detection. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, and migration or invasion was determined by the transwell assay. The levels of circ_DYNC1H1, microRNA-520a-3p (miR-520a-3p), and ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) were examined using the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Protein levels were measured using western blot. The binding between miR-520a-3p and circ_DYNC1H1 or USP14 was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. In vivo assay was conducted by a xenograft model in mice. Lidocaine reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion but promoted apoptosis in HCC cells. The circ_DYNC1H1 expression was downregulated in lidocaine-treated HCC cells. The inhibitory effect of lidocaine on HCC progression was weakened after circ_DYNC1H1 overexpression. miR-520a-3p was a target of circ_DYNC1H1, and the function of lidocaine was related to the regulation of circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p axis. USP14 served as a target for miR-520a-3p, and circ_DYNC1H1 could sponge miR-520a-3p to regulate the USP14 expression. The lidocaine-induced suppression of HCC development was also achieved by mediating the miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis. In vivo assay revealed that lidocaine suppressed the tumor growth of HCC by reducing the expression of circ_DYNC1H1 to affect the levels of miR-520a-3p and USP14. Our results clarified that lidocaine impeded tumor progression via targeting the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis in HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 WuLuo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 WuLuo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 WuLuo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 WuLuo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou XJ, Li R, Liu X, Qu YQ. Advances in deubiquitinating enzymes in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:5573-5582. [PMID: 34405018 PMCID: PMC8364634 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of ubiquitination and deubiquitination is widely present in the human body's protein reactions and plays versatile roles in multiple diseases. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are significant regulators of this process, which cleave the ubiquitin (Ub) moiety from various substrates and maintain protein stability. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and remains refractory to treatment. To elucidate the mechanism of LUAD and advance new therapeutic targets, we review the latest research progress on DUBs in LUAD. We summarize the biological capabilities of these DUBs and further highlight those DUBs that may serve as anticancer target candidates for precision treatment. We also discuss deubiquitinase inhibitors, which are expected to play a role in targeted LUAD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University (Jinan 250012, China)
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University (Jinan 250012, China)
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University (Jinan 250012, China)
| | - Yi-Qing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan 250012, China)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Proteasome-Associated Deubiquitinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126213. [PMID: 34207520 PMCID: PMC8226605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is the principal protease for regulated intracellular proteolysis. This multi-subunit complex is also pivotal for clearance of harmful proteins that are produced throughout the lifetime of eukaryotes. Recent structural and kinetic studies have revealed a multitude of conformational states of the proteasome in substrate-free and substrate-engaged forms. These conformational transitions demonstrate that proteasome is a highly dynamic machinery during substrate processing that can be also controlled by a number of proteasome-associated factors. Essentially, three distinct family of deubiquitinases–USP14, RPN11, and UCH37–are associated with the 19S regulatory particle of human proteasome. USP14 and UCH37 are capable of editing ubiquitin conjugates during the process of their dynamic engagement into the proteasome prior to the catalytic commitment. In contrast, RPN11-mediated deubiquitination is directly coupled to substrate degradation by sensing the proteasome’s conformational switch into the commitment steps. Therefore, proteasome-bound deubiquitinases are likely to tailor the degradation events in accordance with substrate processing steps and for dynamic proteolysis outcomes. Recent chemical screening efforts have yielded highly selective small-molecule inhibitors for targeting proteasomal deubiquitinases, such as USP14 and RPN11. USP14 inhibitors, IU1 and its progeny, were found to promote the degradation of a subset of substrates probably by overriding USP14-imposed checkpoint on the proteasome. On the other hand, capzimin, a RPN11 inhibitor, stabilized the proteasome substrates and showed the anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. It is highly conceivable that these specific inhibitors will aid to dissect the role of each deubiquitinase on the proteasome. Moreover, customized targeting of proteasome-associated deubiquitinases may also provide versatile therapeutic strategies for induced or repressed protein degradation depending on proteolytic demand and cellular context.
Collapse
|