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Pacchiarini MC, Regolisti G, Greco P, Di Motta T, Benigno GD, Delsante M, Fiaccadori E, Di Mario F. Treatment of dabigatran intoxication in critically ill patients with Acute Kidney Injury: The role of Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis. Int J Artif Organs 2023; 46:574-580. [PMID: 37853619 DOI: 10.1177/03913988231204516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of dabigatran in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) has widely increased in the last decades, due to its positive effects in terms of safety/efficacy. However, because of the risk of major bleeding, a great degree of attention has been suggested in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. Notably, dabigatran mainly undergoes renal elimination and dose adjustment is recommended in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). In this regard, the onset of an abrupt decrease of kidney function may further affect dabigatran pharmacokinetic profile, increasing the risk of acute intoxication. Idarucizumab is the approved antagonist in the case of dabigatran-associated major bleeding or concomitant need of urgent surgery, but its clinical use is limited by the lack of data in patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Thus, the early start of Extracorporeal Kidney Replacement Therapy (EKRT) could be indicated to remove the drug and to reverse the associated excess anticoagulation. Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis (SLED) could represent an effective therapeutic option to reduce the dabigatran plasma levels rapidly while avoiding post-treatment rebound. We present here a case series of three AKI patients with acute dabigatran intoxication, effectively and safely resolved with a single SLED session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pacchiarini
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Regolisti
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- UO Clinica e Immunologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Greco
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Di Motta
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Daniele Benigno
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Delsante
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Mario
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Nefrologia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, Camus M, Lau J, Lanas A, Laursen SB, Radaelli F, Papanikolaou IS, Cúrdia Gonçalves T, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Awadie H, Braun G, de Groot N, Udd M, Sanchez-Yague A, Neeman Z, van Hooft JE. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021. Endoscopy 2021; 53:300-332. [PMID: 33567467 DOI: 10.1055/a-1369-5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1: ESGE recommends in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH) the use of the Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS) for pre-endoscopy risk stratification. Patients with GBS ≤ 1 are at very low risk of rebleeding, mortality within 30 days, or needing hospital-based intervention and can be safely managed as outpatients with outpatient endoscopy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 2: ESGE recommends that in patients with acute UGIH who are taking low-dose aspirin as monotherapy for secondary cardiovascular prophylaxis, aspirin should not be interrupted. If for any reason it is interrupted, aspirin should be re-started as soon as possible, preferably within 3-5 days.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 3: ESGE recommends that following hemodynamic resuscitation, early (≤ 24 hours) upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy should be performed. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 4: ESGE does not recommend urgent (≤ 12 hours) upper GI endoscopy since as compared to early endoscopy, patient outcomes are not improved. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 5: ESGE recommends for patients with actively bleeding ulcers (FIa, FIb), combination therapy using epinephrine injection plus a second hemostasis modality (contact thermal or mechanical therapy). Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 6: ESGE recommends for patients with an ulcer with a nonbleeding visible vessel (FIIa), contact or noncontact thermal therapy, mechanical therapy, or injection of a sclerosing agent, each as monotherapy or in combination with epinephrine injection. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 7 : ESGE suggests that in patients with persistent bleeding refractory to standard hemostasis modalities, the use of a topical hemostatic spray/powder or cap-mounted clip should be considered. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence. 8: ESGE recommends that for patients with clinical evidence of recurrent peptic ulcer hemorrhage, use of a cap-mounted clip should be considered. In the case of failure of this second attempt at endoscopic hemostasis, transcatheter angiographic embolization (TAE) should be considered. Surgery is indicated when TAE is not locally available or after failed TAE. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 9: ESGE recommends high dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for patients who receive endoscopic hemostasis and for patients with FIIb ulcer stigmata (adherent clot) not treated endoscopically. (A): PPI therapy should be administered as an intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion (e. g., 80 mg then 8 mg/hour) for 72 hours post endoscopy. (B): High dose PPI therapies given as intravenous bolus dosing (twice-daily) or in oral formulation (twice-daily) can be considered as alternative regimens.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 10: ESGE recommends that in patients who require ongoing anticoagulation therapy following acute NVUGIH (e. g., peptic ulcer hemorrhage), anticoagulation should be resumed as soon as the bleeding has been controlled, preferably within or soon after 7 days of the bleeding event, based on thromboembolic risk. The rapid onset of action of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS), as compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), must be considered in this context.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Gralnek
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adrian J Stanley
- Department of Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - A John Morris
- Department of Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marine Camus
- Sorbonne University, Endoscopic Unit, Saint Antoine Hospital Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - James Lau
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angel Lanas
- Digestive Disease Services, University Clinic Hospital, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Stig B Laursen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Franco Radaelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Ioannis S Papanikolaou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tiago Cúrdia Gonçalves
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - Halim Awadie
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Georg Braun
- Medizinische Klinik 3, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Marianne Udd
- Gastroenterological Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andres Sanchez-Yague
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, Vithas Xanit International Hospital, Benalmadena, Spain
| | - Ziv Neeman
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Institute, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants have advantages compared with warfarin, but both types of anticoagulants come with uncertainty about how best to manage life-threatening bleeding events, urgent surgeries, and invasive procedures. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants may need to manage such emergency situations in the critical care setting. Achieving hemostasis quickly is key, and efforts to do so have relied mainly on blood products. Targeted reversal agents are in clinical development and one, idarucizumab, which reverses dabigatran anticoagulation, has been approved. Current options for managing events and urgent procedures in anticoagulated patients are discussed in this article, with a focus on specific reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Singer
- Adam J. Singer is Professor and Vice Chairman for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8350 . Susan Wilson is Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, and Adult Stroke Nurse Practitioner, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan Wilson
- Adam J. Singer is Professor and Vice Chairman for Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8350 . Susan Wilson is Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, and Adult Stroke Nurse Practitioner, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abstract
Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is bleeding that develops in the oesophagus, stomach or proximal duodenum. Peptic ulcers, caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or use of NSAIDs and low-dose aspirin (LDA), are the most common cause. Although the incidence and mortality associated with NVUGIB have been decreasing owing to considerable advances in the prevention and management of NVUGIB over the past 20 years, it remains a common clinical problem with an annual incidence of ∼67 per 100,000 individuals in the United States in 2012. NVUGIB is a medical emergency, and mortality is in the range ∼1-5%. After resuscitation and initial assessment, early (within 24 hours) diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy together with intragastric pH control with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) form the basis of treatment. With a growing ageing population treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant medications, the clinical management of NVUGIB is complex as the risk between gastrointestinal bleeding events and adverse cardiovascular events needs to be balanced. The best clinical approach includes identification of risk factors and prevention of bleeding; available strategies include continuous treatment with PPIs or H. pylori eradication in those at increased risk of developing NVUGIB. Treatment with PPIs and/or use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs should be implemented in those patients at risk of NVUGIB who need NSAIDs and/or LDA.
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Abstract
The standard of care for oral anticoagulation therapy has primarily been warfarin, which is limited by its indirect mechanism-of-action, variable kinetics, tolerability, and routine monitoring concerns. The direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and improved safety and efficacy compared to warfarin for the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and prevention or management of venous thromboembolism. Consequential bleeding is a concern with all anticoagulants. Vitamin K is not a rapid reversal agent for warfarin; rather it facilitates synthesis of new vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, which can take longer than 24 h. Other nonspecific agents, including recombinant activated factor VII, three- and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), and activated PCC or Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (FEIBA®), are options based on clinical need. Specific agents to quickly reverse the effects of DOACs have been under development, and idarucizumab, a monoclonal antibody fragment that rapidly binds dabigatran, has been approved for clinical use in cases of dabigatran-related life-threatening bleeding, or if a dabigatran-treated patient needs emergency surgery or an invasive procedure. Idarucizumab specifically and rapidly reverses dabigatran-induced anticoagulation as measured by established coagulation assays. However, this does not guarantee complete hemostasis, especially if a patient has underlying comorbidities such as renal or liver disease, or has experienced recent trauma that requires urgent surgery. In these cases, concomitant supportive therapy and/or administration of concentrated clotting factors may be considered. Emerging data from ongoing trials and clinical experience will further inform providers regarding optimal approaches for anticoagulation reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Dager
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Services , University of California, Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , CA , US
| | - Linda Banares
- b Department of Clinical Sciences , Touro University California, College of Pharmacy , Vallejo , CA , US
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Abstract
Idarucizumab is a monoclonal antibody fragment specifically targeted to dabigatran. It has demonstrated prompt and durable reversal of the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran in animal studies and phase 1 studies of young, elderly, and renally impaired volunteers. Although elective invasive procedures and most bleeding complications in dabigatran-treated patients can be managed by temporarily stopping dabigatran therapy and using supportive measures, there are rare clinical situations that require urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran. The effectiveness and safety of 5 g of intravenous idarucizumab is being investigated in a prospective, open-label, single-cohort study in patients with serious bleeding or in those requiring an urgent procedure. In an interim analysis of the first 90 participants, idarucizumab rapidly and completely reversed the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran in 88%-98% of participants, and there were no safety concerns, with no deaths or serious adverse events being attributable to idarucizumab. Supported by these interim results, idarucizumab has been approved in the United States and the European Union for use when reversal of the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran is needed for emergency surgery/urgent procedures or in patients with life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Clinical use of idarucizumab should follow the same processes as patient enrollment in this study, which is projected to be completed in 2016. The outcomes achieved with this specific reversal agent are likely to be of continued interest to treating physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Pollack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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