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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Norrara B, Morais PLAG, Oliveira LC, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS, Cavalcanti JRLP. Effect of senescence on the tyrosine hydroxylase and S100B immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102136. [PMID: 35809809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a natural and progressive physiological event that leads to a series of morphophysiological alterations in the organism. The brain is the most vulnerable organ to both structural and functional changes during this process. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter for the proper functioning of the brain, directly involved in circuitries related with emotions, learning, motivation and reward. One of the main dopamine- producing nuclei is the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which establish connections with the striatum forming the so-called nigrostriatal pathway. S100B is a calcium binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, involved in both intracellular and extracellular processes, and whose expression is increased following injury in the nervous tissue, being a useful marker in altered status of central nervous system. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of senescence on the cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and S100B along the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. Our results show an decreased expression of S100B+ cells in SNpc. In addition, there was a significant decrease in TH immunoreactivity in both projection fibers and TH+ cell bodies. In the striatum, a decrease in TH immunoreactivity was also observed, as well as an enlargement of the white matter bundles. Our findings point out that senescence is related to the anatomical and neurochemical changes observed throughout the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lucidio C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Rodolfo L P Cavalcanti
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Chong PS, Poon CH, Fung ML, Guan L, Steinbusch HWM, Chan YS, Lim WL, Lim LW. Distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:151437. [PMID: 31492421 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) accounts for most of the NO production in the nervous system that modulates synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Although previous studies have selectively described the localisation of nNOS in specific brain regions, a comprehensive distribution profile of nNOS in the brain is lacking. Here we provided a detailed morphological characterization on the rostro-caudal distribution of neurons and fibres exhibiting positive nNOS-immunoreactivity in adult Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Our results demonstrated that neurons and fibres in the brain regions that exhibited high nNOS immunoreactivity include the olfactory-related areas, intermediate endopiriform nucleus, Islands of Calleja, subfornical organ, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, supragenual nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the cerebellum. Moderate nNOS immunoreactivity was detected in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the spinal cord. Finally, low NOS immunoreactivity were found in the corpus callosum, fornix, globus pallidus, anterior commissure, and the dorsal hippocampal commissure. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive view of the morphology and localisation of nNOS immunoreactivity in the brain that would contribute to a better understanding of the role played by nNOS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Shan Chong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chi Him Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience and European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Zhou QG, Zhu XH, Nemes AD, Zhu DY. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and affective disorders. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:116-132. [PMID: 30591953 PMCID: PMC6303682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and general anxiety affect more than 10% of population in the world. Notably, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a downstream signal molecule of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activation, is abundant in many regions of the brain such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), locus coeruleus (LC), and hypothalamus, which are closely associated with the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Decreased levels of the neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NA), and dopamine (DA) as well as hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are common pathological changes of MDD, BPD, and anxiety. Increasing data suggests that nNOS in the hippocampus play a crucial role in the etiology of MDD whereas nNOS-related dysregulation of the nitrergic system in the LC is closely associated with the pathogenesis of BPD. Moreover, hippocampal nNOS is implicated in the role of serotonin receptor 1 A (5-HTR1 A) in modulating anxiety behaviors. Augment of nNOS and its carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand (CAPON) complex mediate stress-induced anxiety and disrupting the nNOS-CAPON interaction by small molecular drug generates anxiolytic effect. To date, however, the function of nNOS in affective disorders is not well reviewed. Here, we summarize works about nNOS and its signal mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. On the basis of this review, it is suggested that future research should more fully focus on the role of nNOS in the pathomechanism and treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Xian-Hui Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Ashley D Nemes
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China
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Molina F, Del Moral ML, Peinado MÁ, Rus A. Response of the Nitric Oxide System to Hypobaric Hypoxia in the Aged Striatum. Gerontology 2016; 63:36-44. [PMID: 27760428 DOI: 10.1159/000450607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) appears to play a key role in the hypoxic injury to the brain. We have previously reported that hypoxia/reoxygenation downregulated NO synthases (NOS) in the adult striatum. Until now, no data were available concerning the influence of aging in conjunction with hypoxia/reoxygenation on the NO system in the striatum. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the role of the NO pathway in the hypoxic aged striatum. METHODS Wistar rats 24-25 months old were submitted to hypobaric hypoxia (20 min)/reoxygenation (0 h, 24 h, 5 days). Expression (PCR, immunohistochemistry/image analysis) and activity (NADPH-diaphorase/image analysis) of NOS isoforms (neuronal NOS or nNOS, endothelial NOS or eNOS, inducible NOS or iNOS) were analyzed together with nitrated protein expression (immunohistochemistry/image analysis). NO levels were indirectly quantified as nitrates/nitrites (NOx). RESULTS The mRNA levels of NOS isoforms were undetectable at 0 h after hypoxia in the striatum compared to the control. At later reoxygenation times, nNOS mRNA decreased, while eNOS mRNA augmented. Protein levels of nNOS and eNOS rose at 24 h after hypoxia, and iNOS protein increased at 5 days. NOx levels remained unchanged, whereas in situ NOS activity and protein nitration diminished during reoxygenation in the aged striatum. CONCLUSION The aged striatum may overexpress NOS isoforms as a neuroprotective-adaptive mechanism to hypoxia. However, this mechanism may not work properly in the aged striatum, since no changes in NO levels were detected after hypoxia. This may be related to the low activity of NOS isoforms in the hypoxic striatum.
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Molina F, Rus A, Pedrosa JÁ, del Moral ML. Acute hypoxia-induced depletion of striatal nitric oxide synthase pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rus A, Del Moral ML, Molina F, Peinado MA. Upregulation of cardiac NO/NOS system during short-term hypoxia and the subsequent reoxygenation period. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e17. [PMID: 22193297 PMCID: PMC3284153 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) reportedly influences nitric oxide (NO) production and NO synthase (NOS) expression in the heart. Nonetheless, a number of works have shown controversial results regarding the changes that the cardiac NO/NOS system undergoes under such situations. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the behaviour of this system in the hypoxic heart by investigating seven different reoxygenation times. Wistar rats were submitted to H/R (hypoxia for 30 min; reoxygenation of 0, 2, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and 5 days) in a novel approach to address the events provoked by assaults under such circumstances. Endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS and iNOS) mRNA and protein expression, as well as enzymatic activity and enzyme location were determined. NO levels were indirectly quantified as nitrate/nitrite, and other S-nitroso compounds (NOx), which would act as NO-storage molecules. The results showed a significant increase in eNOS mRNA, protein and activity, as well as in NOx levels immediately after hypoxia, while iNOS protein and activity were induced throughout the reoxygenation period. These findings indicate that, not only short-term hypoxia, but also the subsequent reoxygenation period upregulate cardiac NO/NOS system until at least 5 days after the hypoxic stimulus, implying major involvement of this system in the changes occurring in the heart in response to H/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rus
- Department of Experimental Biology (Building B-3), University of Jaén,Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Rus A, Molina F, Peinado MÁ, Del Moral ML. Nitric oxide averts hypoxia-induced damage during reoxygenation in rat heart. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:1093-103. [PMID: 21538695 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by the hemoproteins NO synthases (NOS), is known to play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions in the heart, including hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). This work investigates the role that endogenous NO plays in the cardiac H/R-induced injury. A follow-up study was conducted in Wistar rats subjected to 30 min of hypoxia, with or without prior treatment using the nonselective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (1.5 mM). The rats were studied at 0 h, 12 h, and 5 days of reoxygenation, analysing parameters of cell, and tissue damage (lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and protein nitration), as well as in situ NOS activity and NO production (NOx). The results showed that after L-NAME administration, in situ NOS activity was almost completely eliminated in all the experimental groups, and consequently, NOx levels fell. Contrarily, the lipid peroxidation level and the percentage of apoptotic cells rose throughout the reoxygenation period. These results reveal that NOS inhibition exacerbates the peroxidative and apoptotic damage observed before the treatment with L-NAME in the hypoxic heart, pointing to a cardioprotective role of NOS-derived NO against H/R-induced injury. These findings could open the possibility of future studies to design new therapies for H/R-dysfunctions based on NO-pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rus
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén 23071, Spain.
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8
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Changes in nitric oxide content following injury to the neonatal rat brain. Brain Res 2011; 1367:319-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Rus A, Castro L, Del Moral ML, Peinado A. Inducible NOS inhibitor 1400W reduces hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury in rat lung. Redox Rep 2010; 15:169-78. [PMID: 20663293 DOI: 10.1179/174329210x12650506623609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO(*)) from inducible NO(*) synthase (iNOS) has been reported to either protect against, or contribute to, hypoxia/re-oxygenation lung injury. The present work aimed to clarify this double role in the hypoxic lung. With this objective, a follow-up study was made in Wistar rats submitted to hypoxia/re-oxygenation (hypoxia for 30 min; re-oxygenation of 0 h, 48 h, and 5 days), with or without prior treatment with the selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W (10 mg/kg). NO(*) levels (NOx), lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and protein nitration were analysed. This is the first time-course study which investigates the effects of 1400W during hypoxia/re-oxygenation in the rat lung. The results showed that the administration of 1400W lowered NOx levels in all the experimental groups. In addition, lipid peroxidation, the percentage of apoptotic cells, and nitrated protein expression fell in the late post-hypoxia period (48 h and 5 days). Our results reveal that the inhibition of iNOS in the hypoxic lung reduced the damage observed before the treatment with 1400W, suggesting that iNOS-derived NO(*) may exert a negative effect on this organ during hypoxia/re-oxygenation. These findings are notable, since they indicate that any therapeutic strategy aimed at controlling excess generation of NO(*) from iNOS may be useful in alleviating NO(*)-mediated adverse effects in hypoxic lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rus
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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10
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Blanco S, Molina FJ, Castro L, Del Moral ML, Hernandez R, Jimenez A, Rus A, Martinez-Lara E, Siles E, Peinado MA. Study of the nitric oxide system in the rat cerebellum during aging. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:78. [PMID: 20576087 PMCID: PMC2905430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellum is the neural structure with the highest levels of nitric oxide, a neurotransmitter that has been proposed to play a key role in the brain aging, although knowledge concerning its contribution to cerebellar senescence is still unclear, due mainly to absence of integrative studies that jointly evaluate the main factors involved in its cell production and function. Consequently, in the present study, we investigate the expression, location, and activity of nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes; the protein nitration; and the production of nitric oxide in the cerebellum of adult and old rats. Results Our results show no variation in the expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms with aging, although, we have detected some changes in the cellular distribution pattern of the inducible isoform particularly in the cerebellar nuclei. There is also an increase in nitric oxide synthase activity, as well as greater protein-nitration levels, and maintenance of nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels in the senescent cerebellum. Conclusions The nitric oxide/nitric oxide syntahses system suffers from a number of changes, mainly in the inducible nitric oxide synthase distribution and in overall nitric oxide synthases activity in the senescent cerebellum, which result in an increase of the protein nitration. These changes might be related to the oxidative damage detected with aging in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Blanco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Rus A, del Moral ML, Molina F, Peinado MA. Does inducible NOS have a protective role against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in rat heart? Cardiovasc Pathol 2010; 20:e17-25. [PMID: 20418118 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study analyzes the role of the nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) under cardiac hypoxia/reoxygenation situations. METHODS For this, we have designed a follow-up study of different parameters of cell and tissue damage in the heart of Wistar rats submitted for 30 min to acute hypobaric hypoxia, with or without prior treatment with the selective iNOS inhibitor N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl) acetamidine or 1400W (10 mg/kg). The rats were studied at 0 h, 12 h, and 5 days of reoxygenation, analyzing NO production (NOx), lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and protein nitration expression and location. This is the first time-course study which analyzes the effects of the iNOS inhibition by 1400W during hypoxia/reoxygenation in the adult rat heart. RESULTS The results show that when 1400W was administered before the hypoxic episode, NOx levels fell, while both the lipid peroxidation level and the percentage of apoptotic cells rose throughout the reoxygenation period. Levels of nitrated proteins expression fell only at 12 h post-hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of iNOS raises the peroxidative and apoptotic level in the hypoxic heart indicating that this isoform may have a protective effect on this organ against hypoxia/reoxygenation injuries, and challenging the conventional wisdom that iNOS is deleterious under these conditions. These findings could help in the design of new treatments based on NO pharmacology against hypoxia/reoxygenation dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rus
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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12
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Campuzano O, Castillo-Ruiz MM, Acarin L, Castellano B, Gonzalez B. Distinct pattern of microglial response, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the aged rat brain after excitotoxic damage. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:3170-83. [PMID: 18543338 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglial and inflammatory responses to acute damage in aging are still poorly understood, although the aged brain responds differently to injury, showing poor lesion outcome. In this study, excitotoxicity was induced by intrastriatal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate in adult (3-4 months) and aged (22-24 months) rats. Cryostat brain sections were processed for the analysis of microglial response by lectin histochemistry and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by immunohistochemistry and confocal analysis. Aged injured animals showed more widespread area of microglial response at 12 hr postlesion (hpl) and greater microglia/macrophage density at 3 days postlesion (dpl). However, aged reactive microglia showed prevalence of ramified morphologies and fewer amoeboid/round forms. Aged injured animals presented a diminished area of COX2 expression, but a significantly larger density of COX2(+) cells, with higher numbers of COX2(+) neurons during the first 24 hpl and COX2(+) microglia/macrophages later. In contrast, the amount of COX2(+) neutrophils was diminished in the aged. iNOS was more rapidly induced in the aged injured striatum, with higher cell density at 12 hpl, when expression was mainly neuronal. From 1 dpl, both the iNOS(+) area and the density of iNOS(+) cells were reduced in the aged, with lower numbers of iNOS(+) neurons, microglia/macrophages, neutrophils, and astrocytes. In conclusion, excitotoxic damage in aging induces a distinct pattern of microglia/macrophage response and expression of inflammatory enzymes, which may account for the changes in lesion outcome in the aged, and highlight the importance of using aged animals for the study of acute age-related insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Campuzano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Unit of Medical Histology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Gómez MJ, Morón I, Torres C, Esteban FJ, de la Torre L, Cándido A, Maldonado A, Fernández-Teruel A, Tobeña A, Escarabajal MD. One-way avoidance acquisition and cellular density in the basolateral amygdala: Strain differences in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 450:317-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kanaan NM, Kordower JH, Collier TJ. Age-related changes in dopamine transporters and accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine in rhesus monkey midbrain dopamine neurons: relevance in selective neuronal vulnerability to degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:3205-15. [PMID: 18598263 PMCID: PMC3391583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the strongest risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). There is a preferential loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra (vtSN) compared to the dorsal tier and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in PD. Examining age-related and region-specific differences in DA neurons represents a means of identifying factors potentially involved in vulnerability or resistance to degeneration. Nitrative stress is among the factors potentially underlying DA neuron degeneration. We studied the relationship between 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT; a marker of nitrative damage) and DA transporters [DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT)] during aging in DA subregions of rhesus monkeys. The percentage of DA neurons containing 3NT increased significantly only in the vtSN with advancing age, and the vtSN had a greater percentage of 3NT-positive neurons when compared to the VTA. The relationship between 3NT and DA transporters was determined by measuring fluorescence intensity of 3NT, DAT and VMAT staining. 3NT intensity increased with advancing age in the vtSN. Increased DAT, VMAT and DAT/VMAT ratios were associated with increased 3NT in individual DA neurons. These results suggest nitrative damage accumulates in midbrain DA neurons with advancing age, an effect exacerbated in the vulnerable vtSN. The capacity of a DA neuron to accumulate more cytosolic DA, as inferred from DA transporter expression, is related to accumulation of nitrative damage. These findings are consistent with a role for aging-related accrual of nitrative damage in the selective vulnerability of vtSN neurons to degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Kanaan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J. H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. J. Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670525, 265 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Ziaja M, Pyka J, Machowska A, Maslanka A, Plonka PM. Nitric Oxide Spin-Trapping and NADPH-Diaphorase Activity in Mature Rat Brain after Injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1845-54. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ziaja
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Pyka
- Laboratory of Radiospectroscopic Studies of Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Machowska
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Maslanka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw M. Plonka
- Laboratory of Radiospectroscopy of Cancer and Radiobiology, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Blanco S, Castro L, Hernández R, Del Moral ML, Pedrosa JA, Martínez-Lara E, Siles E, Peinado MA. Age modulates the nitric oxide system response in the ischemic cerebellum. Brain Res 2007; 1157:66-73. [PMID: 17544383 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether age influences the nitric oxide system response to ischemia in the cerebellum, we have analyzed the levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the expression of the different nitric oxide synthase isoforms (NOS) in mature adult (4-5 months old) and aged rats (24-27 months old) subjected to a transient global ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. We also analyzed the nitrated proteins and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. NOx concentration in adult rats, which more than doubled the values found in the aged rats, decreased after the ischemia and reperfusion. However, in the aged animals, these NOx levels did not significantly change after I/R. Constitutive isoforms were first down-regulated in the ischemic period, in both adult and aged animals. However, after 6 h of reperfusion, these isoforms were up-regulated, but only in aged rats. After I/R, iNOS was up-regulated in adults but down-regulated in the aged rats. Hence, after an episode of transient global ischemia and reperfusion, the aged cerebellum maintains a balanced NO production, silencing the iNOS isoform and inducing a weak expression of nNOS and eNOS; this allows NO physiological functions while avoiding possible undesirable effects such as the nitrative damage or astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Blanco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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