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Nihei SS, Liu G, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Pang X, Alvarez-Garcia D, Zhang D. Comparative morphology of antennal ultrastructure in Tachinidae parasitoid flies (Diptera): The phylogenetic importance of antennal sensilla. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 71:101202. [PMID: 36037740 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tachinidae are one of the most diverse clades of Diptera. All tachinids are parasitoids of insects and other arthropods, and thus are considered an important source of biological pest control. Antennae are the most important olfactory organs of Tachinidae playing key roles in their lives, especially in locating hosts, and details of antennal ultrastructure could provide useful features for phylogenetic studies and understanding their adaptive evolution. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of antennae, the current knowledge of antennal ultrastructure is scarce for Tachinidae. Our study examined antennal sensilla of thirteen species belonging to thirteen genera within eleven tribes of all the four subfamilies (Phasiinae, Dexiinae, Tachininae, and Exoristinae): Beskia aelops Walker, Trichodura sp., Voria ruralis (Fallén), Zelia sp., Cylindromyia carinata Townsend, Phasia xenos Townsend, Neomintho sp., Genea australis (Townsend), Copecrypta sp., Hystricia sp., Belvosia sp., Leschenaultia sp., and Winthemia pinguis (Fabricius). Types, length and distribution of antennal sensilla were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our comparative analysis summarized 29 variable characters and we evaluated their phylogenetic signal for subfamilial, tribal and generic/specific levels, showing that antennal ultrastructure could be a reliable source of characters for phylogenetic analysis. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable diversity of the antennal ultrastructure of Tachinidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio S Nihei
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Genting Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qike Wang
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xianui Liu
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiunan Pang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Deivys Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo de Investigación en Zoología y Ecología, Universidad de Sucre, Colombia
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Xu W, Liu G, Wang Q, Yan L, Liu X, Li X, Pape T, Zhang D. Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensory Organs in Nine Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): New Insight into the Definition of Family Sarcophagidae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070602. [PMID: 35886778 PMCID: PMC9316071 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The antennal sensilla of species in all three subfamilies of Sarcophagidae are studied for the first time via scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, density, and distribution of each type are described for each species. A total of eight types of antennal sensilla (chaetic sensilla, setiferous plaques, pedicellar buttons, trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, clavate sensilla, bottle-shaped sensilla) and sensory pits are found in both sexes. The existence of bottle-shaped sensilla in the sensory pits in all three subfamilies of the sarcophagid species suggests a potential synapomorphy of sarcophagids and a new morphological diagnosis character of the family Sarcophagidae. Abstract The antennae are the main olfactory organ of flies, playing key roles in their survival and the success of all life stages. Antennal ultrastructural morphology has been well described in the representative species of most calyptrate families, yet only a few studies have focused on Sarcophagidae species, those with ecological and medical relevance. Antennal morphology and the types, shapes, distribution, and density of the antennal sensilla of nine Sarcophagidae species are studied in detail with scanning electron microscopy, including Miltogramminae: Metopia campestris (Fallén) and Mesomelena mesomelaena (Loew), Paramacronychiinae: Agria mihalyii (Rohdendorf & Verves), Wohlfahrtia bella (Macquart), and W. magnifica (Schiner); Sarcophaginae: Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps Meigen, S. (Bercaea) africa (Wiedemann), S. (Boettcherisca) peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), and S. (Liosarcophaga) portschinskyi (Rohdendorf), covering all three subfamilies of this family. The morphology of the three segments of the antennae has been described. The scape has only one type of chaetic sensilla, while three subtypes of chaetic sensilla were detected on the pedicel. The postpedicel has four types of sensilla: trichoid sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, clavate sensilla, and three subtypes of basiconic sensilla. Bottle-shaped sensilla were observed in sensory pits on the postpedicel in all nine species. These sensilla have not been discovered in other calyptrate species, suggesting that they are a potential sarcophagid synapomorphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Xu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Genting Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (X.L.)
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Qike Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Liping Yan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xianhui Liu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Science Faculty, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Beijing 100083, China; (W.X.); (G.L.); (L.Y.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Elevated CO2 Altered Rice VOCs Aggravate Population Occurrence of Brown Planthoppers by Improving Host Selection Ability. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060882. [PMID: 35741403 PMCID: PMC9219841 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, the atmospheric CO2 concentration was increasing continuously, which has led to the change in the photosynthesis and chemical composition of rice plants. The growth and development of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens are further affected. Plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to mediate intra- and inter-specific interactions with other organisms in the surrounding environment. Therefore, here we aim to explore the effect of rice VOCs on the host selection ability of BPH under elevated CO2. Among the identified thirty-six rice VOCs, the contents of heptadecane, linalool and limonene from rice plants were significantly decreased under elevated CO2. Moreover, we found that the VOCs of rice damaged by BPH were also changed. Undecane, hexadecane, nonanal and 2,6-diphenylphenol from BPH-damaged rice plants under elevated CO2 were all significantly higher than those from healthy rice plants, which might lead to enhancement of the host selection ability of BPH, eventually aggravating the damage caused by BPH. However, the role of these VOCs in host selection ability of BPH is not clear, and more experiments are needed to verify their function. Abstract It is predicted that plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are affected by the atmospheric CO2 levels rising globally, which further affects the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects, especially the host selection behavior of herbivorous insects. In this study, the effects of elevated CO2 on the host-selection behavior of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and the emission of VOCs from the healthy and BPH-damaged rice plants were studied simultaneously to make clear the population occurrence of BPH under global climate change. Compared with ambient CO2, elevated CO2 significantly increased the host selection percent of BPH for the healthy (CK) and BPH-damaged rice plants, and the host selection percent of BPH for the BPH-damaged rice plants was significantly higher than that for the healthy rice plants under elevated CO2, which might be regulated by the transcription levels of OBP1, OBP2 and CSP8 in BPH due to the upregulated transcriptional levels of these three genes of BPH under elevated CO2. In addition, we analyzed and quantified the emission of VOCs in rice plants grown under ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 by GS-MS. A total of 36 VOCs from rice plants were identified into eight categories, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons. Elevated CO2 significantly decreased the contents of heptadecane, linalool and limonene from rice plants compared with ambient CO2. Besides, the contents of linalool, phytol, decanal, 1-methyldecalin and 2,6-diphenylphenol from BPH-damaged rice plants under ambient CO2, and undecane, hexadecane, nonanal and 2,6-diphenylphenol from BPH-damaged rice plants under elevated CO2 were all significantly higher than those from healthy rice plants. The percentage composition of phenols was positively correlated with the host selection rate of BPH. Our study indicates that elevated CO2 is beneficial to promote the host selection ability of BPH for rice plants damaged by BPHs due to the changed plant VOCs.
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Dong WY, Wang B, Wang GR. Morphological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Antennal Sensilla and the Detection of Floral Scent Volatiles in Eupeodes corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:791900. [PMID: 34975421 PMCID: PMC8716465 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.791900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory sensing system of the syrphid fly Eupeodes corollae is essential in pollination and prey localization, but little is known about the ultrastructural organization of their olfactory organs. In this study, the morphology, distribution, and ultrastructural organization of antennal sensilla of E. corollae in both sexes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neuronal responses of a subtype of sensilla basiconica to floral scent compounds were recorded by single sensillum recording (SSR). Ten morphological types, including Böhm bristles, sensilla chaetica, microtrichiae, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla clavate, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla placodea, and sensory pit, were identified. Except for Böhm bristles and sensilla chaetica, which were distributed on the scape and pedicel of E. corollae antennae, innervated sensilla were densely distributed on the flagellum, a vital sensory organ. Further, observing ultrastructural organization showed that the sensilla trichodea, basiconica, and clavate are single-walled with multiple nanoscale pores perforating the cuticle. Sensilla coeloconica are double-walled and have no wall pores, but instead, have longitudinal grooves along with the pegs. Sensilla chaetica, Böhm bristles, and microtrichiae did not have wall pores on the cuticle or sensory cells at the base. The SSR results indicated that neuron B housed in the subtype of sensilla basiconica I (SBI) mainly responded to methyl eugenol and other aromatic compounds. Overall, our results provide valuable information to understand the morphology and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla from E. corollae. These findings are beneficial for the studies of the neuronal function map of olfactory sensilla and for determining evolutionary relationships in Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Ultrastructure of the Sensilla on the Antennae and Mouthparts of Bean Weevils, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Bruchinae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121112. [PMID: 34940200 PMCID: PMC8706279 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this paper, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to describe the morphological types, number of sensilla, and their distributions on the antennae and mouthparts of both sexes of the bean weevil, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Bruchinae). The results showed twelve subtypes on antennal sensilla and five types of sensilla on maxillary and labial palps. No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type was observed, but there were variations between male and female in the numbers and distribution along with the antennae. In addition, we discussed potential function related to structure, through comparisons with previous studies of bruchids and other insects. This information will support further studies of semiochemicals as effective biological controls of this pest. Abstract Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhraeus, 1839) (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) is an important pest that damages the seeds of Gleditsia L. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). This beetle searches for host plants with its sensory system. To further explore the mechanisms of host location and to understand the ultrastructure of M. dorsalis, we examined the morphology and distribution of its sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of male and female adults, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both male and female antennae are serrated and can be divided into scape, pedicel, and flagellum. There were seven types and eight subtypes of antennal sensilla, including Bőhm bristles (BB), two subtypes of sensilla trichoid (ST1, ST2), two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC1, SC2), four subtypes of sensilla basiconic (SB1, SB2, SB3, SB4), sensilla cavity (SCa), sensilla auricillica (SA), and sensilla gemmiformium (SG). Five types of maxillary and labial palp sensilla in the mouthparts were observed: sensilla chaetica (SC), sensilla trichoidea (ST), sensilla styloconica (SSt), sensilla coeloconica (SCo), and sensilla digitiform (SD). No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type was observed, but there were variations between males and females in the numbers and distribution along the antennae. There were more SA in males than in females, while the number of ST sensilla in the maxillary palps were lower in males than in females. ST1 were most abundant in both sexes. We discussed potential function related to structure via comparisons with previous investigations of bruchids and other insects. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on sensory physiological function, using semiochemicals as effective biological controls of M. dorsalis.
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Liu G, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Pang X, Zhang D. Antennal and palpal sensilla of three predatory Lispe species (Diptera: Muscidae): an ultrastructural investigation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18357. [PMID: 34526584 PMCID: PMC8443604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antennae and maxillary palps are the most important chemical reception organs of flies. So far, the morphology of antennae and maxillary palps of flies of most feeding habits have been well described, except for that of relatively rare aquatic predatory species. This study describes sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps of three aquatic predatory Lispe species: Lispe longicollis, L. orientalis and L. pygmaea. Types, distribution, and density of sensilla are characterised via light and scanning electron microscopy. One type of mechanoreceptors is found on antennal scape. Mechanoreceptors (two subtypes) and one single pedicellar button (in L. pygmaea) are located on antennal pedicel. Four types of sensilla are discovered on antennal postpedicel: trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla (three subtypes), coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla. A unique character of these Lispe species is that the coeloconic sensilla are distributed sparsely on antennal postpedicel. Mechanoreceptors and basiconic sensilla are observed on the surface of maxillary palps in all three species. We demonstrated clear sexual dimorphism of the maxillary palps in some of the Lispe species, unlike most other Muscidae species, are larger in males than females. This, along with their courtship dance behaviour, suggest their function as both chemical signal receiver and visual signal conveyer, which is among the few records of a chemical reception organ act as a signal conveyer in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genting Liu
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Qike Wang
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Xianhui Liu
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, Mailbox 162, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiunan Pang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, Mailbox 162, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, Mailbox 162, Beijing, 100083, China.
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7
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Pezzi M, Scapoli C, Bharti M, Faucheux MJ, Chicca M, Leis M, Marchetti MG, Mamolini E, Salvia R, Falabella P, Bonacci T. Fine Structure of Maxillary Palps in Adults of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:658-665. [PMID: 33200778 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A relevant species in waste management but also in forensic, medical, and veterinary sciences is the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus; Diptera: Stratiomyidae). An ultrastructural study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted for the first time on maxillary palps of both sexes, describing in detail the morphology and distribution of sensilla and microtrichia. The maxillary palps, composed of two segments, show sexual dimorphism in length and shape. In both sexes, the first segment is covered only by microtrichia, but the second one is divided into two parts: the proximal one, covered only by microtrichia, and the distal one containing both microtrichia and sensory structures. These structures include two types of sensory pits and one of chaetic sensilla. Due to sexual dimorphism in palp size, females have a higher number of sensory pits. The sexual dimorphism of palps and the presence and role of sensilla in H. illucens was discussed in comparison to other species of the family Stratiomyidae and of other Diptera. This study may represent a base for further investigations on mouthpart structures of this species, involved in key physiological activities, such as feeding, mating and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Bharti
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | | | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M G Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Mamolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - T Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Park KC, Jeong SA, Kwon G, Oh HW. Olfactory attraction mediated by the maxillary palps in the striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata: Electrophysiological and behavioral study. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 99:e21510. [PMID: 30350371 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that the olfactory attraction of the striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel; Diptera: Tephritidae), a serious pest of pumpkin and other cucurbitaceae plants, to cue lure and raspberry ketone is mediated by the maxillary palps. The antennae, bearing three morphological types (basiconic, trichoid, and coeloconic) of olfactory sensilla, in male and female B. scutellata exhibited significant electroantennogram (EAG) responses to a plant volatile compound, 3-octanone, and methyl eugenol, whereas cue lure, raspberry ketone, and zingerone that are known to attract several other species of Bactrocera fruit flies elicited no significant EAG responses from both sexes. In contrast, maxillary palps, housing one morphological type of basiconic sensilla, displayed the largest electropalpogram (EPG) responses to cue lure followed by raspberry ketone among the five compounds tested in male and female B. scutellata, with only minor EPG responses to 3-octanone, which indicates that the maxillary palps are responsible for detecting cue lure and raspberry ketone in this species. In field trapping experiments, significant number of male B. scutellata were captured in the traps baited with cue lure or raspberry ketone, in which the attractiveness of cue lure was significantly higher than that of raspberry ketone. Methyl eugenol and zingerone were not behaviorally attractive to B. scutellata although they elicited significant EPG responses. Our study indicates that the behavioral attraction of B. scutellata to cue lure and raspberry ketone is mediated by the olfactory sensory neurons present in the maxillary palps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Chung Park
- Bioprotection/Biosecurity, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Seon Ah Jeong
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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Dai Y, Wang MF, Jiang SL, Zhang YF, Parajulee MN, Chen FJ. Host-selection behavior and physiological mechanisms of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, in response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:149-156. [PMID: 29859837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can markedly affect the growth, development, reproduction and behavior of herbivorous insects, mainly by changing the primary and secondary metabolites of their host plants. However, little is known about the host-selection behavior and the respective intrinsic mechanism of sap-sucking insects in response to elevated CO2. In this experiment, the host-selection behavior, as well as the physiological mechanism based on the analysis of growth, development and energy substances, and the expression of the olfactory-related genes of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, were studied under ambient (407.0 ± 4.3 μl/L) and elevated (810.5 ± 7.2 μl/L) CO2. The results indicated that the aphids reared under ambient and elevated CO2 did not differ in their level of preference for cotton seedlings, whatever the CO2 conditions in which the plants developed. However, aphids reared under elevated CO2 showed a greater ability to respond to the plant volatiles compared to aphids that developed under ambient CO2 (+23.3%). This suggests that rising atmospheric CO2 enhances the activity of host selection in this aphid. Compared with ambient CO2, elevated CO2 significantly increased aphid body weight (+36.7%) and the contents of glycogen (+18.9%), body fat (+14.6%), and amino acids (+16.8%) and increased the expression of odor-binding protein genes, OBP2 (+299.6%) and OBP7 (+47.4%), and chemosensory protein genes, CSP4 (+265.3%) and CSP6 (+50.9%), potentially enhancing the overall life activities and upregulating the olfactory ability of A. gossypii. We speculated that the rising atmospheric CO2 level would likely aggravate the damage caused by A. gossypii due to the higher potential host selection and increased general activity under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shou-Lin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock 79403-9803, TX, USA
| | - Fa-Jun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Caetano RL, Carriço C, de Abreu Freitas DM, Pinto ZT. Ultrastructure of sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps in three Mesembrinellidae species. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Ultrastructural characterization of sensilla and microtrichia on the antenna of female Haematopota pandazisi (Diptera: Tabanidae). Parasitol Res 2018; 117:959-970. [PMID: 29427157 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The haematophagous females of the cleg fly Haematopota pandazisi (Kröber) (Diptera: Tabanidae) are a common pest in areas inhabited by wild and domestic ungulates in southern Europe, North Africa and Anatolia. A morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out for the first time on the antennae of females of H. pandazisi, with special attention to the type and distribution of sensilla and microtrichia. The typical brachyceran antenna is divided into three regions: the scape, the pedicel and the flagellum, which is the longest of the three and is composed of four flagellomeres. The scape and pedicel are characterized by only one type of microtrichium and chaetic sensillum, whereas five types of microtrichia and sensilla were identified on the flagellum and classified according to shape and distribution. The sensilla are of the chaetic, clavate, basiconic, trichoid and coeloconic types; the latter with either a basiconic or grooved peg inside. The results obtained in this study were compared to those found in other species in the family Tabanidae and other Diptera, with special attention to haematophagous species.
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Zhang D, Li X, Liu X, Wang Q, Pape T. The antenna of horse stomach bot flies: morphology and phylogenetic implications (Oestridae, Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus Leach). Sci Rep 2016; 6:34409. [PMID: 27703229 PMCID: PMC5050557 DOI: 10.1038/srep34409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antennae are among the most elaborate sensory organs in adult flies, and they provide rich information for phylogenic studies. The antennae of five out of eight species of Gasterophilus Leach (G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus), G. intestinalis (De Geer), G. nasalis (Linnaeus), G. nigricornis (Loew) and G. pecorum (Fabricius)), were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology, including distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla were presented, and the definition of auriculate sensilla and sensory pits were updated and clarified. Eighteen antennal characters were selected to construct the first species-level phylogeny of this genus. The monophyly of Gasterophilus was supported by the presence of coeloconic sensilla III on the antennal arista. The species-level cladogram showed G. pecorum branching off at the base, and the remaining species forming the topology (G. intestinalis+ (G. haemorrhoidalis+ (G. nasalis+ G. nigricornis))). Our research shows the importance of the antennal ultrastructure as a reliable source for phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- Department of Zoology, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Xianhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, America
| | - Qike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pezzi M, Whitmore D, Chicca M, Semeraro B, Brighi F, Leis M. Ultrastructural Morphology of the Antenna and Maxillary Palp of Sarcophaga tibialis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:807-814. [PMID: 27134209 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A scanning electron microscopy investigation of the antenna and maxillary palp of the adult of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a species of medical, veterinary, and forensic relevance, is presented for the first time. Adults of both sexes used in this study were obtained from larvae collected in a case of traumatic myiasis in a domestic cat in northern Italy. The antenna of S. tibialis is that typical of cyclorrhaphan Diptera, consisting of three segments: the scape, the pedicel, and the postpedicel, bearing the arista. The scape is covered by microtrichia and has a row of long chaetic sensilla. The pedicel is also covered by microtrichia and has three types of chaetic sensilla and a cluster of setiferous plaques. Trichoid, styloconic, clavate, and basiconic sensilla are distributed among the microtrichia on the postpedicel. Invaginated basiconic-like sensilla and olfactory pits are also present, the latter ones more numerous in the female. Our results are compared with those obtained for other calyptrate flies, mainly in the family Sarcophagidae. The data obtained may represent a basis for electrophysiological studies on the sensorial activity of the species related to the search for food sources, mates, and suitable larviposition sites, and for comparative morphological studies with other Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; ),
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - D Whitmore
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - B Semeraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - F Brighi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - M Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
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Groba HF, Lauria de Cidre LS, Castelo MK. Description of antennal structures of the parasitoid Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) and its relationship with resources searching behaviour. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-013-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang M, Chen YO, Pape T, Zhang D. Review of the genus Agria (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from China. Zookeys 2013:41-55. [PMID: 23805049 PMCID: PMC3690962 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.310.5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Agria mihalyii (Rohdendorf and Verves, 1978) is recorded from China for the first time, and both sexes are thoroughly documented using a combination of illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscopy images. The generic affiliation is corroborated from an expanded definition of genus Agria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, and a key to males of the two known species from China is provided. The distribution of coeloconic sensilla on the male pre- and postgonite are shown to possess significant diagnostic and phylogenetic information in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhang D, Wang QK, Liu XH, Li K. Sensilla on antenna and maxillary palp of predaceous fly, Lispe neimongola Tian et Ma (Diptera: Muscidae). Micron 2013; 49:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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