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Kochneva A, Efremov D, Murzina SA. Proteins journey-from marine to freshwater ecosystem: blood plasma proteomic profiles of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum, 1792 during spawning migration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1216119. [PMID: 37383149 PMCID: PMC10293649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is a commercial anadromous fish species of the family Salmonidae. This species has a 2-year life cycle that distinguishes it from other salmonids. It includes the spawning migration from marine to freshwater environments, accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical adaptive changes in the body. This study reveals and describes variability in the blood plasma proteomes of female and male pink salmon collected from three biotopes-marine, estuarine and riverine-that the fish pass through in spawning migration. Identification and comparative analysis of blood plasma protein profiles were performed using proteomics and bioinformatic approaches. The blood proteomes of female and male spawners collected from different biotopes were qualitatively and quantitatively distinguished. Females differed primarily in proteins associated with reproductive system development (certain vitellogenin and choriogenin), lipid transport (fatty acid binding protein) and energy production (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase), and males in proteins involved in blood coagulation (fibrinogen), immune response (lectins) and reproductive processes (vitellogenin). Differentially expressed sex-specific proteins were implicated in proteolysis (aminopeptidases), platelet activation (β- and γ-chain fibrinogen), cell growth and differentiation (a protein containing the TGF_BETA_2 domain) and lipid transport processes (vitellogenin and apolipoprotein). The results are of both fundamental and practical importance, adding to existing knowledge of the biochemical adaptations to spawning of pink salmon, a representative of economically important migratory fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Kochneva
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis Efremov
- Ecology of Fishes and Water Invertebrates Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Murzina
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Khvorova IA, Nadei OV, Agalakova NI. Differential protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases in erythrocytes and liver of lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis on the course of prespawning starvation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111108. [PMID: 34728403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to identify the types of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in erythrocytes and liver tissues of river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and monitor the changes in protein expression levels of found enzymes on the course of prespawning starvation (from November to the end of May). Immunoreactivity of the native and phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 was examined in the cytosolic and membrane cell fractions. Both lamprey erythrocytes and liver were found to highly express ERK1/2 and JNK, whereas only trace amounts of p38 were revealed in hepatic tissues. ERK1/2 was identified in cytosolic and membrane fractions, whereas JNK and p38 were predominantly cytosolic enzymes. Total cellular amounts of ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2 in both erythrocytes and liver tissues appeared to be relatively stable on the course of prespawning starvation. However, before spawning ERK1/2 translocated from cytosol to membranes, with partial decline of its cytoplasmic expression being compensated by increases in membrane-bound pool. Immunoreactivity of cytoplasmic JNK, phospho-JNK and p38 were stable from November to March, but sharply decreased before spawning exhibiting almost negligible levels in May, which suggests the depletion of their cellular fractions. Most probably, ERK1/2 plays more important role in mediating adaptive responses of erythrocytes and liver tissues to conditions of natural starvation and maintenance of cell viability before spawning and death of animals in May.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Khvorova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez av. 44, Saint-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Olga V Nadei
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez av. 44, Saint-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Natalia I Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez av. 44, Saint-Petersburg, 194223, Russia.
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Gems D, Kern CC, Nour J, Ezcurra M. Reproductive Suicide: Similar Mechanisms of Aging in C. elegans and Pacific Salmon. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688788. [PMID: 34513830 PMCID: PMC8430333 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In some species of salmon, reproductive maturity triggers the development of massive pathology resulting from reproductive effort, leading to rapid post-reproductive death. Such reproductive death, which occurs in many semelparous organisms (with a single bout of reproduction), can be prevented by blocking reproductive maturation, and this can increase lifespan dramatically. Reproductive death is often viewed as distinct from senescence in iteroparous organisms (with multiple bouts of reproduction) such as humans. Here we review the evidence that reproductive death occurs in C. elegans and discuss what this means for its use as a model organism to study aging. Inhibiting insulin/IGF-1 signaling and germline removal suppresses reproductive death and greatly extends lifespan in C. elegans, but can also extend lifespan to a small extent in iteroparous organisms. We argue that mechanisms of senescence operative in reproductive death exist in a less catastrophic form in iteroparous organisms, particularly those that involve costly resource reallocation, and exhibit endocrine-regulated plasticity. Thus, mechanisms of senescence in semelparous organisms (including plants) and iteroparous ones form an etiological continuum. Therefore understanding mechanisms of reproductive death in C. elegans can teach us about some mechanisms of senescence that are operative in iteroparous organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gems
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina C. Kern
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Nour
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Ezcurra
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Chung-Davidson YW, Bussy U, Fissette SD, Li W. Sex-dependent pheromonal effects on steroid hormone levels in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113608. [PMID: 32890479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are basal vertebrates that exhibit reproductive control via a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The function and evolution of the hypothalamic and pituitary peptide hormones are well studied in this species, whereas the functions of classical sex steroid hormones have not been well established due to their low or non-detectable plasma levels. Sea lamprey pheromone 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) has been shown to increase while 3-keto allocholic acid (3kACA) decreases plasma 15α-hydroxyprogesterone (15αP) levels in prespermiating males (PSM) but not in preovulatory females (POF). However, spermiating male washings that contain both 3kPZS and 3kACA facilitate spawning in both sexes. Therefore, we wondered if the effects of pheromones on POF were elicited by classical steroid hormones such as progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol. We hypothesized that waterborne 3kACA and 3kPZS differentially alter steroid hormone levels in prespawning sea lampreys. We determined the sex differences and pheromonal effects on steroid hormone levels in prespawning sea lampreys using sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. Some PSM became spermiating (SM) at the time of sample collection, and those data were treated as a separate group. We found that males contained more androstenedione and progesterone in the gonad and more estradiol and testosterone in the plasma than POF, whereas POF contained more gonadal testosterone than males (no detectable gonadal testosterone). In POF, 3kPZS decreased gonadal androstenedione but increased gonadal progesterone and plasma estradiol, whereas 3kACA only increased gonadal progesterone levels. Exposure to 3kPZS for 4 h increased plasma 15αP in POF and SM, and gonadal 15αP in POF. Interestingly, 3kACA or 3kPZS depleted gonadal or plasma 15αP in PSM at various time points. On the other hand, both pheromones had no significant effect on androstenedione, progesterone or estradiol levels in males. Plasma testosterone levels did not change after pheromone exposure in both sexes. We conclude that sea lamprey pheromones 3kACA and 3kPZS induced differential steroidal responses in POF, PSM and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Natural Resources Building, Rm. 13, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Natural Resources Building, Rm. 13, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Skye Daniel Fissette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Natural Resources Building, Rm. 13, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Natural Resources Building, Rm. 13, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Immunolocalization and changes of 17beta-estradiol during ovarian development of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis' [corrected]. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:509-520. [PMID: 29707750 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
17beta-estradiol (E2) is important for crustacean ovarian development. This study aims to investigate the distribution and change pattern of E2 in the ovary, hepatopancreas, thoracic ganglion and brain ganglion as well as Vg-mRNA expression level during ovarian development of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Results showed that strongly positive signals of E2 were mainly distributed in follicle cells of ovaries for all developmental stages as well as oocyte cytoplasm of stages III to V ovaries. In hepatopancreas, the E2-positive signal was mainly detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of fibrillar cells and the nucleus of resorptive cells, while the maximum fluorescence intensity was observed in stage III hepatopancreas. On the contrary, the E2 immunoreactivities in nervous tissues were relatively stable during ovarian development. Moreover, the changing pattern of E2 concentration was similar within hemolymph, ovary and hepatopancreas during the ovarian development. From stages I to III, the E2 content in three tissues increased significantly, then decreased gradually until stage V. As for the Vg-mRNA expression level in hepatopancreas and ovaries, an increasing trend was found in ovaries but no significant difference was detected during the period of ovarian stages III to V. Hepatopancreatic Vg-mRNA expression level increased significantly during stages I to IV and dramatically decreased at stage V. In conclusion, our study suggests that ovary, hepatopancreas, hemolymph and nervous tissues are the target organs of E2 in E. sinensis and E2 concentrations in different tissues are closely related to vitellogenesis in ovary and hepatopancreas during ovarian development.
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ATP-consuming processes in hepatocytes of river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis on the course of prespawning starvation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:95-100. [PMID: 27399971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The work was performed to establish which of the major ATP-consuming processes is the most important for surviving of hepatocytes of female lampreys on the course of prespawning starvation. The requirements of protein synthesis and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase for ATP in the cells were monitored by the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the presence of corresponding inhibitors from the peak of metabolic depression (January-February) to the time of recovery from it (March-April) and spawning (May). Integrity of lamprey liver cells was estimated by catalytic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood plasma. In January-February, the share of ATP necessary for protein synthesis was 20-22%, whereas before spawning it decreased to 8-11%. Functioning of Na(+)-K(+)-pump required 22% of cellular ATP at the peak of metabolic depression, but 38% and 62% of ATP in March-April and May, respectively. Progression of prespawning period was accompanied by 3.75- and 1.6-fold rise of ALT and AST activities in blood plasma, respectively, whereas de Ritis coefficient decreased from 2.51±0.34 to 0.81±0.08, what indicates severe damage of hepatocyte membranes. Thus, the adaptive strategy of lamprey hepatocytes to develop metabolic depression under conditions of energy limitation is the selective production of proteins necessary for spawning, most probably vitellogenins. As spawning approaches, the maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients, membrane potential and cell volume to prevent premature cell death becomes the priority cell function.
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Belyaeva EA, Emelyanova LV, Korotkov SM, Brailovskaya IV, Savina MV. On the mechanism(s) of membrane permeability transition in liver mitochondria of lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L.: insights from cadmium. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:691724. [PMID: 24995321 PMCID: PMC4065708 DOI: 10.1155/2014/691724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in its low conductance state is the case in hepatocytes of the Baltic lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L.) during reversible metabolic depression taking place in the period of its prespawning migration when the exogenous feeding is switched off. The depression is observed in the last year of the lamprey life cycle and is conditioned by reversible mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial uncoupling in winter and coupling in spring). To further elucidate the mechanism(s) of induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the lamprey liver, we used Cd(2+) and Ca(2+) plus Pi as the pore inducers. We found that Ca(2+) plus Pi induced the high-amplitude swelling of the isolated "winter" mitochondria both in isotonic sucrose and ammonium nitrate medium while both low and high Cd(2+) did not produce the mitochondrial swelling in these media. Low Cd(2+) enhanced the inhibition of basal respiration rate of the "winter" mitochondria energized by NAD-dependent substrates whereas the same concentrations of the heavy metal evoked its partial stimulation on FAD-dependent substrates. The above changes produced by Cd(2+) or Ca(2+) plus Pi in the "winter" mitochondria were only weakly (if so) sensitive to cyclosporine A (a potent pharmacological desensitizer of the nonselective pore) added alone and they were not sensitive to dithiothreitol (a dithiol reducing agent). Under monitoring of the transmembrane potential of the "spring" lamprey liver mitochondria, we revealed that Cd(2+) produced its decrease on both types of the respiratory substrates used that was strongly hampered by cyclosporine A, and the membrane potential was partially restored by dithiothreitol. The effects of different membrane permeability modulators on the lamprey liver mitochondria function and the seasonal changes in their action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Belyaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Larisa V. Emelyanova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Korotkov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Irina V. Brailovskaya
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Margarita V. Savina
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
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Nishimiya O, Kunihiro Y, Hiramatsu N, Inagawa H, Todo T, Hara A. Biochemical and immunochemical characterization of two discrete vitellogenin proteins and their derived lipovitellins in the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:251-7. [PMID: 24694228 DOI: 10.2108/zs130234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitellogenesis has been extensively studied in oviparous vertebrates, including teleost fishes, while not much is known with regard to jawless hagfishes, modern representatives of the most primitive vertebrate class. This study aimed to characterize vitellogenin (Vtg) and yolk protein (YP) in the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) as an initial step to understand vitellogenesis in this species. A putative Vtg fraction was purified from the serum of female hagfish by combinations of hydroxylapatite and ion-exchange chromatography, followed by gel filtration. The purified fraction appeared to contain two distinct Vtgs (Vtg1 and Vtg2) and exhibited biochemical properties resembling those previously reported for teleost Vtgs; these appeared to be female-specific serum proteins and high-molecular-weight proteins in gel filtration (˜505 kDa as the mixture fraction of both Vtgs) and in SDS-PAGE (Vtg1 and Vtg2; ˜210 kDa and ˜195 kDa, respectively). A major YP was also purified from hagfish eggs by combinations of hydroxylapatite chromatography and gel filtration; the apparent native mass of the purified YP was unusually large (> 669 kDa). The purified YP consisted of four polypeptides in SDS-PAGE; the peptide pattern indicated that it consisted of two lipovitellins (Lv1 and Lv2) giving rise to two sets of heavy chains (˜116 kDa and ˜106 kDa, respectively) and two light chains (˜32 kDa and ˜28 kDa, respectively). Additional immunological analysis, Nterminal amino acid sequencing and cDNA cloning firmly confirmed the precursor-product relationship between hagfish Vtgs and Lvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nishimiya
- 1 Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
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Konovalova SA, Savina MV, Nikiforov AA, Puchkova LV. Mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways of lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L.) hepatocyte death. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Reversible metabolic depression in lamprey hepatocytes during prespawning migration: dynamics of mitochondrial membrane potential. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:194-200. [PMID: 21893210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L.) is an extant representative of the ancient vertebrate group of Agnathans. During the prespawning migration (the river period of life from autumn until spring) lamprey hepatocytes exhibit widely different energy states: a high-energy state in autumn and spring, corresponding to a normal physiological standard, and a low-energy state in winter, which is provoked by prolonged starvation and profound metabolic arrest. In spring the restoration of energy status (return to an active state) is associated with hormonally induced lipolysis of the lipid droplets stored in the cells. Lamprey hepatocytes demonstrate an aerobic metabolism based on oxidation of free fatty acids. The dynamics of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured throughout the prespawning migration. Pharmacological inhibition of the electron transport chain decreased the MMP and caused extensive depletion of cellular ATP without loss of cell viability. The potential molecular mechanisms responsible for winter metabolic depression in lamprey hepatocytes are discussed.
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Konovalova SA, Savina MV, Nikiforov AA. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in hepatocytes of the baltic lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L.) at the period of prespawning migration. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boldbaatar D, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Liao M, Tanaka T, Xuan X, Fujisaki K. Multiple vitellogenins from the Haemaphysalis longicornis tick are crucial for ovarian development. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1587-1598. [PMID: 20576517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian development and egg maturation are crucial processes for the success of reproduction in ticks. Three full-length cDNAs encoding the precursor of major yolk protein, vitellogenin, were obtained from cDNA libraries of the Haemaphysalis longicornis tick and designated as HlVg-1, HlVg-2 and HlVg-3. The HlVg mRNAs were found in fed females with major expression sites in the midgut, fat body and ovary. Native PAGE and Western blot demonstrated that HlVgs in the hemolymph, fat body and ovary of fed females consisted of four major polypeptides. RNAi results showed that HlVg dsRNA-injected ticks obtained lower body weight, egg weight and showed higher mortality of engorged females after blood sucking than control groups. Our results indicate that all HlVgs are essential for egg development and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damdinsuren Boldbaatar
- Department of Frontier Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Abstract
The use of steroids and their receptors as ligand-gated transcription factors is thought to be an important step in vertebrate evolution. The lamprey is the earliest-evolving vertebrate to date in which sex steroids and their receptors have been demonstrated to have hormonal roles similar to those found in jawed vertebrates. Sex steroids and their receptors have been examined in several lamprey species, and the majority of studies have focused on the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. While classical steroids appear to be present in lampreys, their function, concentrations, and synthesis have not been determined conclusively. The only classical steroid that is thought to act as a hormone in both males and females is estradiol. Recent research has established that lampreys produce and circulate 15alpha-hydroxylated steroids, and that these steroids respond to upstream stimulation within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In particular, 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone is highly sensitive and responds in great magnitude to stimulation, and is likely a hormone. Lampreys also appear to use androstenedione, a precursor to vertebrate androgens, as their main androgen, and a receptor for androstenedione has recently been described. Non-classical steroids are prevalent in many aquatic vertebrates, and the non-classical steroids found in the sea lamprey may represent an evolutionary artifact, or alternatively may be a way to avoid endocrine disruption when ingesting the body fluids of host fish. The lamprey will continue to be an interesting model for examining the evolution of steroid hormones, steroid receptors, and steroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara B Bryan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Mitchell RD, Ross E, Osgood C, Sonenshine DE, Donohue KV, Khalil SM, Thompson DM, Michael Roe R. Molecular characterization, tissue-specific expression and RNAi knockdown of the first vitellogenin receptor from a tick. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:375-88. [PMID: 17368201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first full-length message for a vitellogenin receptor (VgR) sequenced from ticks. VgRs, members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) superfamily, mediate the uptake of the yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vg), from the hemolymph. The VgR message from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (GenBank accession No. DQ103506.4) comprised 5673 bp which coded for a 1798 aa deduced protein with a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. After removing the 20 aa signal peptide, the 1778 aa deduced mature protein had a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. BLAST comparisons showed the highest similarity to the VgR of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. VgR message was expressed in mated female ovary but absent in female midgut and salivary glands or whole body mRNA from blood fed males, indicating that it is both sex and tissue specific. VgR transcript was absent in virgin (previtellogenic) females but present in ovaries of mated females following drop off. RNAi showed that unfed adult ticks injected with a VgR-dsRNA probe failed to lay eggs, develop brown eggs or fully express VgR transcript (Northern blots). In contrast, controls oviposited numerous normal brown eggs and showed strong expression of VgR transcripts. These results show that the expression of the VgR message is essential for Vg uptake and egg development in the American dog tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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Polzonetti-Magni AM, Mosconi G, Soverchia L, Kikuyama S, Carnevali O. Multihormonal control of vitellogenesis in lower vertebrates. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 239:1-46. [PMID: 15464851 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)39001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The comparative approach on how and when vitellogenesis occurs in the diverse reproductive strategies displayed by aquatic and terrestrial lower vertebrates is presented in this chapter; moreover, attention has been paid to the multihormonal control of hepatic vitellogenin synthesis as it is related to seasonal changes and to vitellogenin use by growing oocytes. The hormonal mechanisms regulating vitellogenin synthesis are also considered, and the effects of environmental estrogens on the feminization process in wildlife and humans have been reported. It is then considered how fundamental nonmammalian models appear to be, for vitellogenesis research, addressed to clarifying the yolkless egg and the evolution of eutherian viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Maria Polzonetti-Magni
- Department of Comparative Morphology and Biochemistry, University of Camerino, V. Camerini 2, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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