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Duman JG. Animal ice-binding (antifreeze) proteins and glycolipids: an overview with emphasis on physiological function. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1846-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) assist in subzero tolerance of multiple cold-tolerant organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria etc. IBPs include: (1) antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with high thermal hysteresis antifreeze activity; (2) low thermal hysteresis IBPs; and (3) ice-nucleating proteins (INPs). Several structurally different IBPs have evolved, even within related taxa. Proteins that produce thermal hysteresis inhibit freezing by a non-colligative mechanism, whereby they adsorb onto ice crystals or ice-nucleating surfaces and prevent further growth. This lowers the so-called hysteretic freezing point below the normal equilibrium freezing/melting point, producing a difference between the two, termed thermal hysteresis. True AFPs with high thermal hysteresis are found in freeze-avoiding animals (those that must prevent freezing, as they die if frozen) especially marine fish, insects and other terrestrial arthropods where they function to prevent freezing at temperatures below those commonly experienced by the organism. Low thermal hysteresis IBPs are found in freeze-tolerant organisms (those able to survive extracellular freezing), and function to inhibit recrystallization – a potentially damaging process whereby larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones – and in some cases, prevent lethal propagation of extracellular ice into the cytoplasm. Ice-nucleator proteins inhibit supercooling and induce freezing in the extracellular fluid at high subzero temperatures in many freeze-tolerant species, thereby allowing them to control the location and temperature of ice nucleation, and the rate of ice growth. Numerous nuances to these functions have evolved. Antifreeze glycolipids with significant thermal hysteresis activity were recently identified in insects, frogs and plants.
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Nene SS, Hunter GK, Goldberg HA, Hutter JL. Reversible inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate growth by an osteopontin phosphopeptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6287-6295. [PMID: 23611580 DOI: 10.1021/la400891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate, primarily as calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), is the primary constituent of most kidney stones. Certain proteins, such as osteopontin (OPN), inhibit stone formation. The complexity of stone formation and the effects of urinary proteins at various stages of the process make it hard to predict the exact physiological roles of these proteins in growth inhibition. The inhibition of crystallization due to adsorbed impurities is usually explained in terms of a model proposed in 1958 by Cabrera and Vermilyea. In this model, impurities adsorb to growth faces and pin growth steps, forcing them to curve, thus impeding their progress via the Gibbs-Thomson effect. To determine the role of OPN in the biomineralization of kidney stones, crystal growth on the {010} face of COM was examined in real time with atomic force microscopy in the presence of a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 65-80 (hereafter referred to as pOPAR) of rat bone OPN. We observed clear changes in the morphology of the growth-step structure and a decrease in step velocity upon addition of pOPAR, which suggest adsorption of inhibitors on the {010} growth hillocks. Experiments in which pOPAR was replaced in the growth cell by a supersaturated solution showed that COM hillocks are able to fully recover to their preinhibited state. Our results suggest that recovery occurs through incorporation of the peptide into the growing crystal, rather than by, e.g., desorption from the growth face. This work provides new insights into the mechanism by which crystal growth is inhibited by adsorbants, with important implications for the design of therapeutic agents for kidney stone disease and other forms of pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh S Nene
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Eniade A, Ben RN. Fully convergent solid phase synthesis of antifreeze glycoprotein analogues. Biomacromolecules 2003; 2:557-61. [PMID: 11749220 DOI: 10.1021/bm0155120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The convergent solid phase synthesis of C-linked analogues of antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) has been achieved. In this approach, three to six carbohydrate residues are simultaneously coupled to a resin-bound polypeptide. Glycopeptides ranging from 1.6 to 3.0 kDa are easily prepared in 26-44% yield demonstrating the utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eniade
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
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Eniade A, Murphy AV, Landreau G, Ben RN. A general synthesis of structurally diverse building blocks for preparing analogues of C-linked antifreeze glycoproteins. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:817-23. [PMID: 11562200 DOI: 10.1021/bc0155059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic methodology to afford unusual glycoconjugate building blocks useful for the solid-phase synthesis of C-linked antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) analogues is described. Such compounds are urgently required in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which AFGPs function. All reactions are general in nature and accommodate structural variation in the carbohydrate moiety, polypeptide backbone, and amino acid side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eniade
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
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Sørensen TF, Ramløv H. Variations in antifreeze activity and serum inorganic ions in the eelpout Zoarces viviparus: antifreeze activity in the embryonic state. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 130:123-32. [PMID: 11672688 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The eelpout Zoarces viviparus is a common inhabitant in the shallow waters along the Danish coastline. Specimens were caught in the brackish (12-16 per thousand) Roskilde fjord where water temperatures range from >20 degrees C during summer to subzero in winter. The serum melting points found in Z. viviparus varied between -0.76 (September) to -0.94 degrees C (January). Eighty to 97% of the serum melting points could be attributed to sodium, chloride and potassium. Hysteresis freezing points showed seasonal variation varying from -0.83 (September) to -2.08 degrees C (February). Serum antifreeze activity showed a seasonal variation with high levels (>1.2 degrees C) in winter and low levels (<0.1 degrees C) during summer and autumn. Antifreeze proteins are responsible for this antifreeze activity. Antifreeze activity was also found in Z. viviparus during their embryological development in the female ovary. Embryo thermal hysteresis reached the maximum level (approx. 0.6 degrees C) during December and maintained this level until parturition in January. Antifreeze activity seems unaffected by diminishing ice crystal fractions at ice fractions below 0.1 whereas ice fractions above 0.1 caused a decline in antifreeze activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Sørensen
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Ben
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, PO Box 6016, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016, USA.
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Ben RN, Eniade AA, Hauer L. Synthesis of a C-linked Antifreeze Glycoprotein (AFGP) Mimic: Probes for Investigating the Mechanism of Action. Org Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ol991025+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hsiao KC, Cheng CH, Fernandes IE, Detrich HW, DeVries AL. An antifreeze glycopeptide gene from the antarctic cod Notothenia coriiceps neglecta encodes a polyprotein of high peptide copy number. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:9265-9. [PMID: 2251271 PMCID: PMC55145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta synthesizes eight antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP 1-8; Mr 2600-34,000) to avoid freezing in its ice-laden freezing habitat. We report here the sequence of one of its AFGP genes. The structural gene contains 46 tandemly repeated segments, each encoding one AFGP peptide plus a 3-amino acid spacer. Most of the repeats (44/46) code for peptides of AFGP 8; the remaining 2 code for peptides of AFGP 7. At least 2 of the 3 amino acids in the spacers could act as substrate for chymotrypsin-like proteases. The nucleotide sequence between the translation initiation codon (ATG) and the first AFGP-coding segment is G + T-rich and encodes a presumptive 37-residue signal peptide of unusual sequence. Primer extension establishes the transcription start site at nucleotide 43 upstream from ATG. CAAT and TATA boxes begin at nucleotides 53 and 49, respectively, upstream from the transcription start site. The polyadenylylation signal, AATAAA, is located approximately 240 nucleotides downstream from the termination codon. A mRNA (approximately 3 kilobases) was found that matches the size of this AFGP gene. Thus, this AFGP gene encodes a secreted, high-copy-number polyprotein that is processed posttranslationally to produce active AFGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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DeVries AL. The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schrag JD, Cheng CH, Panico M, Morris HR, DeVries AL. Primary and secondary structure of antifreeze peptides from arctic and antarctic zoarcid fishes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 915:357-70. [PMID: 3477289 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze peptides were isolated from Rhigophila dearborni, an antarctic eel pout, and Lycodes polaris, an arctic eel pout (both from the family Zoarcidae). The primary structures of two peptides, one from each species, were determined using a combination of Edman degradation and mass spectrometric techniques. The two sequences show a high degree of homology with nearly 80% of the residues being identical. These peptides are also homologous to antifreeze peptides from a third eel pout which inhabits the north Atlantic Ocean. The CD spectra of all of these peptides are also very similar. Unlike the antifreeze peptides of cottid fishes, the structures of antifreeze peptides from zoarcid fishes appear to be highly conserved, despite the large geographic distances which separate the different species. The zoarcid peptides also appear to have structures very different from other fish antifreezes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Schrag
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana
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Eastman JT, Boyd RB, Devries AL. Renal corpuscle development in boreal fishes with and without antifreezes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 4:89-100. [PMID: 24226148 DOI: 10.1007/bf02044318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Light and election microscopy were used to document the degree of renal corpuscle development in boreal telcost fishes that produce peptide or glycopeptide antifreeze compounds on a seasonal or permanent basis. Emphasis was placed on gadids, cottids and pleuronectids from both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Based on the classification of Marshall and Smith (1930), corpuscle development ranged from fully glomerular (Type 1) to pauciglomerular (Type III). Unlike the situation in Antarctic notothenioid fishes, there were no aglomerular species among the boreal fishes. Corpuscles were small in diameter in gadids whereas in cottids they ranged from small to large with considerable intraspecific variation. Eight of eleven species with antifreeze had intermediate (Type II-III) or pauciglomerular kidneys with relatively few dense corpuscles (dia. 36-82μm). In some of these species an extensive mesangium and a substantial capillary endothelium contributed to a glomerular filtration barrier that was four to five times thicker than that in Type I kidneys. The corpuscles of other pauciglomerular species were unremarkable and appeared functional at the ultrastructural level. The boreal fish fauna is taxonomically diverse and, compared to the unrelated Antarctic fauna, of relatively recent evolutionary origin. Furthermore, antifreeze is present only during the winter in some species. Hence it is not surprising that the urinary conservation of antifreeze is accomplished by mechanisms other than the evolutionary loss of renal corpuscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Eastman
- Department of Zoology and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 45701, Athens, Ohio
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Burcham TS, Osuga DT, Rao BN, Bush CA, Feeney RE. Purification and primary sequences of the major arginine-containing antifreeze glycopeptides from the fish Eleginus gracilis. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Hew CL, Slaughter D, Joshi SB, Fletcher GL, Ananthanarayanan VS. Antifreeze polypeptides from the Newfoundland ocean pout,Macrozoarces americanus: presence of multiple and compositionally diverse components. J Comp Physiol B 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00688795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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O'Grady SM, Schrag JD, Raymond JA, Devries AL. Comparison of antifreeze glycopeptides from arctic and antarctic fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402240207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schrag JD, O'Grady SM, DeVries AL. Relationship of amino acid composition and molecular weight of antifreeze glycopeptides to non-colligative freezing point depression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 717:322-6. [PMID: 7115772 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many polar fishes synthesize a group of eight glycopeptides that exhibit a non-colligative lowering of the freezing point of water. These glycopeptides range in molecular weight between 2600 and 33 700. The largest glycopeptides [1-5] lower the freezing point more than the small ones on a weight basis and contain only two amino acids, alanine and threonine, with the disaccharide galactose-N-acetyl-galactosamine attached to threonine. The small glycopeptides, 6, 7, and 8, also lower the freezing point and contain proline, which periodically substitutes for alanine. Glycopeptides with similar antifreeze properties isolated from the saffron cod and the Atlantic tomcod contain an additional amino acid, arginine, which substitutes for threonine in glycopeptide 6. In this study we address the question of whether differences in amino acid composition or molecular weight between large and small glycopeptides are responsible for the reduced freezing point depressing capability of the low molecular weight glycopeptides. The results indicate that the degree of amino acid substitutions that occur in glycopeptides 6-8 do not have a significant effect on the unusual freezing point lowering and that the observed decrease in freezing point depression with smaller glycopeptides can be accounted for on the basis of molecular weight.
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O'Grady SM, Clarke A, DeVries AL. Characterization of glycoprotein antifreeze biosynthesis in isolated hepatocytes from Pagothenia borchgrevinki. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1982; 220:179-89. [PMID: 7077267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of 14C-leucine and 3H-alanine into TCA-precipitable protein. TCA-soluble protein, and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) was measured in isolated hepatocytes from Pagothenia borchgrevinki Boulenger following acclimation to -1.5 degrees C and +4 degrees C. the rate of 3H-alanine incorporation into AFGP followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Vmax of 4.8 nM X mg protein-1 X h-1 at -1.5 degrees C and 7.5 nM X mg protein-1 X h-1 at +4 degrees C. Km values were 27.9 microM and 41.7 microM at -1.5 degrees C and +4 degrees C, respectively. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into TCA-precipitable protein also showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Vmax of 20 nM X mg protein-1 X hr-1 at 1.5 degrees C and 32.3 nM X mg protein-1 X hr-1 at +4 degrees C. Km values were 83.3 microM at -1.5 degrees C and 125 microM at +4 degrees C. AFGP synthesis was monitored over a 120-h period by radioimmunoassay in cultures of hepatocytes from cold acclimated fish (-1.5 degrees C) incubated at both -1.5 degrees C and +4 degrees C. The estimated Q10 for AFGP from these data is 3.23. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of antifreeze glycoproteins produced by isolated hepatocytes showed that all four antifreeze fractions normally present in the serum of P. borchgrevinki are also synthesized by isolated hepatocytes. The two major conclusions from these experiments were that 1) P. brochgrevinki, unlike many northern fishes, does not show thermal acclimation, and 2) environmental factors responsible for modification of peptide antifreeze synthesis in northern fishes do not elicit changes in AFGP synthesis in P. borchgrevinki.
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Patterson JL, Kelly TJ, Duman JG. Purification and composition of a thermal hysteresis producing protein from the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus. J Comp Physiol B 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00688987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schneppenheim R, Theede H. Isolation and characterization of freezing-point depressing peptides from larvae of Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Patterson JL, Duman JG. Composition of a protein antifreeze from larvae of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Environmental regulation of gene expression. In vitro translation of winter flounder antifreeze messenger RNA. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Subzero temperature tolerance in spiders: The role of thermal-hysteresis-factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00688810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Raymond JA, Radding W, DeVries AL. Circular dichroism of protein and glycoprotein fish antifreezes. Biopolymers 1977; 16:2575-8. [PMID: 912014 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1977.360161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Duman JG. Environmental effects on antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle,Meracantha contracta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Duman JG. Variations in macromolecular antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 201:85-92. [PMID: 886298 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.
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The role of macromolecular antifreeze in the darkling beetle,Meracantha contracta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00692537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hew CL, Yip C. The synthesis of freezing-point-depressing protein of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectus americanus in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 71:845-50. [PMID: 986821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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