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Li NG. Testing of arctic insect hemolymph as a secondary agent in applied cryopreservation. Cryo Letters 2024; 45:106-113. [PMID: 38557989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold hardiness of insects from extremely cold regions is based on a principle of natural cryoprotection, which is associated with physiological mechanisms provided by cryoprotectants. OBJECTIVE Since arctic cold-hardy insects are producers of highly effective cryoprotectants, in this study, the hemolymph of Aporia crataegi L. and Upis ceramboides L. from an extremely cold area (Yakutia) was tested as a secondary component of cryoprotective agents (CPA) for cryopreservation (-80 degree C) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts were treated with various combinations of DMSO and hemolymph extract and step-wise cooled to -80 degree C. Post-cryopreservation cell viability was assessed by vital staining and morphological appearance. RESULTS Viability was higher when cells were frozen with a mixture containing DMSO and Upis ceramboides hemolymph compared to the cells frozen in DMSO, while cells frozen with DMSO and Aporia crataegi hemolymph did not survive. The fact that hemolymph of not every cold-resistant insect can be used as a secondary agent along with DMSO indicates that only a unique combination of hemolymph components and its compatibility with cells might result in a positive effect. CONCLUSION Although the use of insect hemolymph as a complementary agent in applied cryopreservation is a problem in terms of practical application, such studies could initiate new trends in the search for the most successful hemolymph-like cryoprotectant systems. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr24210110712.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Li
- Department of Cryobiology and Germplasm of Animals from Kazakhstan, Institute of Zoology of Republic of Kazakhstan, 93 al-Farabi Str., Almaty 050060; and Cryoprotect LLC, Innovative Center Skolkovo, Merzlotnaya str., 29-43, Yakutsk 677010, Russia.
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Yordanov S, Drucker M, Butt HJ, Koynov K. Real-time monitoring of biomechanical activity in aphids by laser speckle contrast imaging. Opt Express 2021; 29:28461-28480. [PMID: 34614977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying in vivo feeding and other behaviors of small insects, such as aphids, is important for understanding their lifecycle and interaction with the environment. In this regard, the EPG (electrical penetration graph) technique is widely used to study the feeding activity in aphids. However, it is restricted to recording feeding of single insects and requires wiring insects to an electrode, impeding free movement. Hence, easy and straightforward collective observations, e.g. of groups of aphids on a plant, or probing other aphid activities in various body parts, is not possible. To circumvent these drawbacks, we developed a method based on an optical technique called laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). It has the potential for direct, non-invasive and contactless monitoring of a broad range of internal and external activities such as feeding, hemolymph cycling and muscle contractions in aphids or other insects. The method uses a camera and coherent light illumination of the sample. The camera records the laser speckle dynamics due to the scattering and interference of light caused by moving scatters in a probed region of the insect. Analyzing the speckle contrast allowed us to monitor and extract the activity information during aphid feeding on leaves or on artificial medium containing tracer particles. We present evidence that the observed speckle dynamics might be caused by muscle contractions, movement of hemocytes in the circulatory system or food flows in the stylets. This is the first time such a remote sensing method has been applied for optical mapping of the biomechanical activities in aphids.
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Pantha P, Chalivendra S, Oh DH, Elderd BD, Dassanayake M. A Tale of Two Transcriptomic Responses in Agricultural Pests via Host Defenses and Viral Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3568. [PMID: 33808210 PMCID: PMC8037200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a baculovirus that causes systemic infections in many arthropod pests. The specific molecular processes underlying the biocidal activity of AcMNPV on its insect hosts are largely unknown. We describe the transcriptional responses in two major pests, Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) and Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper), to determine the host-pathogen responses during systemic infection, concurrently with the viral response to the host. We assembled species-specific transcriptomes of the hemolymph to identify host transcriptional responses during systemic infection and assessed the viral transcript abundance in infected hemolymph from both species. We found transcriptional suppression of chitin metabolism and tracheal development in infected hosts. Synergistic transcriptional support was observed to suggest suppression of immune responses and induction of oxidative stress indicating disease progression in the host. The entire AcMNPV core genome was expressed in the infected host hemolymph with a proportional high abundance detected for viral transcripts associated with replication, structure, and movement. Interestingly, several of the host genes that were targeted by AcMNPV as revealed by our study are also targets of chemical insecticides currently used commercially to control arthropod pests. Our results reveal an extensive overlap between biological processes represented by transcriptional responses in both hosts, as well as convergence on highly abundant viral genes expressed in the two hosts, providing an overview of the host-pathogen transcriptomic landscape during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bret D. Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (P.P.); (S.C.); (D.-H.O.)
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (P.P.); (S.C.); (D.-H.O.)
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Wang YJ, Li SY, Zhao JY, Li K, Xu J, Xu XY, Wu WM, Yang R, Xiao Y, Ye MQ, Liu JP, Zhong YJ, Cao Y, Yi HY, Tian L. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly mediates protein absorption by fat body from the hemolymph in Bombyx mori. Insect Sci 2020; 27:675-686. [PMID: 30912872 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis, proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis; however, the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized into the fat body are unclear. In Bombyx mori, the developmental profiles of total proteins in the hemolymph and fat body showed that hemolymph-decreased protein bands (55-100 kDa) were in accordance with those protein bands that increased in the fat body. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly blocked the transportation of 55-100 kDa proteins from the hemolymph into the fat body, which was further verified by RNA interference treatment of Bmclathrin. Six hexamerins were shown to comprise ∼90% of the total identified proteins in both the hemolymph and fat body by mass spectrum (MS) analysis. In addition, hemolymph-specific proteins were mainly involved in material transportation, while fat body-specific proteins particularly participated in metabolism. In this paper, four hexamerins were found for the first time, and potential proteins absorbed by the fat body from the hemolymph through clathrin-dependent endocytosis were identified. This study sheds light on the protein absorption mechanism during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ye Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Jin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tsai CC, Childers RA, Nan Shi N, Ren C, Pelaez JN, Bernard GD, Pierce NE, Yu N. Physical and behavioral adaptations to prevent overheating of the living wings of butterflies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 31992708 PMCID: PMC6987309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The wings of Lepidoptera contain a matrix of living cells whose function requires appropriate temperatures. However, given their small thermal capacity, wings can overheat rapidly in the sun. Here we analyze butterfly wings across a wide range of simulated environmental conditions, and find that regions containing living cells are maintained at cooler temperatures. Diverse scale nanostructures and non-uniform cuticle thicknesses create a heterogeneous distribution of radiative cooling that selectively reduces the temperature of structures such as wing veins and androconial organs. These tissues are supplied by circulatory, neural and tracheal systems throughout the adult lifetime, indicating that the insect wing is a dynamic, living structure. Behavioral assays show that butterflies use wings to sense visible and infrared radiation, responding with specialized behaviors to prevent overheating of their wings. Our work highlights the physiological importance of wing temperature and how it is exquisitely regulated by structural and behavioral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard A Childers
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Norman Nan Shi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Western Digital, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Crystal Ren
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Julianne N Pelaez
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gary D Bernard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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Abstract
Although the insect circulatory system is involved in a multitude of vital physiological processes, it has gone grossly understudied. This review highlights this critical physiological system by detailing the structure and function of the circulatory organs, including the dorsal heart and the accessory pulsatile organs that supply hemolymph to the appendages. It also emphasizes how the circulatory system develops and ages and how, by means of reflex bleeding and functional integration with the immune system, it supports mechanisms for defense against predators and microbial invaders, respectively. Beyond that, this review details evolutionary trends and novelties associated with this system, as well as the ways in which this system also plays critical roles in thermoregulation and tracheal ventilation in high-performance fliers. Finally, this review highlights how novel discoveries could be harnessed for the control of vector-borne diseases and for translational medicine, and it details principal knowledge gaps that necessitate further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA;
| | - Günther Pass
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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7
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Schmid MR, Dziedziech A, Arefin B, Kienzle T, Wang Z, Akhter M, Berka J, Theopold U. Insect hemolymph coagulation: Kinetics of classically and non-classically secreted clotting factors. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 109:63-71. [PMID: 30974174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In most insects, hemolymph coagulation, which is analogous to mammalian blood clotting, involves close collaboration between humoral and cellular components. To gain insights into the secretion of cellular clotting factors, we created tagged versions of three different clotting factors. Our focus was on factors which are released in a non-classical manner and to characterize them in comparison to a protein that is classically released, namely Glutactin (Glt). Transglutaminase-A (Tg) and Prophenoloxidase 2 (PPO2), both of which lack signal peptide sequences, have been previously demonstrated to be released from plasmatocytes and crystal cells (CCs) respectively, the two hemocyte classes in naïve larvae. We found that at the molecular level, Tg secretion resembles the release of tissue transglutaminase in mammals. Specifically, Drosophila Tg is associated with vesicular membranes and remains membrane-bound after release, in contrast to Glt, which we found localizes to a different class of vesicles and is integrated into clot fibers. PPO2 on the other hand, is set free from CCs through cytolysis. We confirm that PPO2 is a central component of the cytosolic crystals and find that the distribution of PPO2 appears to vary across crystals and cells. We propose a tentative scheme for the secretory events during early and late hemolymph coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Schmid
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Kienzle
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Munira Akhter
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jakub Berka
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Owings M, Chabot C, Watson W. Effects of the Biomedical Bleeding Process on the Behavior of the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus, in Its Natural Habitat. Biol Bull 2019; 236:207-223. [PMID: 31167088 DOI: 10.1086/702917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs are harvested by the biomedical industry in order to create Limulus amebocyte lysate to test medical devices and pharmaceutical drugs for endotoxins. Most previous studies on the impacts of the biomedical bleeding process on horseshoe crabs have focused on mortality rates and sublethal impacts in the laboratory. In this study, we investigated the effects of the bleeding process on the behavior of horseshoe crabs after they had been released back into their natural environment. A total of 28 horseshoe crabs (14 control and 14 bled) were fitted with acoustic transmitters and released into the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, during the spring of 2016. The acoustic tags transmitted information about the activity and depth of each animal, and these data were logged by an array of passive acoustic receivers. These data were collected from May to December 2016 and from March to October 2017. Bled animals approached mating beaches less than control animals during the first week after release, with the greatest differences between bled and control females. Bled animals also remained significantly deeper during the spawning season than control animals. However, overall, bled and control animals expressed similar biological rhythms and seasonal migrations. Thus, it appears as if the most obvious impacts of the bleeding process take place during the first one to two weeks after crabs are bled.
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Li Y, Niu D, Bai Y, Lan T, Peng M, Dong Z, Li J. Characterization of the ScghC1q-1 gene in Sinonovacula constricta and its role in innate immune responses. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 94:16-21. [PMID: 30641118 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
C1q is an important immune gene that can mediate a variety of immune regulatory functions, and is involved in complement pathway activation. In the present study, a ghC1q gene from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta was identified and named ScghC1q-1. The complete ScghC1q-1 gene is 692 bp in length, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 489 bp encoding a protein of 162 amino acids. ScghC1q-1 mRNA was widely expressed in various tissues, and transcript levels in the hemolymph were significantly up-regulated following Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Recombinant ScghC1q-1 protein was found to agglutinate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results indicate that ScghC1q-1 plays an essential role in the immune defense of S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Zha S, Shi W, Su W, Guan X, Liu G. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-paradioxin (TCDD) hampers the host defense capability of a bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:368-373. [PMID: 30502462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Though increasing reports of deleterious impacts of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on a variety of marine organisms have been described, their effects on the host defense capability of marine bivalve mollusks remain poorly understood. In the present study we used 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a representative of dioxins and PCBs to investigate its impacts on the host defense capability of the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa. After exposure of clams to a range (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) of TCDD for 96 h, the total count, cell type composition, and phagocytic rate of haemocytes were analyzed. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cell viability, and the extent of DNA damage of haemocytes were also investigated. Our results showed that exposure to relatively high TCDD concentrations led to significant reductions in the total count and phagocytic activity of haemocytes, which could be accounted by aggravated DNA damage and reduced cell viability. In addition, the percentage of red granulocyte was significantly decreased whereas that of basophil granulocyte was significantly increased upon high doses TCDD exposure (effective concentrations are 1 μg/L and 10 μg/L for red and basophil granulocytes, respectively). Moreover, clams exposed to TCDD had a significant higher activity of ALP, may also indicate an enhanced ability to eliminate pathogens through direct dephosphorylation process whereas a suppressed inflammatory response through indirect regulating of downstream molecular cascade reaction. These findings suggest that TCDD may hamper the host defense capability and therefore render bivalve mollusks more vulnerable to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Guan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Yang Z, Zhou J, Wei B, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Zhen X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals osmotic-regulated genes in the gill of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210469. [PMID: 30629688 PMCID: PMC6328174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors directly affecting the reproduction, molting, growth, immune, physiological and metabolic activities of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). This species has strong osmoregulatory capacity and can maintain stringent internal homeostasis. However, the mechanisms conferring tolerance to salinity fluctuations are not well understood. To reveal the genes and pathways involved in osmoregulation, adult male crabs (body weight = 110 ± 5 g) were acclimated for 144 h in freshwater (FW, 0 ppt) or seawater (SW, 25 ppt). Changes in the transcriptome of crab gills were then analysed by RNA-Seq, and 174,903 unigenes were obtained. Comparison of genes between FW- SW-acclimated groups identified 932 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in the gill, comprising 433 and 499 up- and downregulated transcripts. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis revealed that important biological processes related to salt stress were significantly enriched, including energy metabolism, ion transport, signal transduction and antioxidant activity. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis mapped the differentially expressed genes to 241 specific metabolic pathways, and pathways related to energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)/citrate cycle were significantly enriched. Salinity stress altered the expression of many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, ion transport, signal transduction and antioxidant pathways, including citrate synthase (CS), Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter-1 (NKCC1), dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), synaptic binding protein 1 (STXBP1), Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Additionally, the obtained transcriptomic sequencing data provided a useful resource for identification of novel genes, and further physiological analysis of Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZGY); (YXC)
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Banghong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZGY); (YXC)
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Perera E. The clotting system in decapod crustaceans: History, current knowledge and what we need to know beyond the models. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:204-212. [PMID: 30261301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph coagulation is among the major arms of the humoral immune response in crustaceans. According to the current model, hemolymph clotting in decapod crustacean relies mostly on the polymerization of the plasmatic clotting protein (CP) which is directly promoted by calcium-depended transglutaminase (TGase) released from hemocytes upon microbial stimulus or injury. However, the type of hemocytes containing TGase, and hence how the TGase is released, might vary among species. Thus, we discourse here about possible mechanisms for clotting initiation. On the other hand, the initiation of coagulation reaction in the absence of microbial elicitors is poorly understood and seems to involve hemocytes lability, yet the mechanism remains unknown. A cellular clottable protein called coagulogen, different to the plasma CP, occurs in several species and could be related with the immune response, but the biological relevance of this protein is unknown. It is also demonstrated that the clotting response is actively involved in defense against pathogens. In addition, both TGase and the CP show pleiotropic functions, and although both proteins are relatively conserved, some of their physic-chemical properties vary significantly. The occurrence of differences in the clotting system in crustaceans is conceivable given the high number of species and their diverse ecology. Results from still non-studied decapods may provide explanation for some of the issues presented here from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development. Ave. 26 No. 1605, Esq. Puentes Grandes. Plaza. 10600. La Habana. Cuba.
| | - Vivian Montero-Alejo
- Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development. Ave. 26 No. 1605, Esq. Puentes Grandes. Plaza. 10600. La Habana. Cuba
| | - Erick Perera
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
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13
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Zhang D, Wan W, Kong T, Zhang M, Aweya JJ, Gong Y, Li S. A clip domain serine protease regulates the expression of proPO and hemolymph clotting in mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 79:52-64. [PMID: 29747010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The clip domain serine proteinases (clip-SPs) play vital roles in embryonic development and in various innate immune functions in invertebrates such as antimicrobial activity, cell adhesion, hemolymph clotting, pattern recognition and regulation of the prophenoloxidase system. However, little is known about the role of the clip domain serine proteinase in Scylla paramamosain (designated SpcSP) immunity. In the present study, we cloned a clip-SP from S. paramamosain hemocytes using rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) approach. The full-length cDNA of SpcSP was 1823 bp, containing a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 334 bp, an open reading frame of 1122 bp, and a 3' UTR of 367 bp. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 373 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 39.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.64. Structurally, SpcSP has a predicted 21-residue signal peptide and possessed the characteristic features of the clip domain family of serine proteases, namely one clip domain in the amino-terminal with six highly conserved cysteine residues and one enzyme active serine proteinase domain in the carboxyl-terminal with a highly conserved catalytic triad (His156, Asp226, Ser321). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SpcSP was clustered together with PtcSP (clip domain serine proteinase from Portunus trituberculatus). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that the mRNA of SpcSP was constitutively expressed at different levels in all tested tissues in untreated S. paramamosain, with hemocytes and skin expressing the most. The transcriptional level of SpcSP in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated upon challenge with V. parahaemolyticus and LPS, indicating its involvement in antibacterial immune response. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that SpcSP was expressed in the cytoplasm of all three hemocyte cell types (hyaline, semigranular and granular cells). Further, recombinant SpcSP protein exhibited strong binding ability and has antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. Moreover, knockdown of SpcSP resulted in increased hemolymph clotting time and decreased the mRNA expression of SpproPO mRNA in hemocytes. These findings therefore suggest that SpcSP plays an important role in the antimicrobial defense mechanism of S. paramamosain by regulating the expression of SpproPO and hemolymph clotting in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Weisong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Tongtong Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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14
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Abstract
Springtails (Collembola) are ubiquitous and help ecosystem processes such as the decomposition of dead plant material. Their ability to survive low winter temperatures is an important trait that partly defines their geographic distribution. The cold tolerances of 15 laboratory-reared species of springtails were investigated. Springtails were cold acclimated in the laboratory over two months in order to simulate a seasonal change in temperature during autumn. Springtails were then exposed to decreasing sub-zero temperatures and at the same time simulating the moisture conditions in frozen soil. The cold tolerance of the species reflected well the climate of region of origin. Differential scanning calorimetry of individual springtails showed that melting points of body fluids did not become lower due to long-term cold acclimation (from 20° to 1.5°C). However, both water content and melting point of two arctic species (Hypogastrura viatica and Protaphorura macfadyeni) decreased drastically during exposure to sub-zero temperatures indicating cryoprotective dehydration (CPD). These arctic species survived exposure to - 9 °C for two weeks and - 20 °C for at least one week using CPD. Four other subarctic or cool temperate species also used CPD and survived - 9 °C for weeks, whereas springtails in culture from less cool temperate regions had poor cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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15
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Pass G. Beyond aerodynamics: The critical roles of the circulatory and tracheal systems in maintaining insect wing functionality. Arthropod Struct Dev 2018; 47:391-407. [PMID: 29859244 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect wings consist almost entirely of lifeless cuticle; yet their veins host a complex multimodal sensory apparatus and other tissues that require a continuous supply of water, nutrients and oxygen. This review provides a survey of the various living components in insect wings, as well as the specific contribution of the circulatory and tracheal systems to provide all essential substances. In most insects, hemolymph circulates through the veinal network in a loop flow caused by the contraction of accessory pulsatile organs in the thorax. In other insects, hemolymph oscillates into and out of the wings due to the complex interaction of several factors, such as heartbeat reversal, intermittent pumping of the accessory pulsatile organs in the thorax, and the elasticity of the wall of a special type of tracheae. A practically unexplored subject is the need for continuous hydration of the wing cuticle to retain its flexibility and toughness, including the associated problem of water loss due to evaporation. Also, widely neglected is the influence of the hemolymph mass and the circulating flow in the veins on the aerodynamic properties of insect wings during flight. Ventilation of the extraordinarily long wing tracheae is probably accomplished by intricate interactions with the circulatory system, and by the exchange of oxygen via cutaneous respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Pass
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Proteomic profile of Ostrea edulis haemolymph in response to bonamiosis and identification of candidate proteins as resistance markers. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 128:127-145. [PMID: 29733027 DOI: 10.3354/dao03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
European flat oyster Ostrea edulis populations have suffered extensive mortalities caused by bonamiosis. The protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae is largely responsible for this disease in Europe, while its congener B. exitiosa has been detected more recently in various European countries. Both of these intracellular parasites are able to survive and proliferate within haemocytes, the main cellular effectors of the immune system in molluscs. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to compare the haemolymph protein profile between Bonamia spp.-infected and non-infected oysters within 3 different stocks, a Galician stock of oysters selected for resistance against bonamiosis, a non-selected Galician stock and a selected Irish stock. Thirty-four proteins with a presumably relevant role in the oyster-Bonamia spp. interaction were identified; they were involved in major metabolic pathways, such as energy production, respiratory chain, oxidative stress, signal transduction, transcription, translation, protein degradation and cell defence. Furthermore, the haemolymph proteomic profiles of the non-infected oysters of the 2 Galician stocks were compared. As a result, 7 proteins representative of the non-infected Galician oysters selected for resistance against bonamiosis were identified; these 7 proteins could be considered as candidate markers of resistance to bonamiosis, which should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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17
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Scholz S, Richter S, Wirkner CS. Constant morphological patterns in the hemolymph vascular system of crayfish (Crustacea, Decapoda). Arthropod Struct Dev 2018; 47:248-267. [PMID: 29421155 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the hemolymph vascular system of the marbled crayfish, Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, the only crayfish species known to be parthenogenetic. To identify potential evolutionary patterns, we compared data from a total of 48 specimens of P. fallax with 22 specimens of Orconectes limosus. Visualizations (2D and 3D) were carried out using a combination of classical and modern morphological techniques. Our data were compared to the existing literature. Like all Decapoda, both P. fallax and O. limosus have a hemolymph vascular system, consisting of a globular heart with seven off-branching arteries. We were able to visualize in detail the heart of crayfish for the first time, i.e., the myocard with its clusters of muscles running through the lumen of the heart, the valves and flaps of ostia and arteries. Furthermore, the branching patterns of the seven artery systems were analyzed. Anatomical structures identified to be consistent in all specimens of both species were combined as ground pattern of hemolymph vascular system features for Astacida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Scholz
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian S Wirkner
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany
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18
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Fitzgibbon QP, Day RD, McCauley RD, Simon CJ, Semmens JM. The impact of seismic air gun exposure on the haemolymph physiology and nutritional condition of spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 125:146-156. [PMID: 28807415 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical knowledge gap regarding the impacts of seismic air gun signals on the physiology of adult crustaceans. We conducted four controlled field experiments to examine the impact of seismic acoustic signals on spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Seismic air gun exposure suppressed total haemocyte count (THC) for up to 120days post-exposure, suggesting a chronic negative impact of immune competency. THC levels after 365days post-exposure, were elevated two fold, potentially indicating an immune response to infection. Haemolymph refractive index was reduced after 120days post exposure in one experiment, suggesting a chronic impairment of nutritional condition. There was no effect of air gun exposure on 24 haemolymph biochemical parameters, hepatopancreas index or survival. Collectively these results indicate that the biochemical haematological homeostasis of J. edwardsii is reasonably resilient to seismic acoustic signals, however, air gun exposure may negatively influence the lobster's nutritional condition and immunological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan D Day
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cedric J Simon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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19
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Dhara K, Saha NC, Maiti AK. Studies on acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium to freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata (Lamarck) with special reference to behavioral and hematological changes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:27326-27333. [PMID: 28971261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molluscs have long been regarded as promising bioindicator and biomonitoring subjects for heavy metals as molluscs are highly tolerant to heavy metals and exhibit high accumulation in their body. In spite of several previous studies about the impact of cadmium on molluscs, little information exists in literatures concerning the toxic effects of cadmium on Lymnaea acuminata, especially pertaining to behavioral and hematological changes as these are considered effective bioindicators and biomonitoring variables for detecting heavy metals in polluted water bodies. In the present study, the median lethal concentrations of cadmium chloride to snail, Lymnaea acuminata, were estimated to be 9.66, 7.69, 6.26, and 5.54 mg/L at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. For behavioral studies, variable test concentrations of cadmium from 0.00 to 10 mg/L were used. The clumping tendency, crawling activity, and touch reflex in the exposed snails were gradually decreased with higher concentrations at 72 and 96 h. For measuring the hemocyte numbers in the circulating hemolymph of snail during chronic cadmium exposure, two sublethal doses of cadmium (10 and 20% 96-h LC50-0.55 and 1.11 mg/L, respectively) were used. A significant variation (p < 0.05) from the control at all exposure times (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) was recorded at 1.11 mg/L concentration. The total count of circulating hemocytes was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the controls at both concentrations of cadmium exposure at all time periods except 14 and 21 days exposure at 0.55 mg/L where values were non-significantly increased. In comparison between two sublethal doses, blood cells were significantly (p < 0.05) lowered at 1.11 mg/L cadmium treatment. Considering the behavioral and hematological data, it seems possible to forecast the physiological state of snails in cadmium-contaminated water bodies and these findings can be used in determining the safe disposal level of cadmium in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Dhara
- Gour Banga Zone, Government of West Bengal, Meen Bhavan, Mangal Bari, Malda, West Bengal, 732142, India
| | | | - Arpan Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, S M Hills, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560078, India.
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20
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Ford L, Crossley M, Vadukul DM, Kemenes G, Serpell LC. Structure-dependent effects of amyloid-β on long-term memory in Lymnaea stagnalis. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1236-1246. [PMID: 28337747 PMCID: PMC5435943 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides are implicated in the causation of memory loss, neuronal impairment, and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Our recent work revealed that Aβ 1–42 and Aβ 25–35 inhibit long‐term memory (LTM) recall in Lymnaea stagnalis (pond snail) in the absence of cell death. Here, we report the characterization of the active species prepared under different conditions, describe which Aβ species is present in brain tissue during the behavioral recall time point and relate the sequence and structure of the oligomeric species to the resulting neuronal properties and effect on LTM. Our results suggest that oligomers are the key toxic Aβ1–42 structures, which likely affect LTM through synaptic plasticity pathways, and that Aβ 1–42 and Aβ 25–35 cannot be used as interchangeable peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenzie Ford
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
- Present address: Department of NeuroscienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Michael Crossley
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Devkee M. Vadukul
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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21
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Zhan MY, Shahzad T, Yang PJ, Liu S, Yu XQ, Rao XJ. A single-CRD C-type lectin is important for bacterial clearance in the silkworm. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 65:330-339. [PMID: 27519466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) depend on the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) to recognize carbohydrates by a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism. In animals, CTLs play critical roles in pathogen recognition, activation of the complement system and signaling pathways. Immulectins (Dual-CRD CTLs) in lepidopteran are involved in recognizing pathogens. However, little is known about the immune-related functions of insect single-CRD CTLs. Here, we reported the characterization of C-type lectin-S3 (CTL-S3), a single-CRD CTL from the domesticated silkmoth Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The ORF of CTL-S3 gene is 672 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 223 amino acids. CTL-S3 gene was expressed in a variety of tissues. Levels of CTL-S3 mRNA in fertilized eggs and whole larvae were elevated upon bacterial challenges. CTL-S3 was secreted to larval hemolymph. The recombinant protein (rCTL-S3) binds to bacterial cell wall components and bacteria. CTL-S3 inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and caused agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus. More importantly, CTL-S3 facilitated the rapid clearance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the body cavity of larvae. Taken together, our results suggested that CTL-S3 may function as an opsonin in larval hemolymph to enhance the clearance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Zhan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Toufeeq Shahzad
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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22
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Faggio C, Pagano M, Alampi R, Vazzana I, Felice MR. Cytotoxicity, haemolymphatic parameters, and oxidative stress following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of quaternium-15 in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 180:258-265. [PMID: 27750119 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a xenobiotic in the environment can often represent a risk for living organisms. Quaternium-15, a preservative, is one of the most used substances and is added to several cosmetics and other industrial products. For this reason,kwowing the bio-indicator of the marine environment, the toxicological effects potentially elicited by this preservative on the marine invertebrate Mytilus galloprovincialis were studied. The results of this work confirm that quaternium-15, used at 0.1 and 1mg/l concentrations, while metabolized in M. galloprovincialis, causes a decrease in cellular viability, and remarkable changes to the defense and antioxidant system. In fact, haemocyte viability is dramatically reduced, and haemolymphatic parameter measurements indicate a stress on the animal. Moreover, an increase in radical species production, in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species (TBARS) concentration, and in the Heat Shock Protein 70 amount, were observed in hepatopancreas. These changes suggest that the antioxidant systems are activated to overwhelm the oxidative damage induced by quaternium-15. Quaternium-15 jeopardizes both the defense and antioxidant systems. These results provide essential information with the biological fate of quaternium-15 in aquatic organisms, and confirm that biomarkers represent an important tool for modern environmental assessments as they can help with the prediction of pollutants involved in the monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Pagano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Alampi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Vazzana
- Experimental Zooprofilatic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Felice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
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23
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Xing R, Li KL, Zhou YF, Su YY, Yan SQ, Zhang KL, Wu SC, Sima YH, Zhang KQ, He Y, Xu SQ. Impact of fluorescent silicon nanoparticles on circulating hemolymph and hematopoiesis in an invertebrate model organism. Chemosphere 2016; 159:628-637. [PMID: 27348562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have attractive potential applications in biological and medical fields, and yet their impact on animals is still controversial, and there have been no reports of their effects on hematopoiesis. In this study, the effects of SiNPs on hemocytes and hematopoiesis were investigated by administering SiNPs via a vascular injection into an invertebrate model, the silkworm. Our results show that the ability of SiNPs to enter different types of circulating hemocytes and their impact on those hemocytes differed significantly. Rapid accumulation of SiNPs was observed in granulocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes, which have immune functions in the circulating hemolymph, whereas SiNPs did not easily enter prohemocytes, which can differentiate into granulocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes and replenish them. The SiNPs that entered the hemocytes initiated autophagy and apoptosis via the lysosomal/mitochondrial pathway. High-dose SiNPs weakly stimulated lysosomal activity in hematopoietic organs, but did not lead to a significant increase in reactive oxygen species or severe autophagy or apoptosis in the organ tissues. We suggest that the damage caused by high-dose SiNPs to hematopoiesis is self-healing, because few SiNPs entered the hematopoietic stem cells in the circulating hemolymph, so the damage to the hematopoietic tissues was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kai-Le Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Su
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Si-Qi Yan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kai-Long Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Si-Cong Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Research Center of Cooperative Innovation for Functional Organic/Polymer Material Micro/Nanofabrication, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Mateo DR, MacCallum GS, Davidson J. Field and laboratory transmission studies of haemic neoplasia in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, from Atlantic Canada. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:913-927. [PMID: 26687447 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-year laboratory and field study was initiated in 2001 in response to mass mortalities associated with haemic neoplasia (HN) in 1999 in Prince Edward Island (PEI) soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria. A laboratory proximity experiment (cohabitation) and an inoculation challenge were conducted with clams and mussels (Mytilus edulis). Three field exposure experiments were also conducted, in which naive clams were held in sediment (in trays) or out of sediment (in mesh bags) at three high HN prevalence sites on PEI. There was a conversion to HN positive in clams in the proximity experiment and in clams injected with whole blood and cell-free homogenate, but not at statistically significant levels. No mussels or control clams became HN positive. There was a significant conversion to HN positive in as little as 24 and 58 days after transfer with clams held out of sediment and in sediment, respectively. The laboratory and field experiments' results suggest that HN-infected clams are spreading the disease through water from infected clams to naïve individuals and via transplantation from affected to unaffected sites. Some environmental conditions (e.g. abnormally high water temperature and hypoxia-induced sea lettuce [Ulva lacteus] invasion) may make clams susceptible to infections or exacerbate the proliferation of HN.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mateo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - G S MacCallum
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Davidson
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Cardinal-Aucoin M, Steel CGH. Circadian control of prothoracicotropic hormone release in an adult insect and the induction of its rhythmicity by light cues. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 201:46-52. [PMID: 27371111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The insect neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is a critical regulator of larval development. We recently demonstrated that PTTH is also present in adult Rhodnius prolixus and is released by adult brains in vitro with a clear daily rhythm during egg development. Here, we employ a well-established in vitro bioassay, to show that the daily rhythm of PTTH release by brains in vitro is under circadian control since it persists in aperiodic conditions with a free running period of around 24h that is temperature compensated. Prolonged exposure (3weeks) of insects to continuous constant light (LL) completely eliminated PTTH release. Subsequent transfer of such insects from LL to constant darkness (DD) rapidly induced rhythmic PTTH release, indicating that the circadian rhythm of PTTH release is induced by photic cues. Western analysis identified PTTH in the adult hemolymph, suggesting that PTTH acts as a functional neurohormone in the adult insect. Dot blot analysis revealed that PTTH levels in the hemolymph also cycled with a daily rhythm that persisted in DD and was synchronous with the rhythm of PTTH release by brains in vitro. We conclude that the previously documented photosensitive clock in the brain regulates rhythmic PTTH release and thus generates the rhythm seen in the hemolymph. These results emphasize the importance of rhythmic PTTH release in the adult insect and support a role for PTTH in adult physiology and possibly within the adult circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin G H Steel
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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26
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Wei L, Li Y, Qiu L, Zhou H, Han Q, Diao X. Comparative studies of hemolymph physiology response and HIF-1 expression in different strains of Litopenaeus vannamei under acute hypoxia. Chemosphere 2016; 153:198-204. [PMID: 27016815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei has a high commercial value and is the primary cultured shellfish species globally. In this study, we have compared the hemolymph physiological responses between two L. vannamei strains under acute hypoxia. The results showed that hemocyanin concentration (HC) of strain A6410 was significantly higher than strain Zhengda; Total hemocyte counts (THC) decreased significantly in both strains under hypoxic stress (p < 0.05). We also investigated the temporal and spatial variations of hypoxia inducible factors 1 (HIF-1) by qRT-PCR. The results showed that hypoxia for 12 h increased the expression levels of HIF-1α in tissues of muscle and gill from the two strains (p < 0.05). In the hepatopancreas, the expression levels of HIF-1 increased significantly in strain Zhengda and decreased significantly in strain A6410 (p < 0.05). No significant changes of HIF-1 expression were detected in the same tissues between the two strains under hypoxia for 6 h (p > 0.05), but in the gills and hepatopancreas under hypoxia for 12 h (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression level of HIF-1 was higher in the strain Zhengda than A6410 in the same tissue under hypoxia for 12 h. It was indicated that the hypoxic tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei was closely correlated with the expression level of HIF-1, and the higher expression level of HIF-1 to hypoxia, the lower tolerance to hypoxia in the early stage of hypoxia. These results can help to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic tolerance and speed up the selective breeding process of hypoxia tolerance in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuhu Li
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Liguo Qiu
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hailong Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Key Laboratory of Environment Toxicology, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qian Han
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Key Laboratory of Environment Toxicology, Haikou 570228, China.
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Konuma T, Tsukamoto Y, Nagasawa H, Nagata S. Imbalanced Hemolymph Lipid Levels Affect Feeding Motivation in the Two-Spotted Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154841. [PMID: 27144650 PMCID: PMC4856397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect feeding behavior is regulated by many intrinsic factors, including hemolymph nutrient levels. Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a peptide factor that modulates hemolymph nutrient levels and regulates the nutritional state of insects by triggering the transfer of lipids into the hemolymph. We recently demonstrated that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the AKH receptor (AKHR) reduces hemolymph lipid levels, causing an increase in the feeding frequency of the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. This result indicated that reduced hemolymph lipid levels might motivate crickets to feed. In the present study, to elucidate whether hemolymph lipid levels contribute to insect feeding behavior, we attempted to manipulate hemolymph lipid levels via the lipophorin (Lp)-mediated lipid transferring system in G. bimaculatus. Of the constituent proteins in Lp, we focused on apolipophorin-III (GrybiApoLp-III) because of its possible role in facilitating lipid mobilization. First, we used RNAi to reduce the expression of GrybiApoLp-III. RNAi-mediated knockdown of GrybiApoLp-III had little effect on basal hemolymph lipid levels and the amount of food intake. In addition, hemolymph lipid levels remained static even after injecting AKH into GrybiApoLp-IIIRNAi crickets. These observations indicated that ApoLp-III does not maintain basal hemolymph lipid levels in crickets fed ad libitum, but is necessary for mobilizing lipid transfer into the hemolymph following AKH stimulation. Second, Lp (containing lipids) was injected into the hemolymph to induce a temporary increase in hemolymph lipid levels. Consequently, the initiation of feeding was delayed in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that increased hemolymph lipid levels reduced the motivation to feed. Taken together, these data validate the importance of basal hemolymph lipid levels in the control of energy homeostasis and for regulating feeding behavior in crickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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De Clerck C, Fujiwara A, Joncour P, Léonard S, Félix ML, Francis F, Jijakli MH, Tsuchida T, Massart S. A metagenomic approach from aphid's hemolymph sheds light on the potential roles of co-existing endosymbionts. Microbiome 2015; 3:63. [PMID: 26667400 PMCID: PMC4678535 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are known to live in symbiosis with specific bacteria, called endosymbionts which can be classified as obligate or accessory. Buchnera aphidicola is generally the only obligatory symbiont present in aphids, supplying essential nutrients that are missing in the plants phloem to its host. Pentalonia nigronervosa is the main vector of the banana bunchy top virus, one of the most damageable viruses in banana. This aphid is carrying two symbionts: B. aphidicola (BPn) and Wolbachia sp. (wPn). The high occurrence of Wolbachia in the banana aphid raises questions about the role it plays in this insect. The goal of this study was to go further in the understanding of the role played by the two symbionts in P. nigronervosa. To do so, microinjection tests were made to see the effect of wPn elimination on the host, and then, high-throughput sequencing of the haemolymph was used to analyze the gene content of the symbionts. RESULTS We observed that the elimination of wPn systematically led to the death of aphids, suggesting that the bacterium could play a mutualistic role. In addition, we identify and annotate 587 and 250 genes for wPn and BPn, respectively, through high-throughput sequencing. Analysis of these genes suggests that the two bacteria are working together for the production of several essential nutrients. The most striking cases are for lysin and riboflavin which are usually provided by B. aphidicola alone to the host. In the banana aphid, the genes involved in the production pathways of these metabolites are shared between the two bacteria making them both essential for the survival of the aphid host. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a co-obligatory symbiosis between B. aphidicola and Wolbachia occurs in the banana aphid, the two bacteria acting together to supply essential nutrients to the host. This is, to our knowledge, the first time Wolbachia is reported to play an essential role in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Clerck
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Akiko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Pauline Joncour
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Simon Léonard
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Line Félix
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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29
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Chang CC, Jiang JR, Cheng W. A first insight into temperature stress-induced neuroendocrine and immunological changes in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:528-534. [PMID: 26434711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemolymph norepinephrine (NE); total haemocyte count (THC); respiratory bursts (RBs); superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenoloxidase (PO), and phagocytic activity; and prophenoloxidase (proPO)-system-related genes (lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein: LGBP, proPO, peroxinectin: PE, and α2-macroglobulin: α2-M) in haemocytes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were investigated after transferring them from 28 °C to 22 °C, 28 °C, and 34 °C respectively. The results revealed that haemolymph NE, hyaline cells (HCs), and PO activity per granulocyte increased from 30 to 120 min of exposure, and however, RBs and phagocytic activity significantly decreased from 30 to 120 min of exposure as well as granular cells (GCs), semigranular cells (SGCs), and SOD activity decreased from 60 to 120 min of exposure for the prawns subjected to temperature stress. The proPO-system-related gene expression markedly increased with 60-120 min of exposure for the prawns transferred from 28 °C to 22 °C and 34 °C, except α2M at 120 min. These results provide a first insight into the effects of temperature stress on haemolymph NE level and immune functions in prawns and suggest that temperature-stress-induced acute modulation in immunity is associated with the release of haemolymph NE in M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Rong Jiang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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30
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Chang ZW, Chiang PC, Cheng W, Chang CC. Impact of ammonia exposure on coagulation in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 118:98-102. [PMID: 25916769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), the end product of protein catabolism, is produced by decomposing organic matter. In aquaculture, shrimp are commonly exposed to high concentrations of ammonia that induces immunological and histological changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on hemolymph coagulation time, transglutaminase (TG) activity as well as TG and clottable protein (CP) genes expressions in Litopenaeus vannamei when exposed to ambient ammonia-nitrogen (N) at 0, 1, 5, and 10mg/L for 0, 2, and 7 days. The actual concentrations in control and tests solution were 0.001, 1.15, 5.11, and 11.68mg/L for ammonia-N, and 7×10(-5), 0.080, 0.357, and 0.815mg/L for NH3-N (unionized ammonia). Delayed coagulation time following exposure to 5 and 10mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 7 days, and increased transglutaminase (TG) activity following exposure to 5 and 1mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 2 and 7 days, respectively, were observed. Downregulated TG expression and upregulated clottable protein (CP) expression in the hemocytes of L. vannamei exposed to 10 and 5mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 2 and 7 days, respectively, were shown. These results indicated that ambient ammonia-N (>5mg/L) and NH3-N (>0.357mg/L) interrupted coagulation and down-regulated TG gene expression in L. vannamei, which caused ecotoxicity on immune deficiencies and may contribute the increased susceptibility to infection by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wen Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Chi Chiang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Booster NA, Su FY, Adolph SC, Ahn AN. Effect of temperature on leg kinematics in sprinting tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi): high speed may limit hydraulic joint actuation. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:977-82. [PMID: 25833132 PMCID: PMC4392594 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tarantulas extend the femur-patella (proximal) and tibia-metatarsal (distal) joints of their legs hydraulically. Because these two hydraulically actuated joints are positioned in series, hemolymph flow within each leg is expected to mechanically couple the movement of the joints. In the current study, we tested two hypotheses: (1) at lower temperatures, movement of the two in-series hydraulic joints within a leg will be less coupled because of increased hemolymph viscosity slowing hemolymph flow; and (2) at higher temperatures, movement of the two in-series hydraulic joints will be less coupled because the higher stride frequencies limit the time available for hemolymph flow. We elicited maximal running speeds at four ecologically relevant temperatures (15, 24, 31 and 40°C) in Texas Brown tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi). The spiders increased sprint speed 2.5-fold over the temperature range by changing their stride frequency but not stride length. The coefficient of determination for linear regression (R(2)) of the proximal and distal joint angles was used as the measure of the degree of coupling between the two joints. This coupling coefficient between the proximal and distal joint angles, for both forelegs and hind-legs, was significantly lowest at the highest temperature at which the animals ran the fastest with the highest stride frequencies. The coordination of multiple, in-series hydraulically actuated joints may be limited by operating speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Booster
- Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - F Y Su
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - S C Adolph
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - A N Ahn
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Abstract
In this highly personal account of my career in science, I try to show how many others influenced its course. I was able to abandon work in pure chemistry and microbiology and to take up research in entomology only with the help of others. My faith in the value of collaborative, interdisciplinary work has been the key to success. Our focus on proteins of insect hemolymph has provided valuable insights into insect biochemistry and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Law
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;
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Wang RL, Li J, Staehelin C, Xin XW, Su YJ, Zeng RS. Expression analysis of two P450 monooxygenase genes of the tobacco cutworm moth (Spodoptera litura) at different developmental stages and in response to plant allelochemicals. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:111-9. [PMID: 25547988 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) of insects are known to be involved in the metabolism or detoxification of plant allelochemicals and insecticides. Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a polyphagous moth responsible for severe yield losses in many crops. In this study, two full-length P450 genes, CYP6B48 and CYP6B58, were cloned from S. litura. The cDNA sequences encode proteins with 503 and 504 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CYP6B48 and CYP6B58 belong to the CYP6B subfamily of P450s. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that CYP6B48 and CYP6B58 were expressed only at larval stage, but not at pupal and adult stages. The highest levels of transcripts were found in the midguts and fat bodies of the larvae. No expression was detected in the ovary or hemolymph. Feeding with diets containing cinnamic acid, quercetin, or coumarin did not affect expression of CYP6B48. In contrast, diet supplemented with xanthotoxin dramatically increased the levels of CYP6B48 transcript in the midgut and fat bodies. Larvae fed with flavone had high levels of transcript of CYP6B48 in the midgut, whereas only slightly elevated levels were found in the fat bodies. Effects of the tested allelochemicals on CYP6B58 expression were minor. Hence, our findings show that S. litura responds to specific allelochemicals such as xanthotoxin with the accumulation of CYP6B48 transcripts, suggesting that specific signals in the food control the insect's ability to convert toxic allelochemicals to less harmful forms at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Lu YX, Zhang Q, Xu WH. Global metabolomic analyses of the hemolymph and brain during the initiation, maintenance, and termination of pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99948. [PMID: 24926789 PMCID: PMC4057385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy known as diapause (developmental arrest) has evolved in insects to increase their survival rate under harsh environmental conditions. Diapause causes a dramatic reduction in the metabolic rate and drastically extends lifespan. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the metabolic changes involved. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we compared the changes in the metabolite levels in the brain and hemolymph of nondiapause- and diapause-destined cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, during the initiation, maintenance, and termination of pupal diapause. A total of 55 metabolites in the hemolymph and 52 metabolites in the brain were detected. Of these metabolites, 21 and 12 metabolite levels were altered in the diapause pupal hemolymph and brain, respectively. During diapause initiation and maintenance, the number of metabolites with increased levels in the hemolymph of the diapausing pupae is far greater than the number in the nondiapause pupae. These increased metabolites function as an energy source, metabolic intermediates, and cryoprotectants. The number of metabolites with decreased levels in the brain of diapausing pupae is far greater than the number in the nondiapause pupae. Low metabolite levels are likely to directly or indirectly repress the brain metabolic activity. During diapause termination, most of the metabolite levels in the hemolymph of the diapausing pupae rapidly decrease because they function as energy and metabolic sources that promote pupa-adult development. In conclusion, the metabolites with altered levels in the hemolymph and brain serve as energy and metabolic resources and help to maintain a low brain metabolic activity during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Uchimura Y, Yamashita H, Kuramoto M, Ishihara K, Sugimoto M, Nakajima N. Damage to Cultivated Japanese Pearl Oysters by Oxidative Stress That Was Related to “Mass Mortality”. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2470-3. [PMID: 14646212 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased blood-DNA breakage was observed in diseased pearl oysters. They showed significant formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas the oysters that had a low mortality rate from the disease had high activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and low amounts of 8-OHdG and MDA. These results suggest that radical damage had occurred only in the diseased pearl oysters with the cytolysis of their haemocytes, which was related to the mass mortality of the Japanese pearl oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuushi Uchimura
- Ehime Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station., Uwajima, Ehime, Japan
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Abiona JA, Akinduti PA, Oyekunle MA, Osinowo OA, Onagbesan AOM. Comparative evaluation of haemagglutination potential of haemolymph from two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:96-100. [PMID: 24657726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted to evaluate haemagglutination potential in the haemolymph of two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Three liveweight groups of snails (<100 g, 101-150 g and >150 g) were used with 4 replicates per liveweight per species for haemagglutination assay (HA). The effect of aestivation on haemagglutination potential was also evaluated. Erythrocytes (2%) from cattle, sheep, goat and chicken were used for HA assay. Results showed that agglutinin-like substances that agglutinate erythrocytes of sheep, goat, cattle and chicken were present in the haemolymph of the two species of giant African land snails. Effect of species was found to be significant (P < 0.001) on haemagglutination titre. Haemolymph of A. marginata, had higher haemagglutination titre than that of A. achatina across the three liveweight groups used in this study. Snail liveweight had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on agglutinin content of the haemolymph in both species. Agglutination level depended on the source of erythrocyte used. Sheep erythrocyte recorded the highest haemagglutination titre, followed by goat, cattle, and chicken in that order. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that Giant African land snails (GALS) haemolymph contain agglutinins as previously reported for Helix species. This evidence may be the basis for its survivability in the wild and thus establish the use of GALS for African herbal medicinal applications.
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Accorsi A, Ottaviani E, Malagoli D. Effects of repeated hemolymph withdrawals on the hemocyte populations and hematopoiesis in Pomacea canaliculata. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:56-64. [PMID: 24636857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater gastropod considered an invasive pest by several European, North American and Asiatic countries. This snail presents a considerable resistance to pollutants and may successfully face stressful events. Thanks to the unusual possibility to perform several hemolymph collections without affecting its survival, P. canaliculata is a good model to study the hematopoietic process and the hemocyte turnover in molluscs. Here we have analyzed the effects of repeated hemolymph withdrawals on circulating hemocyte populations and pericardial organs, i.e., the heart, the main vessels entering and leaving the heart and the ampulla, of P. canaliculata. Our experiments revealed that the circulating hemocyte populations were maintained constant after 3 collections performed in 48 h. The tissue organization of the heart and the vessels remained unaltered, whereas the ampulla buffered the effects of hemolymph collections acting as hemocyte reservoir, and its original organization was progressively lost by the repeated hemolymph withdrawals. The hematopoietic tissue of P. canaliculata was evidenced here for the first time. It is positioned within the pericardial cavity, in correspondence of the principle veins. Mitoses within the hematopoietic tissue were not influenced by hemolymph collections, and circulating hemocytes never presented mitotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Accorsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enzo Ottaviani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Urbański A, Czarniewska E, Baraniak E, Rosiński G. Developmental changes in cellular and humoral responses of the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae). J Insect Physiol 2014; 60:98-103. [PMID: 24295868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Necrophagous beetles of the genus Nicrophorus have developed various defence mechanisms that reduce the negative effects of adverse environmental conditions. However, many physiological and ecological aspects, including the functioning of the immune system in burying beetles, are still unknown. In this study, we show developmental changes in cellular and humoral responses of larvae, pupae, and adults of Nicrophorus vespilloides. We assessed changes in total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, and phagocytic ability of haemocytes. We found that during larval development there is a progressive increase in humoral and cellular activities, and these responses are correlated with alterations of total haemocyte counts in the haemolymph. In the pupal stage, a sharp drop in the number of phagocytic haemocytes and an increase in phenoloxidase activity were observed. In adults, cellular and humoral responses remained at a lower level. It is probable that high lytic activity of anal and oral secretions produced by parents supports a lower response of the immune system in the initial phase of larval development. In the studied stages, we also observed differences in polymerisation of F-actin cytoskeleton of haemocytes, number of haemocytes forming filopodia, and filopodia length. These results suggest that the differences in immune responses during various stages of development of N. vespilloides are associated with a dynamically changing environment and different risks of infection. For the first time a detailed analysis of stage-specific alterations in immune system activity during development of the burying beetle is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Czarniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Edward Baraniak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Anderson RL, Watson WH, Chabot CC. Sublethal behavioral and physiological effects of the biomedical bleeding process on the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Biol Bull 2013; 225:137-151. [PMID: 24445440 PMCID: PMC4079546 DOI: 10.1086/bblv225n3p137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hemolymph of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is harvested from over 500,000 animals annually to produce Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), a medically important product used to detect pathogenic bacteria. Declining abundance of spawning Limulus females in heavily harvested regions suggests deleterious effects of this activity, and while mortality rates of the harvest process are known to be 10%-30%, sublethal behavioral and physiological effects are not known. In this study, we determined the impact of the harvest process on locomotion and hemocyanin levels of 28 female horseshoe crabs. While mortality rates after bleeding (18%) were similar to previous studies, we found significant decreases in the linear and angular velocity of freely moving animals, as well as changes in their activity levels and expression of circatidal behavioral rhythms. Further, we found reductions in hemocyanin levels, which may alter immune function and cuticle integrity. These previously unrecognized behavioral and physiological deficits suggest that the harvest of LAL may decrease female fitness, and thus may contribute to the current population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire 03264; and
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Lü X, Han SC, Li LY, Grenier S, De Clercq P. The potential of trehalose to replace insect hemolymph in artificial media for Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Insect Sci 2013; 20:629-636. [PMID: 23955927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect additives have been shown to improve the value of artificial media for Trichogramma species, but at the same time maintain dependence on parallel cultures of host insects. In the present study, Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura was reared in vitro from egg to adult on artificial media with different contents of pupal hemolymph of Chinese oak silkmoth Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) and with supplements of distilled water, or of trehalose dissolved in water or in Grace's insect medium. The results indicated insect hemolymph was the key component of artificial medium. Developmental parameters, including rates of parasitism, pupation, adult emergence and normal adults, and numbers of produced adults, were increased on media supplemented with trehalose even when the proportion of pupal hemolymph was reduced. Two artificial media, the first containing 30% hemolymph and 10% trehalose in water with 98.9% parasitism rate, 77.7.0% pupation rate, 77.2% emergence rate, 80.0% normal adult rate and 333 produced adults, and the second containing 25% hemolymph and 15% trehalose in Grace's insect medium with 97.8% parasitism rate, 91.0% pupation rate, 85.2% emergence rate, 76.1% normal adult rate and 757 produced adults, were believed to hold potential to mass produce T. dendrolimi. The use of trehalose to partially replace pupal hemolymph in artificial medium of this and other Trichogramma species may contribute to a significant reduction in their production cost and may as such help to evade problems related to short supplies of lepidopteran eggs, which currently constitute the main factitious host for the mass rearing of the parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lü
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Tabart J, Colin ME, Carayon JL, Tene N, Payre B, Vetillard A. Artificial feeding of Varroa destructor through a chitosan membrane: a tool for studying the host-microparasite relationship. Exp Appl Acarol 2013; 61:107-118. [PMID: 23423425 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rearing pests or parasites of very small size in the absence of their living host is a challenge for behavioural, physiological and pathological studies. For feeding Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera, a confinement space with a membrane separating the nutritive solution and the space was designed. The mite measures less than 2 mm and bears a perforating apparatus with a length of 15 μm. The membrane, an essential element of the chamber, has a thickness of 0.1 μm, and is made of chitosan. It closes one face of the individual confinement chamber and allows piercing and the ingestion of the nutritive solution. Factors inducing feeding can be applied on the inner walls or on the membrane. In the particular case of Varroa, the highest percentages of feeding mites are obtained by addition of host haemolymph to the nutritive solution, suggesting the kairomonal role of haemolymph in addition to its nutritional one. The membrane concept can be easily applied to several mites or other micro-pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Tabart
- Venoms and Biological Activities Laboratory, EA 4357, PRES-Université de Toulouse, Jean-François Champollion University Center, Albi, France
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Sláma K, Denlinger DL. Transitions in the heartbeat pattern during pupal diapause and adult development in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59:767-780. [PMID: 23684739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The heartbeat of diapausing pupae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis was investigated using electrocardiographic methods including gravimetry, thermography, and optocardiography. During deep diapause, characterized by minimum metabolic activity, the heart exhibited discontinuous bouts of exclusively unidirectional, anterograde pulsations (40-60 contractions/min) that lasted only a few seconds. These bouts of cardiac pulsations were separated by periods of rest lasting 5-30 min. During infradian peaks of metabolic activity (4-day cycles) that occur throughout diapause, periods of rest were shortened and frequency of the anterograde heartbeat increased more than two-fold. Throughout diapause, the heart consistently exhibited a simple, bi-phasic pattern of pulsations generated by bouts of anterograde heartbeats interspersed with periods of cardiac rest. When the fly broke diapause and initiated pharate adult development, a new tri-phasic pattern was observed: the new pattern incorporated heartbeat reversal, as noted by the appearance of retrograde pulsations that directed hemolymph in a posterior direction. These retrograde heartbeats occurred exclusively in the abdominal portion of the dorsal vessel and were not observed in the head or thorax. The transition to pharate adult development was also accompanied by the appearance of extremely strong extracardiac pulsations that served a respiratory function. Although these pulsations made it more challenging to record heartbeat patterns in pharate adults, we observed progressive shortening of the resting periods and a continual increase in the rate of both anterograde and retrograde pulsations, a trend that was further magnified in the adult fly (anterograde contractions up to 300/min and retrograde contractions approximately 125/min). These results imply that the circulatory function of the heart is homeostatically regulated and is responsive to developmental changes and the diverse metabolic rate demands of larvae, diapausing pupae, pharate adults and adult flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Sláma
- Biological Center of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Drnovská 507, 161 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Csonka D, Halasy K, Szabó P, Mrak P, Strus J, Hornung E. Eco-morphological studies on pleopodal lungs and cuticle in Armadillidium species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). Arthropod Struct Dev 2013; 42:229-235. [PMID: 23376766 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) have adapted to land life by diverse morphological, physiological and behavioral changes. Woodlice species exhibit a large variety in this respect, their preferences ranging from moist to dry habitats. These moisture preference values are related to various morphological adaptations, rendering terrestrial isopods amenable to studying morphological adaptations to terrestrial life. We performed a comparison of four Armadillidium species (Armadillidium zenckeri, Armadillidium nasatum, Armadillidium versicolor, Armadillidium vulgare), by quantifying two morphological traits: the extent of the interfacial endothelium between the respiratory space and the hemolymph within pleopodal lungs and the thickness of tergite cuticle, which are 'key factors' in determining protection from desiccation. These values were measured from light micrographs of cross-sectioned lungs. The cosmopolitan A. vulgare, as a habitat generalist, seems to be the most resistant against desiccation and other environmental conditions, while A. zenckeri is the most sensitive one. Light microscopic studies revealed that the four species can be ordered similarly, if we compare them by the extension of the endothelial interface and cuticle thickness, suggesting that these morphological traits are important determinants of their distribution on habitat, microhabitat scales and through the existence of suitable habitats - together with many other factors - the geographical pattern of species occurence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Csonka
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Rottenbiller str. 50, H-1077 Budapest, Hungary.
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Klußmann-Fricke BJ, Prendini L, Wirkner CS. Evolutionary morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in scorpions: a character analysis. Arthropod Struct Dev 2012; 41:545-60. [PMID: 22735399 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetically informative characters from the internal anatomy of scorpions were first reported more than 150 years ago, but the subject received little attention after the mid-1920s. Recent investigations, using traditional dissection, illustration and histological sectioning, microscopy, and innovative new methods for investigating complex soft tissue anatomy identified a new wealth of variation. Additionally, these investigations confirmed the phylogenetic significance of previously identified structures. Building on earlier work we present a more detailed description of the hemolymph vascular system (HVS) in scorpions, based on comparison of the vascular structures of the heart and the branching pattern of the prosomal arteries among 45 exemplar species representing most of the major scorpion lineages. Using corrosion-casting, MicroCT in combination with computer-aided 3D-reconstruction, and scanning electron microscopy, we conceptualize a series of phylogenetically informative characters for the anterior aorta system and characters of the heart and associated structures (e.g. arrangement of the ostia) of scorpions. Furthermore, we optimize the possible evolution of these new characters on a previous hypothesis of scorpion phylogeny, and discuss alternative character state transformations, their evolutionary consequences, and possible underlying evolutionary mechanisms acting on the HVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-J Klußmann-Fricke
- Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz, Rostock, Germany.
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Bajzek C, Rice AM, Andreazza S, Dushay MS. Coagulation and survival in Drosophila melanogaster fondue mutants. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:1376-1381. [PMID: 22885376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila larval coagulation factors have been identified in vitro. Better understanding of insect hemolymph coagulation calls for experiments in vivo. We have characterized a fondue (fon) mutation and null alleles isolated by imprecise excision of a transposable element. Loss of fon was pupal lethal, but adults could be recovered by expressing the UAS::fonGFP construct of Lindgren et al. (2008). Despite their lethality, fon mutations did not affect larval survival after wounding either when tested alone or in combination with a mutation in the hemolectin clotting factor gene. This reinforces the idea of redundant hemostatic mechanisms in Drosophila larvae, and independent pleiotropic functions of the fondue protein in coagulation and a vital process in metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bajzek
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Ma J, Wang J, Mao XF, Wang Y. Differential expression of two antifreeze proteins in the desert beetle Anatolica polita (Coleoptera: Tenebriondae): seasonal variation and environmental effects. Cryo Letters 2012; 33:337-348. [PMID: 23224367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) can inhibit and modify the growth of ice crystals. Two antifreeze protein genes, Apafp752 and Apafp914, were cloned from the desert beetle Anatolica polita (Coleoptera: Tenebriondae), and they shared 61.3 percent similarity at the amino acid level. Apafp752 also contained one variation in the most conserved TCT motif of beetle AFPs. Apafp752 and Apafp914 mRNAs had similar seasonal expression pattern. Both were stimulated by cold stress, but they expressed slightly differentially with Apafp752 being more sensitive to cold stress than Apafp914, and no more sensitive to desiccation stress than Apafp914. The thermal hysteresis activity (THA) in the beetle's hemolymph followed approximately the patterns of mRNA seasonal expression and expression upon environmental stress, with a time lag. Summer adults of the desert beetle also express mRNA of Apafp752 and Apafp914, and exhibit some hemolymph THA, suggesting other likely function of these proteins beyond antifreeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China.
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47
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Sláma K. A new look at the comparative physiology of insect and human hearts. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:1072-1081. [PMID: 22609364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent electrocardiographic (ECG) studies of insect hearts revealed the presence of human-like, involuntary and purely myogenic hearts. Certain insects, like a small light-weight species of hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus), have evolved a very efficient cardiac system comprised of a compact heart ventricle and a narrow tube of aorta, which evolved as an adaptation to sustained hovering flights. Application of thermocardiographic and optocardiographic ECG methods revealed that adult flies of this species use the compact muscular heart chamber (heart ventricle) for intensive pumping of insect "blood" (haemolymph) into the head and thorax which is ringed all over with indirect flight musculature. The recordings of these hearts revealed extremely high, record rates of forward-directed, anterograde heartbeat (up to 10Hz), associated with extremely enhanced synchronic (not peristaltic) propagation of systolic myocardial contractions (32.2mm/s at room temperature). The relatively slow, backward-directed or retrograde cardiac contractions occurred only sporadically in the form of individual or twinned pulses replacing occasionally the resting periods. The compact heart ventricle contained bi-directional lateral apertures, whose opening and closure diverted the intracardiac anterograde "blood" streams between the abdominal haemocoelic cavity and the aortan artery, respectively. The visceral organs of this flying machine (crop, midgut) exhibited myogenic, extracardiac peristaltic pulsations similar to heartbeat, including the periodically reversed forward and backward direction of the peristaltic waves. The tubular crop contracted with a periodicity of 1Hz, both forwards and backwards, with propagation of the peristaltic waves at 4.4mm/s. The air-inflated and blindly ended midgut contracted at 0.2Hz, with a 0.9mm/s propagation of the peristaltic contraction waves. The neurogenic system of extracardiac haemocoelic pulsations, widely engaged in the regulation of circulatory and respiratory functions in other insect species, has been replaced here by a more economic, myogenic pulsation of the visceral organs as a light-weight evolutionary adaptation to prolonged hovering flight. Striking structural, functional and even genetic similarities found between the hearts of Episyrphus, Drosophila and human hearts, have been practically utilised for inexpensive testing of new cardioactive or cardioinhibitory drugs on insect heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Sláma
- Biological Center of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Song HY, Kim MY, Kim BY, Park SW, Sung DK, Kang PD, Park C, Jeon SH, Lee BH. Increase of 30K protein in identified motoneurons by hemolymph results in inhibition of programmed cell death in silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae). J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:756-762. [PMID: 22414538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that a 30K protein was gradually synthesized in primary-cultured motoneurons from the accessory planta retractor (APR) of the 6th abdominal ganglion (APR6) in silkworm ventral ganglia through stimulation of hemolymph. An increase in 30K protein synthesis resulted in an inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) of APR6 motoneurons. The 30K protein was gradually synthesized from the 30Kc6 gene of identified APR6s in day-6 4th instars to day-9 5th instar larvae, but synthesis of the 30K protein ceased in isolated APR6s of day-1 pupa, which normally begin to undergo PCD. When pupal APR6s were treated with larval hemolymph, however, the 30K protein was synthesized suggesting the existence of an anti-PCD factor in the larval hemolymph. An increase of 30K protein within the APR6s was confirmed by antiserum made against the recombinant 30K protein that originated from the APR 30Kc6 gene. Larval APR6, in which PCD was induced with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) added to the primary culture, exhibited some PCD characteristics of shrinkage of cell bodies, axonal fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial function. These results provide new insights on the survival or PCD of insect motoneurons through stimulation of hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Song
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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49
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Salawu MO, Oloyede OB, Oladiji AT, Muhammad NO, Yakubu MT. Effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on Archachatina marginata hemolymph coagulation system. Pharm Biol 2011; 49:1029-1033. [PMID: 21428735 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.560952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Archachatina marginata Swainson (Achatinidae) is found in Nigeria, West Africa. Its hemolymph is applied as a disinfectant to blades and fresh cuts of circumcision in Yorubaland. The hemolymph is also used in traditional medicine practice. Investigation into its anti-endotoxin response is being studied for the first time. OBJECTIVE This study determined whether endotoxin causes measurable and concentration-dependent protein coagulation in the separate hemolymph fractions and in hemocyte lysate (HL)/plasma mixtures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endotoxin was prepared by inoculating 5% w/v dextrose with locally isolated Escherichia coli cells and incubated for 48 h before sterilization. Pyrogenicity was determined by rabbit test method and use the of LAL kit. Hemolymph fractions were exposed to endotoxin while controls were exposed to endotoxin-free water (0.025 EU/ml). HL/plasma (1:1 v/v) was exposed to varied endotoxin concentrations. RESULTS Data indicated significantly higher protein coagulates induced by endotoxin in all the hemolymph fractions (P < 0.05). Maximum protein coagulation in mixture of HL/plasma 1:1 was recorded. Exposure of HL/plasma at optimal ratio to varied endotoxin caused linear protein coagulation up to 1.0 EU/ml, beyond which it dropped significantly and unresponsive to further increase in endotoxin doses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There was endotoxin-induced protein coagulation, which is endotoxin concentration-dependent. The optimal coagulation observed for 1:1 HL/plasma mixture suggests stronger interaction between the hemocytes and the plasma in response to endotoxin. There are LPS-binding proteins in the plasma and hemocytes of A. marginata. This finding may be employed in detection and quantification of endotoxin in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa O Salawu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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Trinkler N, Guichard N, Labonne M, Plasseraud L, Paillard C, Marin F. Variability of shell repair in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum affected by the Brown Ring Disease: a microstructural and biochemical study. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 106:407-17. [PMID: 21168415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum has been regularly affected by Brown Ring Disease (BRD), an epizootic event caused by the bacterium Vibrio tapetis and characterized by the development of a brown deposit on the inner face of valves. Although BRD infection is often lethal, some clams recover by mineralizing a new repair shell layer, which covers the brown deposit and fully isolates it from living tissues. In order to understand this specific shell repair process, the microstructures of repaired zones were compared to those of shells unaffected by BRD. In addition, the organic matrix associated with unaffected shells and to repair patches were extracted and compared by biochemical and immunological techniques. Our results show that the repaired zones exhibit microstructures that resemble the so-called homogeneous microstructure of the internal layer, with some marked differences, like the development of crossed-acicular crystals, which form chevron-like patterns. In the three tested batches of repaired layers, the matrices exhibit certain heterogeneity, i.e., they are partially to widely different from the ones of shells unaffected by BRD, as illustrated by SDS-PAGE and by serological comparisons. Our results strongly suggest a modification of the secretory regime of calcifying mantle cells during the shell repair process. Polyclonal antibodies, which were developed against specific protein fractions of the shell, represent relevant tools for localizing by immunohistology the cells responsible for the repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Trinkler
- IUEM, UMR CNRS 6539, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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