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Chong-Robles J, Giffard-Mena I, Patrón-Soberano A, Charmantier G, Boulo V, Rodarte-Venegas D. Ontogenetical development of branchial chambers of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) and their involvement in osmoregulation: ionocytes and Na +/K +-ATPase. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:385-398. [PMID: 36075993 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Branchial chambers constitute the main osmoregulatory site in almost all decapod crustaceans. However, few studies have been devoted to elucidate the cellular function of specific cells in every osmoregulatory structure of the branchial chambers. In decapod crustaceans, it is well-known that the osmoregulatory function is localized in specific structures that progressively specialize from early developmental stages while specific molecular mechanisms occur. In this study, we found that although the structures developed progressively during the larval and postlarval stages, before reaching juvenile or adult morphology, the osmoregulatory capabilities of Litopenaeus vannamei were gradually established only during the development of branchiostegites and epipodites, but not gills. The cellular structures of the branchial chambers observed during the larval phase do not present the typical ultrastructure of ionocytes, neither Na+/K+-ATPase expression, likely indicating that pleura, branchiostegites, or bud gills do not participate in osmoregulation. During early postlarval stages, the lack of Na+/K+-ATPase immunoreactivity of the ionocytes from the branchiostegites and epipodites suggests that they are immature ionocytes (ionocytes type I). It could be inferred from IIF and TEM results that epipodites and branchiostegites are involved in iono-osmoregulation from PL15, while gills and pleura do not participate in this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfers Chong-Robles
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (https://ror.org/05xwcq167), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Ivone Giffard-Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (https://ror.org/05xwcq167), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Araceli Patrón-Soberano
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Cientifica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Guy Charmantier
- Marbec, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Viviane Boulo
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Deyanira Rodarte-Venegas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (https://ror.org/05xwcq167), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Nash MT, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Allen GJP, Wilson JM, Weihrauch D. Characterization of 3 different types of aquaporins in Carcinus maenas and their potential role in osmoregulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111281. [PMID: 35902004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intertidal crustaceans like Carcinus maenas shift between an osmoconforming and osmoregulating state when inhabiting full-strength seawater and dilute environments, respectively. While the bodily fluids and environment of marine osmoconformers are approximately isosmotic, osmoregulating crabs inhabiting dilute environments maintain their bodily fluid osmolality above that of their environment by actively absorbing and retaining osmolytes (e.g., Na+, Cl-, urea) while eliminating excess water. Few studies have investigated the role of aquaporins (AQPs) in the osmoregulatory organs of crustaceans, especially within brachyuran species. In the current study, three different aquaporins were identified within a transcriptome of C. maenas, including a classical AQP (CmAQP1), an aquaglyceroporin (CmGLP1), and a big-brain protein (CmBIB1), all of which are expressed in the gills and the antennal glands. Functional expression of these aquaporins confirmed water transport capabilities for CmAQP1, CmGLP1, but not for CmBIB1, while CmGLP1 also transported urea. Higher relative CmAQP1 mRNA expression within tissues of osmoconforming crabs suggests the apical/sub-apically localized channel attenuates osmotic gradients created by non-osmoregulatory processes while its downregulation in dilute media reduces the water permeability of tissues to facilitate osmoregulation. Although hemolymph urea concentrations rose upon exposure to brackish water, urea was not detected in the final urine. Due to its urea-transport capabilities, CmGLP1 is hypothesized to be involved in a urea retention mechanism believed to be involved in the production of diluted urine. Overall, these results suggest that AQPs are involved in osmoregulation and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies investigating the role of AQPs in volume regulation in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nash
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - G J P Allen
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - J M Wilson
- Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - D Weihrauch
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Osmoregulatory power influences tissue ionic composition after salinity acclimation in aquatic decapods. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 259:111001. [PMID: 34098129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans show variable degrees of euryhalinity and osmoregulatory capacity, by responding to salinity changes through anisosmotic extracellular regulation and/or cell volume regulation. Cell volume regulatory mechanisms involve exchange of inorganic ions between extra- and intra-cellular (tissue) compartments. Here, this interplay of inorganic ions between both compartments has been evaluated in four decapod species with distinct habitats and osmoregulatory strategies. The marine/estuarine species Litopenaeus vannamei (Lv) and Callinectes danae (Cd) were submitted to reduced salinity (15‰), after acclimation to 25 and 30‰, respectively. The freshwater Macrobrachium acanthurus (Ma) and Aegla schmitti (As) were submitted to increased salinity (25‰). The four species were salinity-challenged for both 5 and 10 days. Hemolymph osmolality, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium were assayed. The same inorganic ions were quantified in muscle samples. Muscle hydration (MH) and ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) were also determined. Lv showed slight hemolymph dilution, increased MH and no osmotically-relevant decreases in muscle osmolytes; Cd displayed hemolymph dilution, decreased muscular NaCl and stable MH; Ma showed hypo-regulation and steady MH, with no change in muscle ions; As conformed hemolymph sodium but hypo-regulated chloride, had stable MH and increased muscle NPS and ion levels. Hemolymph and muscle ions (especially chloride) of As were highly correlated (Pearson, +0.83). Significant exchanges between hemolymph and muscle ionic pools were more evident in the two species with comparatively less AER regulatory power, C. danae and A. schmitti. Our findings endorse that the interplay between extracellular and tissue ionic pools is especially detectable in euryhaline species with relatively lower osmoregulatory strength.
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Delgado-Gaytán MF, Gómez-Jiménez S, Gámez-Alejo LA, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Figueroa-Soto CG, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Effect of salinity on the synthesis and concentration of glycine betaine in osmoregulatory tissues from juvenile shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 240:110628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wiesenthal AA, Müller C, Harder K, Hildebrandt JP. Alanine, proline and urea are major organic osmolytes in the snail Theodoxus fluviatilis under hyperosmotic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.193557. [PMID: 30606797 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress may result in osmotic volume loss from the body to the environment in animals that cannot control the water permeability of their integument. Euryhaline animals (which have a wide tolerance range of environmental salinities) have generally evolved the ability to counteract cell volume shrinkage by accumulating inorganic and organic osmolytes within their cells to balance internal and external osmolalities. Molluscs use very different combinations of amino acids and amino acid derivatives to achieve this goal. Theodoxus fluviatilis is a neritid gastropod that is distributed not only in limnic habitats in Europe but also in brackish waters (e.g. along the shoreline of the Baltic Sea). Animals from brackish sites survive better in high salinities than animals from freshwater locations. The results of the present study indicate that these differences in salinity tolerance cannot be explained by differences in the general ability to accumulate amino acids as organic osmolytes. Although there may be differences in the metabolic pathways involved in osmolyte accumulation in foot muscle tissue, the two groups of animals accumulate amino acid mixtures equally well when stepwise acclimated to their respective maximum tolerable salinity for extended periods. Among these amino acids, alanine and proline, as well as the osmolyte urea, hold a special importance for cell volume preservation in T. fluviatilis under hyperosmotic stress. It is possible that the accumulation of various amino acids during hyperosmotic stress occurs via hydrolysis of storage proteins, while alanine and proline are probably newly synthesised under conditions of hyperosmotic stress in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Wiesenthal
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Harder
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
During water-land transition, ancient fishes acquired the ability to breathe air, but air-breathing engendered problems in nitrogenous waste excretion. Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the degradation of these nitrogen-containing compounds releases ammonia. Ammonia is toxic and must be removed. Fishes in water excrete ammonia as the major nitrogenous waste through gills, but gills of air-breathing fishes are modified for air-breathing or largely replaced by air-breathing organs. Notably, fishes emerged from water can no longer excrete ammonia effectively because of a lack of water to flush the gills. Hence, ancient fishes that participated in water-land transition must have developed means to deal with ammonia toxicity. Extant air-breathing fishes, particularly amphibious ones, can serve as models to examine adaptations which might have facilitated the emergence of ancient fishes from water. Some of these fishes can actively emerge from water and display complex behaviors on land, while a few can burrow into mud and survive for years during drought. Many of them are equipped with mechanisms to ameliorate ammonia toxicity during emersion. In this review, the mechanisms adopted by air-breathing fishes to deal with ammonia toxicity during emersion were organized into seven disparate strategies. In addition, eight extant air-breathing fishes with distinctive terrestrial behaviors and peculiar natural habitats were selected to describe in detail how these seven strategies could be adopted in disparate combinations to ameliorate ammonia toxicity during emersion.
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Mazzarelli CCM, Santos MR, Amorim RV, Augusto A. Effect of salinity on the metabolism and osmoregulation of selected ontogenetic stages of an amazon population of Macrobrachium amazonicum shrimp (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:372-9. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probably as a function of their wide geographical distribution, the different population of Macrobrachium amazonicum shrimp may present distinct physiological, biochemical, reproductive, behavioral, and ecological patterns. These differences are so accentuated that the existence of allopatric speciation has been suggested, although initial studies indicate that the genetic variability of populations happen at an intraspecific level. Among the biological responses described for M. amazonicum populations, those regarding osmoregulation and metabolism play a key role for being related to the occupation of diverse habitats. To this effect, we investigated osmoregulation through the role of free amino acids in cell volume control and metabolism, through oxygen consumption in larvae (zoeae I, II, V and IX) and/or post-larvae of a M. amazonicum population from Amazon, kept in aquaculture fish hatcheries in the state of São Paulo. The results add information regarding the existence of distinct physiological responses among M. amazonicum populations and suggest that possible adjustments to metabolism and to the use of free amino acids as osmolytes of the regulation of the larvae and post-larvae cell volume depend on the appearance of structures responsible for hemolymph osmoregulation like, for example, the gills. In this respect, we verified that zoeae I do not alter their metabolism due to the exposition to fresh or brackish water, but they reduce intracellular concentration of free amino acids when exposed to fresh water, what may suggest the inexistence or inefficient performance of the structures responsible for volume regulation and hemolymph composition. On the other hand, in zoeae II and V exposed to fresh and brackish water, metabolism alterations were not followed by changes in free amino acids concentration. Thus it is possible, as the structures responsible for osmoregulation and ionic regulation become functional, that the role of free amino acids gets diminished and oxygen consumption elevated, probably due to greater energy expenditure with the active transportation of salts through epithelial membranes. Osmotic challenges also seem to alter throughout development, given that in zoeae II oxygen consumption is elevated on brackish water of 18, but in zoeae V it happens in fresh water. After M. amazonicum metamorphosis, free amino acids begin to play an important role as intracellular osmolytes, because we verified an increase of up to 40% in post-larvae exposed to brackish water of 18. The main free amino acids involved in cell volume regulation of ontogenetic stages evaluated were the non essential ones: glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, arginine, and proline. Interestingly, larvae from estuarine population studied here survived until the zoeae V stage in fresh water, but in some populations far from the sea, zoeae die right after eclosion in fresh water or they do not reach zoeae III stage. In addition, given that in favorable conditions caridean shrimp larvae shorten their development, we may infer that the cultivation environment, in which larvae developed in the present work, was appropriate, because almost all zoeae VIII kept on brackish water underwent metamorphosis directly to post-larvae and did not go through zoeae IX stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- CCM. Mazzarelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil
| | - MR. Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil
| | - RV. Amorim
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil
| | - A. Augusto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil
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8
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Curtis DL, van Breukelen F, McGaw IJ. Extracellular digestion during hyposaline exposure in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, and the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:564-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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FREIRE CAROLINAA, SOUZA-BASTOS LUCIANAR, AMADO ENELISEM, PRODOCIMO VIVIANE, SOUZA MARTAM. Regulation of Muscle Hydration Upon Hypo- or Hyper-Osmotic Shocks: Differences Related to Invasion of the Freshwater Habitat by Decapod Crustaceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 319:297-309. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CAROLINA A. FREIRE
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR; Brazil
| | - LUCIANA R. SOUZA-BASTOS
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR; Brazil
| | - ENELISE M. AMADO
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR; Brazil
| | - VIVIANE PRODOCIMO
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR; Brazil
| | - MARTA M. SOUZA
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG; Rio Grande, RS; Brazil
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Shinji J, Okutsu T, Jayasankar V, Jasmani S, Wilder MN. Metabolism of amino acids during hyposmotic adaptation in the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1945-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Intra- and extracellular osmotic regulation in the hololimnetic Caridea and Anomura: a phylogenetic perspective on the conquest of fresh water by the decapod Crustacea. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 181:175-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Foster C, Amado EM, Souza MM, Freire CA. Do osmoregulators have lower capacity of muscle water regulation than osmoconformers? A study on decapod crustaceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 313:80-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Hurtado MA, Racotta IS, Civera R, Ibarra L, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Palacios E. Effect of hypo- and hypersaline conditions on osmolality and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed low- and high-HUFA diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:703-710. [PMID: 16935535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of cellular membranes can modify permeability and can modulate the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Although highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) improve survival and osmoregulatory capacity to low salinities in penaeid shrimp, the possible mechanisms have not been established. For this purpose the influence of HUFA supplementation in diet (2.9 vs. 34% HUFA proportion to total fatty acids) on osmoregulatory responses of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei submitted to an acute (15 h) or chronic exposure (21 days), to low (5 g L(-1)) and high salinities (50 g L(-1)) was analyzed. Shrimp fed the high-HUFA diet, had higher concentration of main HUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in polar lipids of gills. Osmotic pressure in hemolymph was significantly affected by salinity in acute (640, 751, 847 mOsm/kg for 5, 30 and 50 g L(-1), respectively), and chronic exposure (645, 713, 814 mOsm/kg), but variations between them were small compared to environmental salinity (206, 832, 1547 mOsm/kg), indicating that osmoregulation was achieved in a matter of hours. An increase in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was observed only after a chronic exposure to low salinity. Free amino acids (FAA), mainly alanine and arginine, were higher at 30 (control) and 50 g L(-1) in accordance to their role as organic osmolites. Neither osmotic pressure, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, nor FAA was affected by HUFA supplementation. However, higher water content in gills of shrimp exposed to low salinities was counteracted by increased HUFA content, which could be a result of changes in water permeability of gills. The osmoregulatory capacity of penaeid shrimp to low and high salinities was achieved within 15 h of acclimation and did not depend on HUFA supplementation in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hurtado
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México
| | - I S Racotta
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México
| | - R Civera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México
| | - L Ibarra
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México
| | - M Hernández-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C. 22860, México
| | - E Palacios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, México.
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Augusto A, Greene LJ, Laure HJ, Mcnamara JC. Adaptive shifts in osmoregulatory strategy and the invasion of freshwater by brachyuran crabs: evidence fromDilocarcinus pagei (Trichodactylidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 307:688-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ip YK, Chew SF, Randall DJ. Five tropical air-breathing fishes, six different strategies to defend against ammonia toxicity on land. Physiol Biochem Zool 2005; 77:768-82. [PMID: 15547795 DOI: 10.1086/422057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most tropical fishes are ammonotelic, producing ammonia and excreting it as NH3 by diffusion across the branchial epithelia. Hence, those air-breathing tropical fishes that survive on land briefly or for an extended period would have difficulties in excreting ammonia when out of water. Ammonia is toxic, but some of these air-breathing fishes adopt special biochemical adaptations to ameliorate the toxicity of endogenous ammonia accumulating in the body. The amphibious mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri, which is very active on land, reduces ammonia production by suppressing amino acid catabolism (strategy 1) during aerial exposure. It can also undergo partial amino acid catabolism, leading to the accumulation of alanine (strategy 2) to support locomotory activities on land. In this case, alanine formation is not an ammonia detoxification process but reduces the production of endogenous ammonia. The snakehead Channa asiatica, which exhibits moderate activities on land although not truly amphibious, accumulates both alanine and glutamine in the muscle, with alanine accounting for 80% of the deficit in reduction in ammonia excretion during air exposure. Unlike P. schlosseri, C. asiatica apparently cannot reduce the rates of protein and amino acid catabolism and is incapable of utilizing partial amino acid catabolism to support locomotory activities on land. Unlike alanine formation, glutamine synthesis (strategy 3) represents an ammonia detoxification mechanism that, in effect, removes the accumulating ammonia. The four-eyed sleeper Bostrichyths sinensis, which remains motionless during aerial exposure, detoxifies endogenous ammonia to glutamine for storage. The slender African lungfish Protopterus dolloi, which can aestivate on land on a mucus cocoon, has an active ornithine-urea cycle and converts endogenous ammonia to urea (strategy 4) for both storage and subsequent excretion. Production of urea and glutamine are energetically expensive and appear to be adopted by fishes that remain relatively inactive on land. The Oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, which actively burrows into soft mud during drought, manipulates the pH of the body surface to facilitate NH3 volatilization (strategy 5) and develops high ammonia tolerance at the cellular and subcellular levels (strategy 6) during aerial exposure. Hence, with regard to excretory nitrogen metabolism, modern tropical air-breathing fishes exhibit a variety of strategies to survive on land, and they represent a spectrum of specimens through which we may examine various biochemical adaptations that would have facilitated the invasion of the terrestrial habitat by fishes during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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Freire CA, Cavassin F, Rodrigues EN, Torres AH, McNamara JC. Adaptive patterns of osmotic and ionic regulation, and the invasion of fresh water by the palaemonid shrimps. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 136:771-8. [PMID: 14613804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate trends in the osmoregulatory behavior of neotropical, palaemonid shrimps, we investigated osmotic and ionic regulatory patterns in five species of Palaemon or Macrobrachium. The species' life histories depend on saline water to differing degrees, their habitats ranging from the marine/intertidal (P. northropi), through estuaries (P. pandaliformis) to coastal, freshwater streams (M. olfersii, M. potiuna) and inland, continental river systems (M. brasiliense). Hemolymph osmolality, chloride, sodium and magnesium concentrations were measured in shrimps exposed to experimental media ranging from fresh water (<0.5 per thousand ) to concentrated seawater (42 per thousand ) for up to 10 days. The marine and estuarine Palaemon species exhibit well-developed hyper/hypo-osmotic, sodium and chloride regulatory capabilities in mid-range salinities, tending to hyperconform in low salinities. The freshwater Macrobrachium species show variable hyperosmotic, sodium and chloride regulatory capacities, tending to hypoconform or unable to survive at higher salinities. All species hyper-regulate magnesium in fresh water, but hyporegulate strongly in saline media. Palaemonids from the saline habitats show the strongest osmoregulatory capabilities, and fresh water may have been gradually invaded by ancestral species with similar regulatory capacity. However, this regulatory plasticity has been lost to varying degrees in extant freshwater species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Freire
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil.
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Luquet CM, Postel U, Halperin J, Urcola MR, Marques R, Siebers D. Transepithelial potential differences and Na+ flux in isolated perfused gills of the crabChasmagnathus granulatus(Grapsidae) acclimated to hyper- and hypo-salinity. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:71-7. [PMID: 11818413 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe studied the transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) and 22Na flux across isolated perfused gills (anterior pair 5 and posterior pairs 6–8) of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus acclimated to either hypo- or hyper-osmotic conditions.The gills of crabs acclimated to low salinity, perfused and bathed with 10 ‰ saline solutions, produced the following TEPDs (hemolymph side with respect to bath side): 0.4±0.7, –10.2±1.6, –10.8±1.3 and –6.7±1.3 mV for gills 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. Gills 6, 7 and 8 did not differ significantly. Reducing the saline concentration of bath and perfusate from 30 ‰ to 20 ‰ or 10 ‰ increased significantly the TEPDs of these gills. TEPDs of gill 6 (representative of posterior gills) were reduced by 69±5 % and 60±5 % after perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 (5 mmol l–1 each), respectively. The same gill showed a net ouabain-sensitive Na+ influx of 1150±290 μequiv g–1 h–1.Gill 6 of crabs acclimated to high salinity produced TEPDs of –1.5±0.1 and –1.3±0.09 mV after perfusion with 30 ‰ or 40 ‰ salines, respectively. Perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 reduced TEPDs by 76±7 % and 86±4 %, respectively. A net ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux of 2282±337 μequiv g–1 h–1 was recorded in gill 6 perfused with 38 ‰ saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Luquet
- Department of Biological Sciences, FCEN University of Buenos Aires, Building II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Whiteley NM, Scott JL, Breeze SJ, McCann L. Effects of water salinity on acid-base balance in decapod crustaceans. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:1003-11. [PMID: 11171423 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.5.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular acid-base balance in decapod crustaceans is influenced by water salinity, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In euryhaline crabs, a decrease in salinity results in a metabolic alkalosis in the haemolymph and an increase in salinity results in a metabolic acidosis. Alterations in acid-base status by external changes in salinity are thought to be secondary to the adjustments required for ionic and osmotic regulation. In the present study, acid-base adjustments in the haemolymph of Eriocheir sinensis after transfer to 30 % sea water accompanied alterations in muscle pH and [HCO(3)(−)], as an initial acidosis coincided with an alkalosis in the leg muscle. By 48 h transfer, haemolymph pH increased as muscle pH and HCO(3)(−) declined. Haemolymph [Cl(−)] decreased significantly 3 h after transfer to a new steady state but haemolymph [Na(+)] and muscle [Na(+)] and [Cl(−)] remained unchanged. Muscle free amino acid concentration increased twofold 6 h after transfer, followed by a 2.5-fold increase in the haemolymph after 24 h. In contrast, 30 % sea water had no effect on haemolymph acid-base adjustments in the osmoconforming crab, Necora puber, which lacks ion and osmo-regulatory mechansims. Collectively these observations support the view that salinity-induced alterations in acid-base status are caused by adjustments consistent with cell volume regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Lang F, Busch GL, Ritter M, Völkl H, Waldegger S, Gulbins E, Häussinger D. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:247-306. [PMID: 9457175 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells have to avoid excessive alterations of cell volume that jeopardize structural integrity and constancy of intracellular milieu. The function of cellular proteins seems specifically sensitive to dilution and concentration, determining the extent of macromolecular crowding. Even at constant extracellular osmolarity, volume constancy of any mammalian cell is permanently challenged by transport of osmotically active substances across the cell membrane and formation or disappearance of cellular osmolarity by metabolism. Thus cell volume constancy requires the continued operation of cell volume regulatory mechanisms, including ion transport across the cell membrane as well as accumulation or disposal of organic osmolytes and metabolites. The various cell volume regulatory mechanisms are triggered by a multitude of intracellular signaling events including alterations of cell membrane potential and of intracellular ion composition, various second messenger cascades, phosphorylation of diverse target proteins, and altered gene expression. Hormones and mediators have been shown to exploit the volume regulatory machinery to exert their effects. Thus cell volume may be considered a second message in the transmission of hormonal signals. Accordingly, alterations of cell volume and volume regulatory mechanisms participate in a wide variety of cellular functions including epithelial transport, metabolism, excitation, hormone release, migration, cell proliferation, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lang
- Institute of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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El Babili M, Bodennec J, Carsol M, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G. Effects of Temperature and Intracellular pH on the Sphingomyelin Metabolism in the Gills of Crab, Carcinus maenas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(96)00322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Welcomme L, Devos P. Immunological identification and biochemical characterization of a glucose transporter in the posterior gills of the crabCarcinus maenas (L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402680306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Compere P, Wanson S, Pequeux A, Gilles R, Goffinet G. Ultrastructural changes in the gill epithelium of the green crab Carcinus maenas in relation to the external salinity. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:299-318. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1988] [Revised: 12/29/1988] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Johnson I. The effects of combinations of heavy metals, hypoxia and salinity on ion regulation in Crangon crangon (L.) and Carcinus maenas (L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Gilles R, Pequeux A, Bianchini A. Physiological aspects of NaCl movements in the gills of the euryhaline crab, Eriocheir sinensis, acclimated to fresh water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)91028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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The transepithelial potential difference of isolated perfused gills of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to fresh water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)91074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Welcomme L, Devos P. Cytochrome c oxidase and Na+-K+ ATPase activities in the anterior and posterior gills of the shore crab Carcinus maenas l. After adaptation to various salinities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bianchini A, Pequeux A, Gilles R. Effects of TAP and DPC on the transepithelial potential difference of isolated perfused gills of the fresh water acclimated crab, Eriocheir sinensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)91122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zatta P. The relationship between plasma proteins and intracellular free amino acids during osmotic regulation inCarcinus maenas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402420203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Volume Regulation in Cells of Euryhaline Invertebrates. CELL VOLUME CONTROL: FUNDAMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS IN ANIMAL CELLS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Cl− fluxes across isolated, perfused gills of the chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis (M.Edw.) acclimated to fresh water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Burton RS. Incorporation of14C-bicarbonate into the free amino acid pool during hyperosmotic stress in an intertidal copepod. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402380107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Gilles R, Pequeux A. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of NaCl transport in crustaceans gills∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008609355501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Gilles R, Delpire E, Duchene C, Cornet M, Pequeux A. The effect of cytochalasin B on the volume regulation response of isolated axons of the green crab Carcinus maenas submitted to hypo-osmotic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Graney RL, Giesy JP. Seasonal changes in the free amino acid pool of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield (Crustacea: Amphipoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Gilles R, Péqueux AJR. Ion Transport in Crustacean Gills: Physiological and Ultrastructural Approaches. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70613-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Harris R, Andrews M. Total NFS pool and ammonia net efflux rate changes in Carcinus maenas during acclimation to low environmental salinity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dykens JA, Mangum CP. The regulation of body fluid volume in the estuarine annelidNereis succinea. J Comp Physiol B 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00684415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wanson S, Pequeux A, Roer R. Na+ regulation and (Na++ K+)ATPase activity in the euryhaline fiddler crab Uca minax (Le conte). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Burton RS, Feldman MW. Physiological effects of an allozyme polymorphism: glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and response to hyperosmotic stress in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Biochem Genet 1983; 21:239-51. [PMID: 6860293 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to regulate cell volume during hyperosmotic stress, the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus, like other aquatic crustaceans, rapidly accumulates high levels of intracellular alanine, proline, and glycine. Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT; EC 2.6.1.2), which catalyzes the final step of alanine synthesis, is genetically polymorphic in T. californicus populations at Santa Cruz, California. Spectrophotometric studies of homogenates derived from a homozygous isofemale line of each of the two common GPT alleles indicated that the GPTF allozyme has a significantly higher specific activity than the GPTS allozyme. Under conditions of hyperosmotic stress, individual adult copepods of GPTF and GPTF/S genotypes accumulated alanine, but not glycine or proline, more rapidly than GPTS homozygotes. When young larvae were subjected to the same hyperosmotic conditions, GPTS larvae suffered a significantly higher mortality than GPTF or GPTF/S larvae. These results suggest that the biochemical differences among GPT allozymes result in specific physiological variation among GPT genotypes and that this physiological variation is manifested in differential genotypic survivorships under some naturally occurring environmental conditions.
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Moreira GS, McNamara JC, Shumway SE, Moreira PS. Osmoregulation and respiratory metabolism in brazilian Macrobrachium (Decapoda, palaemonidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Burton RS, Feldman MW. Changes in free amino acid concentrations during osmotic response in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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