1
|
Takasaki R, Kobayashi Y. Anatomical description of neornithine stomach with implications on neornithine stomach morphology. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39152707 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neornithines, the most diversified extant tetrapods, have been a classic example for understanding form-function relationships, particularly in the context of the interaction between dietary ecology and neornithine phenotypic evolution. While the previous studies have primarily focused on beak morphology, the significance of the neornithine stomach, which serves as a functional analog of mammalian dentition, is expected to play an important role as well. However, current knowledge on neornithine stomachs is predominantly biased toward poultry and birds of prey, leading to a significant underappreciation of its impact on macroevolution. Here, we provide detailed descriptions of neornithine stomachs represented by 115 species of major orders and test if and how neornithine stomachs are related to their dietary ecology. We identified four morphotypes among neornithine stomachs, which are strongly constrained phylogenetically. While the neornithine diet demonstrates strong associations with stomach morphotypes, the associations are small or absent when accounting for the phylogeny in statistical evaluations. Similarly, the neornithine diet has negligible effects on their ventriculus mass under the analyses with phylogenetic correction. The results resemble a recent finding that a neornithine diet has no effect on intestine length when accounting for phylogeny, but rather flight performance does. Thus, the present study further supports the previous findings that dietary specialization in neornithine birds closely follows phylogeny, making functional convergence across taxa difficult to detect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Takasaki
- Department of Natural History and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Biosphere-Geosphere Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garçon CJJ, Ellis JL, Powell CD, Navarro Villa A, Garcia Ruiz AI, France J, de Vries S. A dynamic model to measure retention of solid and liquid digesta fractions in chickens fed diets with differing fibre sources. Animal 2023; 17:100867. [PMID: 37329845 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibres impact multiple digestive processes, and insights into the effects of various types of fibre on digesta retention time are required to optimise current feed formulation systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to apply a dynamic modelling approach to generate estimates for the retention time of solid and liquid digesta in broilers fed different fibre sources. A maize-wheat-soybean meal control diet was compared against three diets in which wheat was partially substituted with oat hulls, rice husks, or sugar beet pulp (3% w/w). Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility was evaluated in broilers between 23 and 25 days of age (n = 60 birds/treatment) using titanium dioxide (TiO2, 0.5 g/kg) as a marker, after feeding the experimental diets for 21 days. Digesta mean retention time (MRT) was measured in another 108 birds at 30 days of age by the administration of an oral pulse dose of chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) as solid marker and Cobalt-EDTA as liquid marker, and subsequent measurement of marker recovery in compartments of the digestive tract (n = 2 or 3 replicate birds/time point/treatment). Marker recovery models to estimate fractional passage rates for solid and liquid digesta in crop, gizzard, small intestine, and caeca compartments of the gastrointestinal tract were developed to predict MRT of solid and liquid digesta for each dietary treatment. The models were composed of a series of first-order differential equations, representing the variation of marker concentration in a compartment over time. Estimated MRT of solid and liquid digesta in the gizzard varied from 20 min for oat hulls and 34 min for rice husks diets to 14 min for sugar beet pulp and 12 min for control diets. In the caeca, liquid MRT was decreased compared to the control diet (989 min) for the sugar beet pulp diet (516 min), while it was increased for both the oat hulls and rice husks diets (≈1 500 min). Overall, these estimates are greater than those previously reported, suggesting that liquid digesta retention in the caeca previously has been underestimated. Digestibility of total NSP was increased by dietary fibre inclusion, regardless of the fibre type, although degradation of constituent sugars of NSP varied among diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of fibre sources at a low level (3% w/w) in the diet of broiler modulated retention time mainly in the gizzard and caeca, and increased digestibility of NSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J J Garçon
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J L Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C D Powell
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Navarro Villa
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM-4004 km 10.5, El Viso de San Juan, Toledo 45950, Spain
| | - A I Garcia Ruiz
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM-4004 km 10.5, El Viso de San Juan, Toledo 45950, Spain
| | - J France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bogomolnaya L, Talamantes M, Rocha J, Nagarajan A, Zhu W, Spiga L, Winter MG, Konganti K, Adams LG, Winter S, Andrews-Polymenis H. Taxonomic and Metagenomic Analyses Define the Development of the Microbiota in the Chick. mBio 2023; 14:e0244422. [PMID: 36475774 PMCID: PMC9973254 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02444-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicks are ideal to follow the development of the intestinal microbiota and to understand how a pathogen perturbs this developing population. Taxonomic/metagenomic analyses captured the development of the chick microbiota in unperturbed chicks and in chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STm) during development. Taxonomic analysis suggests that colonization by the chicken microbiota takes place in several waves. The cecal microbiota stabilizes at day 12 posthatch with prominent Gammaproteobacteria and Clostridiales. Introduction of S. Typhimurium at day 4 posthatch disrupted the expected waves of intestinal colonization. Taxonomic and metagenomic shotgun sequencing analyses allowed us to identify species present in uninfected chicks. Untargeted metabolomics suggested different metabolic activities in infected chick microbiota. This analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on ingesta confirmed that lactic acid in cecal content coincides with the stable presence of enterococci in STm-infected chicks. Unique metabolites, including 2-isopropylmalic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, were present only in the cecal content of STm-infected chicks. The metagenomic data suggested that the microbiota in STm-infected chicks contained a higher abundance of genes, from STm itself, involved in branched-chain amino acid synthesis. We generated an ilvC deletion mutant (STM3909) encoding ketol-acid-reductoisomerase, a gene required for the production of l-isoleucine and l-valine. ΔilvC mutants are disadvantaged for growth during competitive infection with the wild type. Providing the ilvC gene in trans restored the growth of the ΔilvC mutant. Our integrative approach identified biochemical pathways used by STm to establish a colonization niche in the chick intestine during development. IMPORTANCE Chicks are an ideal model to follow the development of the intestinal microbiota and to understand how a pathogen perturbs this developing population. Using taxonomic and metagenomic analyses, we captured the development of chick microbiota to 19 days posthatch in unperturbed chicks and in chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STm). We show that normal development of the microbiota takes place in waves and is altered in the presence of a pathogen. Metagenomics and metabolomics suggested that branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis is especially important for Salmonella growth in the infected chick intestine. Salmonella mutants unable to make l-isoleucine and l-valine colonize the chick intestine poorly. Restoration of the pathway for biosynthesis of these amino acids restored the colonizing ability of Salmonella. Integration of multiple analyses allowed us to correctly identify biochemical pathways used by Salmonella to establish a niche for colonization in the chick intestine during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bogomolnaya
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Deparment of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Marissa Talamantes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joana Rocha
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aravindh Nagarajan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luisella Spiga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria G. Winter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastian Winter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Helene Andrews-Polymenis
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
MacPherson J, Weinrauch AM, Anderson WG, Bucking C. The gut microbiome may influence post-prandial nitrogen handling in an elasmobranch, the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111269. [PMID: 35820643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen recycling through the gut microbiome is an important mechanism used throughout vertebrates to reclaim valuable nitrogen trapped in urea. Evidence suggests it may be especially important in nitrogen limited animals, yet little is known about its role in marine elasmobranchs, which are said to be severely nitrogen limited. In the present study we used antibiotics to deplete the gut microbiome of Pacific spiny dogfish and assessed the role of the microbiome in nitrogen handling in both fed and fasted states. In fed animals, antibiotic treatment eliminated the activity of the microbial enzyme urease and reduced cellulase activity by 78%. This reduction in microbial enzyme activity resulted in significantly lower plasma urea levels which then trended upward as urea excretion rates decreased. Ammonia excretion rates were also significantly lower in antibiotic treated fish compared to the control fed. Finally, antibiotic treated fed individuals lost an average of 7.4% of their body mass while the fed controls lost only 1.8% of their body mass. Nitrogen handling in fasted animals was not significantly impacted by a reduction in microbial activity. These results suggest that compromising the gut microbiome significantly influences post-prandial nitrogen handling in spiny dogfish, and that the recycling of urea‑nitrogen may be vital to maintaining nitrogen balance in these fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jess MacPherson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Alyssa M Weinrauch
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Carol Bucking
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada; York University, Department of Biology, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reflux of 15N-labeled uric acid after intracloacal infusion in broiler chickens fed low- or high-protein diets. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101724. [PMID: 35196586 PMCID: PMC8866718 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflux of urine from the cloaca into the ceca provides chickens with a mechanism for recycling of urinary-Nitrogen (N) in a way analogous to urea recycling in mammals. However, it is unknown if reflux has substantial relevance in current poultry husbandry, where birds are fed ad libitum and have high protein intake. To evaluate the fate of urinary-N in ad libitum-fed broiler chickens, 15-day-old broilers were assigned to a high (21.9% CP, n = 22) or low (10.2 % CP, n = 22) protein diet. At 25 d of age, 20 broilers per dietary treatment were infused into the cloaca with a pulse dose of 107 mg [1,3-15N]-uric acid. N-contents and 15N-enrichment in digesta, blood plasma, and body tissues were measured at 5, 30, 60, 90, 150, 300, 450, 600, 1,200, or 1,800 min after administration (n = 2 /time-point /diet). Two broilers per dietary treatment were infused with saline and served as control to analyze background 15N-enrichment. The average total recovery (% of infused (w/w)) of 15N from infused uric acid in all body tissues was low (2.9 ± 0.62 %), of which the largest proportion was found in carcass tissue (2.5 ± 0.60%). 15N-enrichment was greatest in intestinal tissues. Even at 1,200 min, 15N-enrichment of ceca (0.46 ± 0.169 APE) and colon (0.13 ± 0.159 APE) digesta was considerably exceeding background enrichment. 15N-enrichment in excess of background enrichment in cecum and colon digesta (10-fold, P < 0.05), and 15N recovery in intestinal tissues (4-fold, P < 0.01) were greater in birds fed the low protein diet compared with the high protein diet, speculatively pointing out differences in the occurrence of reflux, incorporation of uric acid-N derivatives in intestinal tissues by first-pass metabolism, and a prolonged digesta retention time in protein deficient birds. In conclusion, these data confirm that uric acid-N infused in the cloaca can be refluxed and used for body N-deposition, but its contribution to whole body protein metabolism in broilers is probably limited.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chuluunbaatar T, Ichii O, Nakamura T, Irie T, Namba T, Islam MR, Otani Y, Masum MA, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Unique Running Pattern and Mucosal Morphology Found in the Colon of Cotton Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 11:587214. [PMID: 33192600 PMCID: PMC7649294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton rats are one of the experimental rodents used for testing different infectious and non-infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal tract pathology. However, their intestinal morphological characteristics are still poorly understood. Here, we clarified the anatomical and histological characteristics of the cecum and ascending colon (AC) of young (1–3-month old), adult (4–6-month old), and old (10–12-month old) cotton rats. The large intestine (LI) in cotton rats is composed of the cecum, AC, transverse and descending colons, and rectum, and is similar to that of other mammals. The AC begins with a double or triple spiral loop-like flexure (SLLF) and ends with a coupled horseshoe-like flexure (HSLF). A single longitudinal mucosal fold (SLMF) was found at the beginning of the AC along the mesentery line and developed with age. Furthermore, the SLMF contained several lymphatic nodules (LNs), indicating their role in digestive and immunological functions. Small and large protuberant LNs were found in the cecum and SLLF, respectively, whereas thin and flat LNs were observed in the HSLF and transverse colon, respectively. Regarding sex-related differences, adult females had a significantly longer AC with a higher number of SLLFs compared to males. The SLMF length and LN number were also longer and higher, respectively, in adult females compared to adult males. These are crucial findings, indicating the presence of sex-related differences in the morphology of the LI in cotton rats, and ours is the first study to discover a sex difference in the mammalian LI lining. Our study clarified the unique morphology of the LI in cotton rats, which could serve as the principal model for elucidating species-specific digestive tract functions and gastrointestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsolmon Chuluunbaatar
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Basic Science of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Namba
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
De Cuyper A, Clauss M, Hesta M, Cools A, Bosch G, Hendriks WH, Janssens GPJ. Are carnivore digestive separation mechanisms revealed on structure-rich diets?: Faecal inconsistency in dogs (Canis familiaris) fed day old chicks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192741. [PMID: 29432482 PMCID: PMC5809083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pronounced variations in faecal consistency have been described anecdotally for some carnivore species fed a structure-rich diet. Typically two faecal consistencies are distinguished, namely hard and firm versus liquid and viscous faeces. It is possible that a separation mechanism is operating in the carnivore digestive tract, as in many herbivore species. Six beagle dogs were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over design of 7 days. Test diets consisted of chunked day old chicks differing only in particle size (fine = 7.8 mm vs coarse = 13 mm) in order to vary dietary structure. Digestive retention time was measured using titanium oxide (TiO2) as marker. The total faecal output was scored for consistency and faecal fermentation profiles were evaluated through faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia (NH3) analyses. A total of 181 faecal samples were collected. Dietary particle size did not affect faecal consistency, fermentative end products nor mean retention time (MRT). However, a faecal consistency dichotomy was observed with firm faeces (score 2-2.5) and soft faeces (score 4-4.5) being the most frequently occurring consistencies in an almost alternating pattern in every single dog. Firm and soft faeces differed distinctively in fermentative profiles. Although the structure difference between diets did not affect the faecal dichotomy, feeding whole prey provoked the occurrence of the latter which raises suspicion of a digestive separation mechanism in the canine digestive tract. Further faecal characterisation is however required in order to unravel the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Cuyper
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hummel J, Scheurich F, Ortmann S, Crompton LA, Gerken M, Clauss M. Comparative selective retention of particle size classes in the gastrointestinal tract of ponies and goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:429-439. [PMID: 28696048 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a discrepancy in the literature on potential digesta separation mechanisms in horses, with both a selective retention of fine and of large particles postulated in different publications. To assess the net effect of such mechanisms, we fed ponies on a hay-only diet a pulse dose of whole (unchopped) marked hay together with a solute marker, collected faeces on a regular basis, measured marker concentrations in whole faeces and in their large (2.0-16 mm), medium (0.5-1.0 mm) and small (0.063-0.25 mm) particle fraction, and calculated the corresponding mean retention times (MRTs). For comparison, the same experiment was performed in goats. In goats, as expected, MRTsolute (35 hr) was significantly shorter than MRTparticle (51 hr); only a very small fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (2%); and the MRT of these large particles was significantly shorter than that of small particles (with a relevant difference of 8.6 hr), indicating that those few large particles that escape the rumen do so mostly soon after ingestion. In ponies, MRTsolute (24 hr) did not differ from MRTparticle (24 hr); a higher fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (5%); and the MRT of these large particles was longer than that of small particles (but with a non-relevant difference of less than 1 hr). These results indicate that no relevant net separation of digesta phases occurs in horses and that selective particle retention mechanisms in the large intestine are unlikely to represent important characteristics of the horse's digestive physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Scheurich
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - L A Crompton
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frei S, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Digesta retention patterns in geese (Anser anser) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and deduced function of avian caeca. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
de Vries S, Kwakkel R, Pustjens A, Kabel M, Hendriks W, Gerrits W. Separation of digesta fractions complicates estimation of ileal digestibility using marker methods with Cr2 O3 and cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2010-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
12
|
|
13
|
McWhorter TJ, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:533-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Björnhag G, Snipes RL. Colonic Separation Mechanism in Lagomorph and Rodent Species - a Comparison. ZOOSYST EVOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.19990750208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
15
|
|
16
|
Singer MA. Do mammals, birds, reptiles and fish have similar nitrogen conserving systems? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:543-58. [PMID: 12670782 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Comparative physiological studies are a powerful tool for revealing common animal adaptations. Amino acid catabolism produces ammonia which is detoxified through the synthesis of urea (mammals, some fish), uric acid (birds), or urea and uric acid (reptiles). In mammalian herbivores and omnivores, urea nitrogen is salvaged by a series of steps involving urea transfer into the intestine, microbial mediated urea hydrolysis with synthesis of amino acids utilizing the liberated ammonia and transfer of the amino acids back to the host. A similar series of steps occur in omnivorous/granivorous and herbivorous birds, although in this case urine, containing uric acid, is refluxed directly into the intestine where microbes degrade the uric acid and utilize the liberated ammonia for amino acid synthesis. These amino acids are transferred back to the host. In reptiles and ureotelic fish not all of these steps have been experimentally confirmed. Reptiles like birds, reflux urine into the intestine where it is exposed to the microflora. However, the capacity of these microbes to breakdown the uric acid and urea and utilize ammonia for amino acid synthesis has not been documented. Ureotelic fish transfer urea into the intestine where urease (presumably of bacterial origin) hydrolyzes the urea. However, the amino acid synthesizing capacity of the intestinal microflora has not been studied. The series of steps, as outlined, would define the prevailing nitrogen conservation system for herbivores and omnivores at least. However, it would appear that some animals, in particular the fruit-eating bat and perhaps the fruit-eating bird, may have evolved alternative, as yet uncharacterized, adaptations to a very limited nitrogen intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Singer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Etherington Hall, Ont., K7L 3N6, Kingston, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Comparative Effect of Cecal Ligation and Colostomy on Nitrogen Utilization in Chickens Fed Low Protein or Urea-Supplemented Low Protein Diets. J Poult Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.40.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
Use of artificially applied n-alkanes as markers for the estimation of digestibility, food selection and intake in pigeons (Columba livia). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Son JH, Karasawa Y. Effects of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2001; 42:130-3. [PMID: 11337962 DOI: 10.1080/713655023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of caecal ligation and colostomy on water intake and excretion were examined in chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea. 2. When fed a low-protein diet, the water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were increased by colostomy (P < 0.05) but not changed further by caecal ligation of colostomised chickens. 3. When fed a low-protein diet supplemented with urea, the amount of water intake and the ratio of water intake to food intake were not changed by either treatment. 4. Total water excretion was much higher in the colostomised plus caeca-ligated chickens than in other 3 groups fed both types of diet (P < 0.05). 5. The amount of faecal water excretion was increased by cecal ligation in colostomised chickens fed either diet (P < 0.01). 6. No effect of any treatment on water balance was observed in chickens fed either diet. 7. It is concluded that the lower intestine plays a useful role in the water economy of chickens fed a low-protein diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with urea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Son
- Shinshu University, Minamiminowa-mura, Nagano-ken, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Björnhag G, Snipes RL. Colonic Separation Mechanism in Lagomorph and Rodent Species — a Comparison. ZOOSYST EVOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.4850750208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
21
|
Karasawa Y. Significant role of the nitrogen recycling system through the ceca occurs in protein-depleted chickens. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1999; 283:418-25. [PMID: 10069037 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990301/01)283:4/5<418::aid-jez11>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of the ceca in nitrogen nutrition in chickens (Gallus domesticus). Urea is a very good nitrogen tracer for these studies. Little urea is synthesized by chickens due to the absence of carbamyl phosphate synthetase, an essential enzyme initiating the urea cycle. Urea is utilized by chickens when crystalline amino acid diets low in nonessential nitrogen or diets containing low concentrations of intact protein are fed, and most ureolytic activity is found in the ceca. Dietary urea was absorbed intact from the upper intestine of the chicken. The absorbed urea was excreted into ureteral urine that refluxed from the cloaca into the colon and ceca where urea was degraded to ammonia. Presumably the ammonia was incorporated into amino acids by cecal microorganisms and some urea, amino acids and proteins were absorbed from the ceca. These were utilized by the chickens. A beneficial role of ceca in the nitrogen metabolism in the chicken is, therefore, conservation of urinary nitrogen in protein-depleted chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Karasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Clench MH, Mathias JR. Myoelectric activity of the cecum in fed and fasted domestic fowl (Gallus sp.). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 115:253-7. [PMID: 8896345 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(96)00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To study cecal motility and its relation to the fed and fasted condition in domestic fowl, we sutured 7 miniature electrodes onto the ceca and ileum of 4 roosters. After recovery from the surgery, the birds received recordings of myoelectric activity for a total of 169 h while fasted and for 28 h while in the fed state. We found that single or brief clusters of action potentials (APs) occurred in the cecal smooth muscle at mean frequencies of 10.8 to 25.0/h, with the fewest when the lumen contained little food (after fasting > 24 h). Virtually all APs propagated, whether orad (toward the ileocecocolic junction) or retrograde (toward the cecal tip), with retrograde activity significantly more frequent (P < 0.001). Propagation velocity was rapid, varying from 8 to 750 cm/min (mean = 106 cm/min), being slower when birds were in the fed state. Thus, fasting resulted in fewer and more rapid APs and more that propagated toward the cecal tip. Motor activity was well coordinated between ceca, both organs showing essentially simultaneous spike activity; 72% of APs occurred within 8.1 s of each other. No relationship between ileal and cecal activity was apparent. Prominent slow waves were recorded in the ceca (5 to 5.5/min), the same slow-wave frequency as in the ileum (small intestine). From the results obtained here and from earlier studies, we conclude that the single or brief clusters of APs represent contractions that produce mixing of the luminal contents; occasional periods of protracted APs represent evacuation of cecal contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Clench
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evolutionary significance of foregut fermentation in the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin; Aves: Opisthocomidae). J Comp Physiol B 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00302119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|