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Braz HB, Barreto RDSN, da Silva-Júnior LN, Horvath-Pereira BDO, da Silva TS, da Silva MD, Acuña F, Miglino MA. Evolutionary Patterns of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy and Implantation in Eutherian Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2077. [PMID: 39061539 PMCID: PMC11274353 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The implantation of the embryo into the maternal endometrium is a complex process associated with the evolution of viviparity and placentation in mammals. In this review, we provide an overview of maternal recognition of pregnancy signals and implantation modes in eutherians, focusing on their diverse mechanisms and evolutionary patterns. Different pregnancy recognition signals and implantation modes have evolved in eutherian mammals, reflecting the remarkable diversity of specializations in mammals following the evolution of viviparity. Superficial implantation is the ancestral implantation mode in Eutheria and its major clades. The other modes, secondary, partially, and primary interstitial implantation have each independently evolved multiple times in the evolutionary history of eutherians. Although significant progress has been made in understanding pregnancy recognition signals and implantation modes, there is still much to uncover. Rodents and chiropterans (especially Phyllostomidae) offer valuable opportunities for studying the transitions among implantation modes, but data is still scarce for these diverse orders. Further research should focus on unstudied taxa so we can establish robust patterns of evolutionary changes in pregnancy recognition signaling and implantation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo da Silva Nunes Barreto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leandro Norberto da Silva-Júnior
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.N.d.S.-J.); (B.d.O.H.-P.); (T.S.d.S.); (M.D.d.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília, Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Oliveira Horvath-Pereira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.N.d.S.-J.); (B.d.O.H.-P.); (T.S.d.S.); (M.D.d.S.)
| | - Thamires Santos da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.N.d.S.-J.); (B.d.O.H.-P.); (T.S.d.S.); (M.D.d.S.)
| | - Mônica Duarte da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.N.d.S.-J.); (B.d.O.H.-P.); (T.S.d.S.); (M.D.d.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Francisco Acuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina;
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Gadelha AIBB, de Oliveira MF, de Sousa ACFC, Diniz JARA, Lopes IRG, Fernandes BCC, Pereira AF, de Moura CEB. Extraembryonic membrane morphology in greater rheas ( Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2023; 142:1-16. [PMID: 37360222 PMCID: PMC10027282 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-023-00602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The greater rhea, Rhea americana, is a wild ratite of high scientific importance and significant and zootechnical value, especially considering the current development state of Brazilian poultry production, where research aimed at increasing the productivity of these animals has become extremely relevant. Studies concerning fetal attachments and embryonic development are paramount, as they can provide essential information concerning reproductive and nutritional animal management. However, a lack of information on greater rhea fetal morphology is noted. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to establish a standard model for fetal attachments in this species. Greater rhea eggs were incubated from 0 to 36 days, and macroscopic and microscopic embryonic attachment characterizations were performed. Histologically, all embryonic annexes exhibit germ layers, namely the ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (inner layer). The findings indicate that greater rhea development patterns are similar to other birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Indira Bezerra Barros Gadelha
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Masters Program in Development and Environment, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Moacir Franco de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
| | | | - João Augusto Rodrigues Alves Diniz
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Doctoral Program in Development and Environment, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Igor Renno Guimarães Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
- Doctoral Program in Development and Environment, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
| | | | - Alexsandra Fernandes Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte Mossoró, Brazil
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Acuña F, Portiansky EL, Miglino MA, Flamini MA, Barbeito CG. Embryonic-placental relationship in Lagostomus maximus as compared to other hystricognath rodents and eutherian mammals. ZOOLOGY 2023; 158:126082. [PMID: 36905895 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive specializations in caviomorphs (infraorder Hystricognathi), are very peculiar within the Order Rodentia. These include long gestations, the birth of offspring with an extreme degree of precociality, and short lactation periods. This study describes the embryo-placental relationship of viable implantation sites (IS) of the plains viscacha, Lagostomus maximus, after 46 post-coital days. The observations recorded in this study are comparatively discussed with those of other hystricognaths and eutherians. At this stage, the embryo resembles that of other eutherians. At this time of embryo development, the placenta exhibits a size, shape, and organization similar to that it will have in its mature state. Besides, the subplacenta is already highly folded. These characteristics are adequate to sustain the development of future precocial offspring. The mesoplacenta, a structure present in other hystricognaths and related to uterine regeneration is described for the first time in this species. This detailed description of the placental and embryonic structure contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive and developmental biology of the viscacha, as well as that of hystricognaths. These characteristics will allow testing other hypotheses related to the morphology and physiology of the placenta and subplacenta, and their relationship with the growth and development of precocial offspring in Hystricognathi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Acuña
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Enrique Leo Portiansky
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Angélica Miglino
- Departamento de Cirugia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária y Zootecnia, Universidade de San Pablo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirta Alicia Flamini
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudio Gustavo Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Imakawa K, Kusama K, Kaneko-Ishino T, Nakagawa S, Kitao K, Miyazawa T, Ishino F. Endogenous Retroviruses and Placental Evolution, Development, and Diversity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152458. [PMID: 35954303 PMCID: PMC9367772 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main roles of placentas include physical protection, nutrient and oxygen import, export of gasses and fetal waste products, and endocrinological regulation. In addition to physical protection of the fetus, the placentas must provide immune protection throughout gestation. These basic functions are well-conserved; however, placentas are undoubtedly recent evolving organs with structural and cellular diversities. These differences have been explained for the last two decades through co-opting genes and gene control elements derived from transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, the differences in placental structures have not been explained or characterized. This manuscript addresses the sorting of ERVs and their integration into the mammalian genomes and provides new ways to explain why placental structures have diverged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-96-386-2652
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Nakagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitao
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Coevolution, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Acuña F, Barbeito CG, Portiansky EL, Ranea G, Nishida F, Miglino MA, Flamini MA. Early and natural embryonic death in
Lagostomus maximus
: Association with the uterine glands, vasculature, and musculature. J Morphol 2020; 281:710-724. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Acuña
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LHYEDEC‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata Argentina
| | - Claudio G. Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LHYEDEC‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata Argentina
| | - Enrique L. Portiansky
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata Argentina
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LAI‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Ranea
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LHYEDEC‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
| | - Fabian Nishida
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT La Plata Argentina
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LAI‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
| | - María A. Miglino
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad de San Paulo San Pablo Brazil
| | - Mirta A. Flamini
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasUniversidad Nacional de La Plata (LHYEDEC‐FCV‐UNLP) La Plata Argentina
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Dudley JS, Murphy CR, Thompson MB, Mcallan BM. Uterine Receptivity in Merriam's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami
). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1928-1935. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Dudley
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Department of Anatomy and Histology; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Christopher R. Murphy
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Department of Anatomy and Histology; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Heydon-Laurence Building; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Bronwyn M. Mcallan
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Department of Anatomy and Histology; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Imakawa K, Nakagawa S. The Phylogeny of Placental Evolution Through Dynamic Integrations of Retrotransposons. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:89-109. [PMID: 28110755 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblasts, a major constituent of the placenta, are known to express genes derived from various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) as well as LTR retrotransposons. However, the evolutionary significance of ERV-derived genes involved in placental development has not been well characterized. In this review, we catalog the diverse morphology of placental structure among mammalian species with note of counterintuitive developments. We then detail the history of ancient placenta development with paternally expressed gene 10 (Peg10/Sirh1), Peg11/Sirh2, and Sirh7/Ldoc1 as LTR retrotransposons, followed by independent captures of ERV-env-related genes such as Syncytin-1, -2, -A, -B, -Rum1, and Fematrin-1 responsible for trophoblast cell fusion, resulting in multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast formation, and possibly morphological diversification of placentas. Because the endogenization of retroviral infections has occurred multiple times independently in different mammalian lineages, and some use the same molecules in their transcriptional activation, we speculate that ERV gene variants integrated into mammalian genomes in a locus-specific manner have replaced the genes previously responsible for cell fusion. Moreover, ERVs also work as transcriptional regulators of various genes such as interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes. The "baton pass" hypothesis suggests that evolutionary events caused by multiple successive retrotransposon integrations, possibly resulting in effective fusogenic activity, downstream gene transcription in a temporal and spatial manner, and/or increased diversity of placental structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imakawa
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama, Japan.
| | - S Nakagawa
- Biomedical Informatics Laboratory, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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da Anunciação ARA, Mess AM, Orechio D, Aguiar BA, Favaron PO, Miglino MA. Extracellular matrix in epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial and haemochorial placentation and its potential application for regenerative medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ARA da Anunciação
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - AM Mess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - D Orechio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - BA Aguiar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - PO Favaron
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - MA Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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9
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Doppler ultrasound of the placenta and maternal and fetal vessels during normal gestation in captive agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831). Theriogenology 2016; 86:1921-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Imakawa K, Nakagawa S, Miyazawa T. Baton pass hypothesis: successive incorporation of unconserved endogenous retroviral genes for placentation during mammalian evolution. Genes Cells 2015; 20:771-88. [PMID: 26442811 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well accepted that numerous RNAs derived from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are expressed in mammalian reproductive structures, particularly in the uterus, trophoblast, and placenta. Syncytin 1 and syncytin 2 in humans and syncytin A and syncytin B in mice are membrane proteins originating from Env genes of ERVs. These ERVs are involved in the fusion of trophoblast cells, resulting in multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast formation. Evidence accumulated indicates that syncytin-like fusogenic proteins are expressed in the placenta of rabbits, dogs/cats, ruminant ungulates, tenrecs, and opossums. The syncytin genes so far characterized are known to be endogenized to the host genome only within the past 12-80 million years, more recently than the appearance of mammalian placentas, estimated to be 160-180 million years ago. We speculate that ERVs including syncytin-like gene variants integrated into mammalian genomes in a locus-specific manner have replaced the genes previously responsible for cell fusion. We therefore propose the 'baton pass' hypothesis, in which multiple successive ERV variants 'take over' cell-fusion roles, resulting in increased trophoblast cell fusion, morphological variations in placental structures, and enhanced reproductive success in placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- Biomedical Informatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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11
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Imakawa K, Bai R, Fujiwara H, Kusama K. Conceptus implantation and placentation: molecules related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, lymphocyte homing, endogenous retroviruses, and exosomes. Reprod Med Biol 2015; 15:1-11. [PMID: 29259417 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes of conceptus implantation and placentation, unique to mammalian reproduction, have been extensively studied. It was once thought that processes of these events varied greatly, notably between invasive and noninvasive modes of implantation and/or placentation. Regardless of the mode of implantation, however, physiological and biochemical processes in conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium including the kinds of gene expression and their products are now considered not to differ so much. Recent progress has identified that in addition to the hormones, cytokines, proteases and cell adhesion molecules classically characterized, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, molecules related to lymphocyte homing, the expression of endogenous retroviruses and possibly exosomes are all required for the progression of conceptus implantation to placentation. In this review, therefore, new findings related to these events are integrated into the context of conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Rulan Bai
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine Science Kanazawa University 920-1192 Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
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12
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de Melo Bernardo A, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. The involvement of the proamnion in the development of the anterior amnion fold in the chicken. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92672. [PMID: 24647352 PMCID: PMC3960272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amnion was one of the most important evolutionary novelties in the animal kingdom, allowing independence of water for reproduction and subsequent exploration of terrestrial habitats, and is therefore an important structure to understand evolution. We have studied chicken amniogenesis using ex ovo culture systems and 3D-reconstructions of serially sectioned chicken embryos. We provide evidence for a transient depression of the head in the proamnion, forming a pouch, that positions the extraembryonic membranes dorsal to the head and that is fundamental for the correct formation of the amnion and chorion membranes. When this "sinking" process in the proamnion was blocked, the amnion/chorion did not form, even though the growth of the embryo per se seemed unaffected. Here, we give insight in the role of the proamnion in amniogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de Melo Bernardo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Mayor P, Guimarães D, López C. Functional morphology of the genital organs in the wild paca (Cuniculus paca) female. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 140:206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mayor P, Montes D, López-Plana C. Functional morphology of the female genital organs in the wild ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the functional morphology of genital organs of 45 wild female ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua (L., 1766)) in the Peruvian Amazon. The coati shows a seasonal reproductive pattern, with a concentration of births between January and March. The pregnancy rate during the reproductive season was 64.7%. Mean litter size was 4.2 fetuses and mean ovulation rate was 4.5 follicles per pregnant female, resulting in a low rate of embryo or oocyte mortality of 9.8%. The observed vaginal pattern in our study suggests that vaginal cytology could be a useful indicator for the phase of estrus. The present evaluation provides reproductive information that may be a key component in the development of management strategies for both captive and wild coati populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mayor
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Montes
- YAVACUS, Yavarí Conservación y Uso Sostenible, Iquitos, Peru
| | - C. López-Plana
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mancinelli E, Eatwell K, Meredith A. Successful Management of a Case of Pregnancy Failure in a Degu (Octodon degus). J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Carter AM, Enders AC, Jones CJP, Keovichit PK, Hugot JP. A new form of rodent placentation in the relict species, Laonastes aenigmamus (Rodentia: Diatomyidae). Placenta 2013; 34:548-58. [PMID: 23643068 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Laotian rock rat is a relict species in a sister group relationship to hystricognath rodents (Hystricognathi). We asked whether there were similarities in placentation that might reflect this relationship or differences that might cast light on the evolution of Hystricognathi. METHODS We examined the reproductive tract of nonpregnant (n = 5), early (n = 3) and mid to late gestation (n = 2) females. Selected characters were mapped to a phylogenetic tree to examine their evolution in rodents. RESULTS The chorionic placenta was discoid and labyrinthine with a spongy zone but without internal lobes. The interhemal region was hemodichorial with syncytiotrophoblast lining maternal blood spaces and an inner layer of vacuolated cytotrophoblast. There was no subplacenta. The yolk sac was well developed with a villous portion that faced the placental disk but no fibrovascular ring. There was a single fetus that very likely would be precocial at birth. DISCUSSION A lobulated labyrinth and the presence of a subplacenta and a fibrovascular ring emerged as synapomorphies for Hystricognathi. Laonastes, Ctenodactylus and stem Hystricognathi all had precocial young, whereas altriciality was the plesiomorphic condition for rodents. A hemomonochorial interhemal region was plesiomorphic for rodents and Hystricognathi, and the hemodichorial condition found in Laonastes, and possibly in Ctenodactylus, was unlike that of any rodent studied to date. CONCLUSION Similar to Hystricognathi, Laonastes bears precocial young, but this species lacks placental adaptations such as the subplacenta, suggesting they were evolved subsequent to a change in reproductive strategy in the common ancestor of Laonastes and Hystricognathi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Carter AM, Mess AM. Conservation of placentation during the tertiary radiation of mammals in South America. J Morphol 2013; 274:557-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Development of yolk sac inversion in Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus (Rodentia, Caviidae). Placenta 2012; 33:878-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Santos TC, Oliveira MF, Dantzer V, Miglino MA. Microvascularization on collared peccary placenta: a microvascular cast study [corrected] in late pregnancy. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:437-43. [PMID: 22775252 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microvascularization of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) placenta was studied by vascular casts and immunolocalization of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, to identify the three dimensional organization and vascular flow interrelation in the microvasculature between the maternal and fetal compartments of the placentae. The immunolocalization of vimentin in the vascular endothelium and in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels showed indented capillaries along the uterine epithelium and the trophoblast at the sides of complementary maternal and fetal microfolds, or rugae. This confers the three-dimensional structure observed in vascular casts. On the maternal side, casts demonstrated uterine folds coated by with primary and secondary ridges, and by areolae dispersed between these ridges. The arteriole runs through the center/middle of ridges, branching at the top into a microvascular network wall in a basket-like fashion. At the base of these baskets venules were formed. On the fetal side, arterioles branched centrally in the fetal rugae into a capillary network in a bulbous form, complementary to the opposite maternal depressions forming the baskets. At the base of the bulbous protrusions, the fetal venules arise. The blood vessel orientation in the materno-fetal interface of the placentae of collared peccaries suggests a blood flow pattern of the type countercurrent to cross current. The same pattern has been reported in domestic swine demonstrating that, even after 38 million years, the Tayassuidae and Suidae families exhibit similar placental morphology, which is here characterized at the microvascular level.
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Pregnancy in Hystricomorpha: gestational age and embryonic-fetal development of agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler 1831) estimated by ultrasonography. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1278-85. [PMID: 22898012 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-one pregnant agoutis, between Days 9 and 103 of gestation (Day 1 = day of detection of sperm in the vaginal smear), underwent B-mode ultrasonography; gestational sac diameter (GSD), crown-rump length (CRL), embryonic-fetal diameter (EFD), and placenta diameter (PD) were measured. There were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between GSD and CRL (r = 0.98), GSD and PD (r = 0.88), CRL and PD (r = 0.86), days of gestation (DG) and CRL (r = 0.85), and DG and PD (r = 0.73). The gestational sac was first observed on Day 14. The embryo was first seen on Day 18 in 9/31 of pregnant agoutis and on Day 22 in 20/31 of pregnant agoutis. Heartbeats were detected from the Day 25 and placentas were observed in 100% of the animals from Day 25. Early limb bud and ossification of the fetal skull were identified on Days 27 (15/31) and 45 (24/31), respectively. Fetal orientation (head and body) was evident from Day 40, the stomach, liver and lungs were identified on Day 50, the kidneys were reliably seen only on Day 55, and the aorta and vena cava were seen on Day 70. The fetal bowel and the urinary bladder were the last structures to be observed (Day 85). Ultrasonography was effective for early pregnancy diagnosis in agouti and for obtaining information on embryonic and fetal structures that could be used to predict gestational age and birth, thereby contributing to their reproductive management in captivity.
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Favaron P, Carter A, Mess A, de Oliveira M, Miglino M. An unusual feature of yolk sac placentation in Necromys lasiurus (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae). Placenta 2012; 33:578-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mess A. Character transformations and their functional significance as a key to the evolution of hystricognath Rodentia. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Flamini M, Portiansky E, Favaron P, Martins D, Ambrósio C, Mess A, Miglino M, Barbeito C. Chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in the plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) – A caviomorph rodent with natural polyovulation. Placenta 2011; 32:963-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Franco de Oliveira M, Favaron PO, Ambrósio CE, Miglino MA, Mess AM. Chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in Thrichomys laurentinus (Echimyidae) and the evolution of hystricognath rodents. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 318:13-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evolution and development of fetal membranes and placentation in amniote vertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Favaron PO, Carter AM, Ambrósio CE, Morini AC, Mess AM, de Oliveira MF, Miglino MA. Placentation in Sigmodontinae: a rodent taxon native to South America. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:55. [PMID: 21518439 PMCID: PMC3094283 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sigmodontinae, known as "New World rats and mice," is a large subfamily of Cricetidae for which we herein provide the first comprehensive investigation of the placenta. METHODS Placentas of various gestational ages ranging from early pregnancy to near term were obtained for five genera, i.e. Necromys, Euryoryzomys, Cerradomys, Hylaeamys, and Oligoryzomys. They were investigated by means of histology, immunohistochemistry, a proliferation marker, DBA-lectin staining and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The chorioallantoic placenta was organized in a labyrinthine zone, spongy zone and decidua and an inverted yolk sac persisted until term. The chorioallantoic placenta was hemotrichorial. The interhemal barrier comprised fetal capillary endothelium and three layers of trophoblast, an outermost, cellular layer and two syncytial ones, with interspersed trophoblast giant cells (TGC). In addition, accumulations of TGC occurred below Reichert's membrane. The junctional zone contained syncytial trophoblast, proliferative cellular trophoblast, glycogen cells and TGC that were situated near to the maternal blood channels. In three of the genera, TGC were also accumulated in distinct areas at the placental periphery. PAS-positive glycogen cells derived from the junctional zone invaded the decidua. Abundant maternal uNK cells with positive response to PAS, vimentin and DBA-lectin were found in the decidua. The visceral yolk sac was completely inverted and villous. CONCLUSION The general aspect of the fetal membranes in Sigmodontinae resembled that found in other cricetid rodents. Compared to murid rodents there were larger numbers of giant cells and in some genera these were seen to congregate at the periphery of the placental disk. Glycogen cells were found to invade the decidua but we did not identify trophoblast in the walls of the deeper decidual arteries. In contrast these vessels were surrounded by large numbers of uNK cells. This survey of wild-trapped specimens from five genera is a useful starting point for the study of placentation in an important subfamily of South American rodents. We note, however, that some of these rodents can be captive bred and recommend that future studies focus on the study of time dated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelipe O Favaron
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony M Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos E Ambrósio
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Morini
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Mess
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moacir F de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria A Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Mayor P, Bodmer R, Lopez-Bejar M. Functional anatomy of the female genital organs of the wild black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa) female in the Peruvian Amazon. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 123:249-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evolution and development of gas exchange structures in Mammalia: The placenta and the lung. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173 Suppl:S74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wilson LAB, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Heterochrony and patterns of cranial suture closure in hystricognath rodents. J Anat 2010; 214:339-54. [PMID: 19245501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sutures, joints that allow one bone to articulate with another through intervening fibrous connective tissue, serve as major sites of bone expansion during postnatal craniofacial growth in the vertebrate skull and represent an aspect of cranial ontogeny which may exhibit functional and phylogenetic correlates. Suture evolution among hystricognath rodents, an ecologically diverse group represented here by 26 species, is examined using sequence heterochrony methods, i.e. event pairing and PARSIMOV. Although minor nuances in suture closure sequence exist between species, the overall sequence was found to be conserved both across the hystricognath group and, to an increasing degree, within selected clades. At species level, suture closure pattern exhibited a significant positive correlation with patterns previously reported for hominoids. Patterns for most clades revealed the first sutures to close are those contacting the exoccipital, interparietal, and palatine bones. Heterochronic shifts were found along 19 of 35 branches within the hystricognath phylogeny. The number of shifts per node ranged from one to seven events and, overall, involved 21 of 34 suture sites. The topology generated by parsimony analyses of the event pair matrix yielded only one grouping that was congruent with the evolutionary relationships, compiled from morphological and molecular studies, taken as framework. Sutures contacting the exoccipital displayed the highest levels of most complete closure across all species. Level of suture closure is negatively correlated with cranial length (P < 0.05). Differing life history and locomotory strategies are coupled in part with differing suture closure patterns among several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Chuong EB, Tong W, Hoekstra HE. Maternal-fetal conflict: rapidly evolving proteins in the rodent placenta. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:1221-5. [PMID: 20123797 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting evolutionary interests between mother and offspring are hypothesized to drive an evolutionary arms race during mammalian pregnancy, and thus, positive selection may cause the rapid divergence of placental proteins that affect maternal or fetal fitness. We investigated the genomic consequences of placental expression in rodents and report that a substantial proportion (20.5%) of genes specifically expressed in the mature placenta are rapidly evolving. Moreover, we found that most rapidly evolving genes belong to just three pregnancy-related gene families: placental cathepsins, prolactins, and placental carcinoembryonic antigens. We then sequenced the most rapidly evolving gene, trophoblast-specific protein alpha (Tpbpa), in nine different Mus species/subspecies and found evidence of positive selection within the Mus lineage, with an excess of nonsynonymous changes clustering near a functionally important interaction site. Together, these results suggest that placental proteins, which mediate interactions between mother and offspring, often may be the targets of evolutionary conflict.
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Elliot MG, Crespi BJ. Phylogenetic evidence for early hemochorial placentation in eutheria. Placenta 2009; 30:949-67. [PMID: 19800685 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eutherian placenta is remarkable for its structural and functional variability. In order to construct and test comparative hypotheses relating ecological, behavioral and physiological traits to placental characteristics it is first necessary to reconstruct the historical course of placental evolution. Previous attempts to do so have yielded inconsistent results, particularly with respect to the early evolution of structural relationships between fetal and maternal circulatory systems. Here, we bring a battery of phylogenetic methods - including parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches - to bear on the question of placental evolution. All of these approaches are consistent in indicating that highly invasive hemochorial placentation, as found in human beings and numerous other taxa, was an early evolutionary innovation present in the most ancient ancestors of the living placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Elliot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
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Mess AM, Carter AM. Evolution of the interhaemal barrier in the placenta of rodents. Placenta 2009; 30:914-8. [PMID: 19692122 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent phylogenetic analysis achieved good resolution between the 5 suborders of rodent. As a novel finding it suggested a basal split that gave rise to a monophyletic group comprising Hystricomorpha and Sciuromorpha. We asked whether the new tree could cast light on the evolution of the interhaemal barrier in rodents where at least seven variants have been described. To supplement existing data we first examined the placenta of the common gundi, Ctenodactylus gundi. It was shown to be haemochorial with a single layer of syncytiotrophoblast in the interhaemal membrane but with nests of cytotrophoblast elsewhere. Next we used character mapping on the recent tree to determine the pattern of evolution of the placenta with respect to principal type (e.g. haemochorial) and the trophoblast found within the interhaemal barrier. This indicated that the common ancestor of living rodents had a haemochorial placenta and that there were two independent transformations to the endotheliochorial type. Moreover, the interhaemal barrier was found to have had a single layer of syncytial trophoblast in the common ancestor of rodents, a condition that was retained in the clade comprising Hystricomorpha and Sciuromorpha. In contrast the second clade shows multiple character transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mess
- Department of Research, Museum of Natural History, Leibniz-Community, Berlin, Germany
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Kanashiro C, Santos TC, Miglino MA, Mess AM, Carter AM. Growth and development of the placenta in the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:57. [PMID: 19493333 PMCID: PMC2702307 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The guinea pig is an attractive model for human pregnancy and placentation, mainly because of its haemomonochorial placental type, but is rather small in size. Therefore, to better understand the impact of body mass, we studied placental development in the capybara which has a body mass around 50 kg and a gestation period of around 150 days. We paid attention to the development of the lobulated arrangement of the placenta, the growth of the labyrinth in the course of gestation, the differentiation of the subplacenta, and the pattern of invasion by extraplacental trophoblast. METHODS Material was collected from six animals at pregnancy stages ranging from the late limb bud stage to mid gestation. Methods included latex casts, standard histology, immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS At the limb bud stage, the placenta was a pad of trophoblast covered by a layer of mesoderm from which fetal vessels were beginning to penetrate at folds in the surface. By 70 days, the placenta comprised areas of labyrinth (lobes) separated by interlobular areas. Placental growth resulted predominantly from proliferation of cellular trophoblast situated in nests at the fetal side of the placenta and along internally directed projections on fetal mesenchyme. Additional proliferation was demonstrated for cellular trophoblast within the labyrinth.Already at the limb bud stage, there was a prominent subplacenta comprising cellular and syncytial trophoblast with mesenchyme and associated blood vessels. At 90 days, differentiation was complete and similar to that seen in other hystricognath rodents. Overlap of fetal vessels and maternal blood lacunae was confirmed by latex injection of the vessels. At all stages extraplacental trophoblast was associated with the maternal arterial supply and consisted of cellular trophoblast and syncytial streamers derived from the subplacenta. CONCLUSION All important characteristics of placental development and organization in the capybara resembled those found in smaller hystricognath rodents including the guinea pig. These features apparently do not dependent on body size. Clearly, placentation in hystricognaths adheres to an extraordinarily stable pattern suggesting they can be used interchangeably as models of human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kanashiro
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Santos
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Mess
- Department of Research, Museum of Natural History, Leibniz-Community, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony M Carter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Enders AC. Reasons for diversity of placental structure. Placenta 2008; 30 Suppl A:S15-8. [PMID: 19007983 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many early embryonic stages are nearly indistinguishable in different Eutheria. However, implantation stages and placental morphological types vary tremendously. A number of factors favor this conflicting diversity. 1. Whereas embryo development takes place in the isolation of the amniotic cavity, the extraembryonic membranes of the conceptus develop in close association with the uterus of a genetically different organism. 2. Early conditions for the developing conceptus are anaerobic whereas later in development efficient aerobic conditions are essential for continued growth of the fetus. 3. Developing extraembryonic membranes have the potential to form two partially sequential placentas. The yolk sac can participate in forming a choriovitelline placenta, including an interhemal region, and can be adapted to various non-respiratory functions as gestation proceeds. Development of the chorioallantoic placenta begins later than the choriovitelline placenta but can overlap with this before supplanting it. The original development of the extraembryonic membranes occurs when the conceptus is sufficiently small that neither its nutritional requirements nor its respiratory needs are the burden to the maternal organism that they are later in gestation. Despite these developmental factors promoting different methods of forming the definitive placenta, the placental type is consistent within most families indicating that the divergence in placental structure accompanied evolution of differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Enders
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Bosco C, Buffet C. Immunohistochemical identification of the extravillous trophoblast during the placentation of the degu (Octodon degus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:534-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oliveira MF, Mess A, Ambrósio CE, Dantas CAG, Favaron PO, Miglino MA. Chorioallantoic placentation in Galea spixii (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Caviidae). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:39. [PMID: 18771596 PMCID: PMC2543018 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentas of guinea pig-related rodents are appropriate animal models for human placentation because of their striking similarities to those of humans. To optimize the pool of potential models in this context, it is essential to identify the occurrence of characters in close relatives. METHODS In this study we first analyzed chorioallantoic placentation in the prea, Galea spixii, as one of the guinea pig's closest relatives. Material was collected from a breeding group at the University of Mossoró, Brazil, including 18 individuals covering an ontogenetic sequence from initial pregnancy to term. Placentas were investigated by means of histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry (vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, cytokeration) and proliferation activity (PCNA). RESULTS Placentation in Galea is primarily characterized by an apparent regionalization into labyrinth, trophospongium and subplacenta. It also has associated growing processes with clusters of proliferating trophoblast cells at the placental margin, internally directed projections and a second centre of proliferation in the labyrinth. Finally, the subplacenta, which is temporarily supplied in parallel by the maternal and fetal blood systems, served as the center of origin for trophoblast invasion. CONCLUSION Placentation in Galea reveals major parallels to the guinea pig and other caviomorphs with respect to the regionalization of the placenta, the associated growing processes, as well as trophoblast invasion. A principal difference compared to the guinea pig occurred in the blood supply of the subplacenta. Characteristics of the invasion and expanding processes indicate that Galea may serve as an additional animal model that is much smaller than the guinea pig and where the subplacenta partly has access to both maternal and fetal blood systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir F Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Costa e Silva 59625-900, Caixa-Postal: 137, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mess
- Museum of Natural History, Department of Research, Humboldt-University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos E Ambrósio
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, no. 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos AG Dantas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Costa e Silva 59625-900, Caixa-Postal: 137, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Phelipe O Favaron
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, no. 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria A Miglino
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, no. 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
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Carter AM, Mess A. Evolution of the placenta and associated reproductive characters in bats. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:428-49. [PMID: 18481267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics indicate that the order Chiroptera is monophyletic and that one of four lineages of microbats (Rhinolophoidea) shares a common origin with megabats. Against this background we undertook a comprehensive analysis of placental evolution in bats. We defined a range of characters and character states associated with female reproduction, early development, placentation and the neonate. These were then mapped on a pre-existing hypothesis of bat relationships that represents the current view from molecular studies. Our purpose was threefold. First, on the assumption of bat monophyly, we wished to establish the stem species pattern of extant chiropterans. Secondly, we asked whether there are derived character conditions in support of a common origin for Rhinolophoidea and the megabats. Thirdly, we looked for evolutionary character transformations that characterize higher-level clades within Chiroptera, i.e. the megabats and the four lineages of microbats. The character condition occurring in the last common ancestor of Chiroptera was unequivocal for 21 of the 25 characters included in the analysis. The data did not offer support for a megabat-rhinolophoid clade or the implication that microbats are paraphyletic. However, analysis of early development, placentation and other reproductive parameters resulted in derived character conditions for the megabats as well as for each of the four major lineages of microbats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Carter
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Development of the Inverted Visceral Yolk Sac in Three Species of Caviids (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Caviidae). Placenta 2008; 29:748-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mess A, Carter AM. Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:769-79. [PMID: 17347003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chorioallantoic placenta is an organ of gaseous exchange that exhibits a high degree of structural diversity. One factor determining oxygen transfer across the placenta, the diffusion distance, is in part dependent on the number of cell layers separating maternal from fetal blood. This interhaemal barrier occurs in three principal variants. The focus of this review is on determining how the barrier evolved in placental mammals. The analysis was based on current knowledge of placental structure, as far as possible using ultrastructural data, and on current views about the evolution of placental mammals, derived from molecular phylogenetics. We show that epitheliochorial placentation, the least invasive type, is a derived state and discuss factors that may have determined its evolution with reference to conflict theory, as applied to the allocation of resources between mother and fetus. It is not yet possible to determine which of the two more invasive types of placentation occurred in the last common ancestor of crown placentals. Depending on tree topology and taxon sampling, the result achieved is either endotheliochorial, haemochorial or unresolved. Finally we discuss other factors important to placental gas exchange and point to physiological variables that might become amenable to phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mess
- Museum of Natural History, Department of Research, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, DE-10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Mess A. Chorioallantoic and Yolk Sac Placentation in the Dassie Rat Petromus typicus and its Significance for the Evolution of Hystricognath Rodents. Placenta 2007; 28:1229-33. [PMID: 17586042 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Placental characters are most important in understanding the evolutionary history of hystricognath rodents of which some act as animal models for human pregnancy. The data available deal mostly with species native to South America, but the current paper presents novel findings on chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in an Old World hystricognath and discusses its significance for the evolution of the group. Several hystricognath stem species characters are verified for Petromus, such as the unique trophoblast growth pattern within the chorioallantoic placenta. Subsequently, a novel set of characters belonging to the visceral yolk sac is added to the stem species pattern of the group. The nourishment of the embryo is facilitated by an inverted visceral yolk sac placenta from early pregnancy onward, later complemented by the chorioallantoic placenta. About mid term, the visceral yolk sac becomes partly folded and attached to the parietal yolk sac cover of the chorioallantoic placenta, suggesting a functional shift to the transfer of substances between the two placental types. Thus, the chorioallantoic and yolk sac placenta collaborate in nurturing the embryo. This apparently represents an evolutionary transformation along the stem lineage of hystricognaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mess
- Department of Research, Museum of Natural History, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Carter AM, Mess A. Evolution of the Placenta in Eutherian Mammals. Placenta 2007; 28:259-62. [PMID: 16780944 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in our understanding of placental evolution with particular focus on the interhaemal barrier. It seems likely that the non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation of living eutherians is a derived state. However, there is disagreement on whether the last common ancestor of eutherian mammals had an endotheliochorial placenta or a haemochorial one. Research has been stimulated by improved understanding of the relations between the orders of mammals provided by molecular phylogenetics. In part, the uncertainties arise from doubt about how to root the mammalian tree. Resolution of this issue will require improved taxon sampling in molecular analyses. At the same time, we need to foster research in comparative placentation on relevant taxa, particularly at the ultrastructural level. Only then can we ensure that information available about the placenta is adequate to capitalise on future advances in molecular phylogenetics. Examples are given of recent findings that could benefit cladistic analysis of placental evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carter
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Mess A, Carter AM. Evolutionary transformations of fetal membrane characters in Eutheria with special reference to Afrotheria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2006; 306:140-63. [PMID: 16254985 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of molecular data sets has provided new insights into higher-level relationships of living Eutheria, including the recognition of Afrotheria as a novel taxon. This offers an opportunity to take a fresh look at the evolution of organ systems, including some that are little used in traditional systematics. In the present study, we attempted a reconstruction of the evolution of characters associated with placentation, the fetal membranes and the female reproductive tract. The evolutionary history of 21 characters has been traced, based on a current hypothesis of eutherian relationships, by applying the computer program MacClade. Accordingly, the analysis provides a first comprehensive interpretation of the stem species pattern of Eutheria. Of particular note, this pattern includes an endotheliochorial chorioallantoic placenta. The reconstructed pattern of Eutheria does not change in the basal nodes of the group. Thus, no character transformations occur on the stem lineages of Laurasiatheria or Euarchontoglires, and even Afrotheria has mostly plesiomorphic character conditions. However, two character transformations occur on the common stem lineage of Afrotheria and its sister taxon Xenarthra, i.e., amniogenesis by cavitation instead of folding and the precocial state of the newborn. In addition, we recognized one character transformation on the stem lineage of Afrotheria, i.e., the occurrence of a four-lobed allantoic sac. Thus, contrary to previous assertions, it is possible to identify morphological characters that could be synapomorphic for this novel taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mess
- Institut für Systematische Zoologie, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, DE-10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Rodrigues RF, Carter AM, Ambrosio CE, dos Santos TC, Miglino MA. The subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina L). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2006; 4:31. [PMID: 16740154 PMCID: PMC1501023 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hystricognath rodents have a lobed placenta, comprising labyrinthine exchange areas and interlobular trophoblast. These correspond to the labyrinthine and spongy zones of other rodent placentae. Beneath them, however, is a structure unique to hystricognath rodents called the subplacenta. We here describe the subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti and examine the possible functional correlates of this structure. METHODS Placentae were collected from early in midgestation to near term of pregnancy and examined by standard histological techniques, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, to study the microvasculature of the subplacenta, vessel casts were inspected by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS In the subplacenta, lamellae of connective tissue support a layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells. Beneath this is found syncytiotrophoblast. Clusters of multinuclear giant cells occur in the transition zone between the subplacenta and decidua. There are prominent intercellular spaces between the cytotrophoblast cells. The basal membrane of these cells is often close to fetal blood vessels. The syncytiotrophoblast surrounds an extensive system of lacunae. Microvilli project into these lacunae from the plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytial cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules. This is probably the amylase-resistant PAS-positive material identified by histochemistry. The subplacenta is supplied entirely from the fetal circulation. Within it the vessels pursue a tortuous course with sinusoidal dilatations and constrictions. CONCLUSION The functions that have been attributed to the subplacenta include hormone production. Our findings are consistent with this interpretation, but suggest that hormone secretion is directed towards the fetal circulation rather than the maternal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony M Carter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrosio
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Elliot MG, Crespi BJ. Placental invasiveness mediates the evolution of hybrid inviability in mammals. Am Nat 2006; 168:114-20. [PMID: 16874618 DOI: 10.1086/505162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A central question in evolutionary biology is why animal lineages differ strikingly in rates and patterns of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Here, we show that the maximum genetic distance at which interspecific mammalian pregnancies yield viable neonates is significantly greater in clades with invasive (hemochorial) placentation than in clades with noninvasive (epitheliochorial or endotheliochorial) placentation. Moreover, sister species with invasive placentation exhibit higher allopatry in their geographic ranges, suggesting that formerly separated populations in mammals with this placental type fuse more readily on recontact. These differences are apparently driven by the stronger downregulation of maternal immune responses under invasive placentation, where fetal antigens directly contact the maternal bloodstream. Our results suggest that placental invasiveness mediates a major component of reproductive isolation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Elliot
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Bosco C, Buffet C, Bello MA, Rodrigo R, Gutierrez M, García G. Placentation in the degu (Octodon degus): analogies with extrasubplacental trophoblast and human extravillous trophoblast. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 146:475-85. [PMID: 16448832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the placentation in the degu, the origin of the extrasubplacental trophoblast (EST) (extravillous trophoblast in human), and the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase in the placental barrier during different gestational ages, as part of a wider effort to understand the reproductive biology of this species. Fifteen degus at the first stage of gestation, midgestation and at term of pregnancy were studied. At day 27 of gestation, the subplacenta is formed under the wall of the central excavation. Simultaneously, the outermost trophoblast of the ectoplacental cone differentiated into secondary trophoblast giant cells that lie on the outside of the placenta, forming an interface with the maternal cells in the decidua. These giant cells immunostained positive for cytokeratin (CK) and placental lactogen (hPL) until term. During this period, the EST merged from the subplacenta to the decidua and immunostained negative for CK, but at term, immunostained for CK and hPL in the maternal vessels. The vascular mesenchyme of the central excavation invaded the chorioallantoic placenta during this period, forming two fetal lobules of labyrinthine-fine syncytium, the zone of the placental barrier. The activity of Na+/K+ ATPase in the placental barrier was constant during the gestational period. The residual syncytium at the periphery of the placental disc and between the lobules was not invaded by fetal mesenchyme and formed the marginal and interlobular labyrinthine syncytium that immunostained first for CK, and later for hPL, as in the labyrinthine fine syncytium. The presence of intracytoplasmic electron-dense material in the interlobular labyrinthine syncytium suggested a secretory process in these cells that are bathed in maternal blood. Placentas obtained from vaginal births presented a large, single lobe, absence of the subplacenta, and a reduced interlobular labyrinthine syncytium. At day 27, the inverted visceral yolk sac is observed and its columnar epithelium immunostained for CK and hPL. This suggests that the yolk sac is an early secretory organ. The epithelium of the parietal yolk sac covers the placenta. The origin of the EST in the degu placenta and its migration to maternal vessels allows us to present this animal model for the study of pregnancy pathologies related to alterations in the migration of the extravillous trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleofina Bosco
- Programas de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Oliveira MF, Carter AM, Bonatelli M, Ambrosio CE, Miglino MA. Placentation in the rock cavy, Kerodon rupestris (Wied). Placenta 2006; 27:87-97. [PMID: 16310042 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rock cavies are rodents found in the semi-arid caatinga of Brazil. We studied the structure of the rock cavy placenta by light and transmission electron microscopy. The exchange area of the labyrinth was organized in lobes separated by interlobular areas. The interhaemal barrier was syncytial haemomonochorial. The syncytiotrophoblast had recesses in the basal membrane and some invaginations of the apical membrane, but transtrophoblastic channels could not be found. The interlobular regions comprised syncytiotrophoblast, enclosing maternal venous blood channels, and cytotrophoblast. There was a prominent subplacenta composed of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Microvilli projected into spaces between the cytotrophoblasts and into lacunae within the syncytiotrophoblast. The yolk sac epithelium exhibited coated pits, endocytotic vesicles and larger vacuoles, consistent with a role in protein uptake from the uterine lumen. Tight junctions between these cells provided a barrier to diffusion by the intercellular route. The reproductive biology of the rock cavy differs from other members of the family, including the guinea pig, but the architecture of the placenta remains remarkably constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The paca is a South American rodent with potential as a commercial food animal. We examined paca placenta as part of a wider effort to understand the reproductive biology of this species. METHODS Thirteen specimens between midgestation and term of pregnancy were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The placenta is divided into several lobes separated by interlobular trophoblast. Maternal arterial channels and fetal veins are found at the centre of each lobe. In the labyrinth, maternal blood flows through trophoblast-lined lacunae in close proximity to the fetal capillaries. The interhaemal barrier is of the haemomonochorial type with a single layer of syncytiotrophoblast. Caveolae occur in the apical membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and recesses in the basal membrane, but there is no evidence of transtrophoblastic channels. The interlobular areas consist of cords of syncytiotrophoblast defining maternal blood channels that drain the labyrinth. Yolk sac endoderm covers much of the fetal surface of the placenta. The subplacenta comprises cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. There are dilated intercellular spaces between the cytotrophoblasts and lacunae lined by syncytiotrophoblast. In the junctional zone between subplacenta and decidua, there are nests of multinucleated giant cells with vacuolated cytoplasm. The entire placenta rests on a pedicle of maternal tissue. An inverted yolk sac placenta is also present. The presence of small vesicles and tubules in the apical membrane of the yolk sac endoderm and larger vesicles in the supranuclear region suggest that the yolk sac placenta participates in maternal-fetal transfer of protein. CONCLUSION The paca placenta closely resembles that of other hystricomorph rodents. The lobulated structure allows for a larger exchange area and the development of precocial young.
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Dupressoir A, Marceau G, Vernochet C, Bénit L, Kanellopoulos C, Sapin V, Heidmann T. Syncytin-A and syncytin-B, two fusogenic placenta-specific murine envelope genes of retroviral origin conserved in Muridae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:725-30. [PMID: 15644441 PMCID: PMC545540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406509102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we and others have identified two human endogenous retroviruses that entered the primate lineage 25-40 million years ago and that encode highly fusogenic retroviral envelope proteins (syncytin-1 and -2), possibly involved in the formation of the placenta syncytiotrophoblast layer generated by trophoblast cell fusion at the materno-fetal interface. A systematic in silico search throughout mouse genome databases presently identifies two fully coding envelope genes, present as unique copies and unrelated to any known murine endogenous retrovirus, that we named syncytin-A and -B. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrates placenta-specific expression for both genes, with increasing transcript levels in this organ from 9.5 to 14.5 days postcoitum. In situ hybridization of placenta cryosections further localizes these transcripts in the syncytiotrophoblast-containing labyrinthine zona. Consistently, we show that both genes can trigger cell-cell fusion in ex vivo transfection assays, with distinct cell type specificities suggesting different receptor usage. Genes orthologous to syncytin-A and -B and disclosing a striking conservation of their coding status are found in all Muridae tested (mouse, rat, gerbil, vole, and hamster), dating their entry into the rodent lineage approximately 20 million years ago. Together, these data strongly argue for a critical role of syncytin-A and -B in murine syncytiotrophoblast formation, thus unraveling a rather unique situation where two pairs of endogenous retroviruses, independently acquired by the primate and rodent lineages, would have been positively selected for a convergent physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dupressoir
- Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 8122 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Carter AM, Enders AC. Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:46. [PMID: 15236656 PMCID: PMC455692 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2003] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the number of tissues separating maternal from fetal blood, placentas are classified as epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial or hemochorial. We review the occurrence of these placental types in the various orders of eutherian mammals within the framework of the four superorders identified by the techniques of molecular phylogenetics. The superorder Afrotheria diversified in ancient Africa and its living representatives include elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvark, elephant shrews and tenrecs. Xenarthra, comprising armadillos, anteaters and sloths, diversified in South America. All placentas examined from members of these two oldest superorders are either endotheliochorial or hemochorial. The superorder Euarchontoglires includes two sister groups, Glires and Euarchonta. The former comprises rodents and lagomorphs, which typically have hemochorial placentas. The most primitive members of Euarchonta, the tree shrews, have endotheliochorial placentation. Flying lemurs and all higher primates have hemochorial placentas. However, the lemurs and lorises are exceptional among primates in having epitheliochorial placentation. Laurasiatheria, the last superorder to arise, includes several orders with epitheliochorial placentation. These comprise whales, camels, pigs, ruminants, horses and pangolins. In contrast, nearly all carnivores have endotheliochorial placentation, whilst bats have endotheliochorial or hemochorial placentas. Also included in Laurasiatheria are a number of insectivores that have many conserved morphological characters; none of these has epitheliochorial placentation. Consideration of placental type in relation to the findings of molecular phylogenetics suggests that the likely path of evolution in Afrotheria was from endotheliochorial to hemochorial placentation. This is also a likely scenario for Xenarthra and the bats. We argue that a definitive epitheliochorial placenta is a secondary specialization and that it evolved twice, once in the Laurasiatheria and once in the lemurs and lorises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Carter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 21, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Allen C Enders
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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