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Rostamzadeh D, Yousefi M, Haghshenas MR, Ahmadi M, Dolati S, Babaloo Z. mTOR Signaling pathway as a master regulator of memory CD8 + T-cells, Th17, and NK cells development and their functional properties. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12353-12368. [PMID: 30710341 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a member of the evolutionary phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). mTOR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of diverse aspects of cellular physiology such as body metabolism, cell growth, protein synthesis, cell size, autophagy, and cell differentiation. Immunologically, mTOR has a fundamental part in controlling and shaping diverse functions of innate and adaptive immune cells, in particular, T-cell subsets differentiation, survival, and metabolic reprogramming to ultimately regulate the fate of diverse immune cell types. Researchers report that rapamycin, a selective mTOR inhibitor, and immunosuppressive agent, has surprising immunostimulatory effects on inducing both quantitative and qualitative aspects of virus-specific memory CD8+ T-cells differentiation and homeostasis in a T-cell-intrinsic manner. The mTOR signaling pathway also plays a critical role in dictating the outcome of regulatory T cells (Treg), T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells proliferation and maturation, as well as the effector functions and cytotoxic properties of NK cells. Manipulation of mTOR activity is a critical therapeutic approach for pharmacological agents that seek to inhibit mTOR. This approach should enhance specific memory CD8 + T-cells responses and induce fully functional effector properties of NK cells to provoke their antitumor and antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Rostamzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Unit, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.,Head of Immunology Department, Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Science
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2
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Azimi M, Aslani S, Mortezagholi S, Salek A, Javan MR, Rezaiemanesh A, Ghaedi M, Gholamzad M, Salehi E. Identification, Isolation, and Functional Assay of Regulatory T Cells. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:584-602. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1193869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Chera M, Hamel Y, Baillou C, Touil S, Guillot-Delost M, Charlotte F, Kossir L, Simonin G, Maury S, Cohen JL, Lemoine FM. Generation of Human Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells under Good Manufacturing Practice-Compliant Conditions for Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2527-40. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x683566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) may have a great therapeutic potential to induce tolerance in allogeneic cells and organ transplantations. In mice, we showed that alloantigen-specific Tregs (spe-Tregs) were more efficient than polyclonal Tregs (poly-Tregs) in controlling graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here we describe a clinical-grade compliant method for generating human spe-Tregs. Tregs were enriched from leukapheresis products with anti-CD25 immunomagnetic beads, primed twice by allogeneic mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs), and cultured during 3 weeks in medium containing interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-15, and rapamycin. After 3 weeks of culture, final cell products were expanded 8.3-fold from the initial CD25+ purifications. Immunophenotypic analyses of final cells indicate that they were composed of 88 ± 2.6% of CD4+ T cells, all expressing Treg-specific markers (FOXP3, Helios, GARP, LAP, and CD152). Spe-Tregs were highly suppressive in vitro and also in vivo using a xeno-GVHD model established in immunodeficient mice. The specificity of their suppressive activity was demonstrated on their ability to significantly suppress the proliferation of autologous effector T cells stimulated by the same mDCs compared to third-party mDCs. Our data provide evidence that functional alloantigen Tregs can be generated under clinical-grade compliant conditions. Taking into account that 130 × 106 CD25+ cells can be obtained at large scale from standard leukapheresis, our cell process may give rise to a theoretical final number of 1 × 109 spe-Tregs. Thus, using our strategy, we can propose to prepare spe-Tregs for clinical trials designed to control HLA-mismatched GVHD or organ transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Chera
- AP-HP, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies, Paris, France
- Center of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapies 1420, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Claude Baillou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR S 1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Touil
- CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology Immunopathology and Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - Maude Guillot-Delost
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR S 1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Charlotte
- AP-HP, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Laila Kossir
- AP-HP, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies, Paris, France
- Center of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapies 1420, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Simonin
- AP-HP, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies, Paris, France
- Center of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapies 1420, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Maury
- AP-HP, Henri-Mondor Hospital, Department of Clinical Hematology, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
- INSERM, U955, Team 21, Créteil, France
| | - José L. Cohen
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
- INSERM, U955, Team 21, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Henri-Mondor - A. Chenevier Hospital, CIC-BT-504, Créteil, France
| | - François M. Lemoine
- AP-HP, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies, Paris, France
- Center of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapies 1420, University Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR S 1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
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4
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Safinia N, Scotta C, Vaikunthanathan T, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Regulatory T Cells: Serious Contenders in the Promise for Immunological Tolerance in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:438. [PMID: 26379673 PMCID: PMC4553385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in immunoregulation and have been shown in animal models to promote transplantation tolerance and curb autoimmunity following their adoptive transfer. The safety and potential therapeutic efficacy of these cells has already been reported in Phase I trials of bone-marrow transplantation and type I diabetes, the success of which has motivated the broadened application of these cells in solid-organ transplantation. Despite major advances in the clinical translation of these cells, there are still key questions to be addressed to ensure that Tregs attest their reputation as ideal candidates for tolerance induction. In this review, we will discuss the unique traits of Tregs that have attracted such fame in the arena of tolerance induction. We will outline the protocols used for their ex vivo expansion and discuss the future directions of Treg cell therapy. In this regard, we will review the concept of Treg heterogeneity, the desire to isolate and expand a functionally superior Treg population and report on the effect of differing culture conditions. The relevance of Treg migratory capacity will also be discussed together with methods of in vivo visualization of the infused cells. Moreover, we will highlight key advances in the identification and expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and discuss their significance for cell therapy application. We will also summarize the clinical parameters that are of importance, alongside cell manufacture, from the choice of immunosuppression regimens to the number of injections in order to direct the success of future efficacy trials of Treg cell therapy. Years of research in the field of tolerance have seen an accumulation of knowledge and expertise in the field of Treg biology. This perpetual progression has been the driving force behind the many successes to date and has put us now within touching distance of our ultimate success, immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Cristiano Scotta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Trishan Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
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5
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The effects of rapamycin on regulatory T cells: Its potential time-dependent role in inducing transplant tolerance. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Allenbach Y, Chaara W, Rosenzwajg M, Six A, Prevel N, Mingozzi F, Wanschitz J, Musset L, Charuel JL, Eymard B, Salomon B, Duyckaerts C, Maisonobe T, Dubourg O, Herson S, Klatzmann D, Benveniste O. Th1 response and systemic treg deficiency in inclusion body myositis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88788. [PMID: 24594700 PMCID: PMC3942319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), the most frequent myositis in elderly patients, is characterized by the presence muscle inflammation and degeneration. We aimed at characterizing immune responses and regulatory T cells, considered key players in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance, in sIBM. METHODS Serum and muscle tissue levels of 25 cytokines and phenotype of circulating immune cells were measured in 22 sIBM patients and compared with 22 healthy subjects. Cytokine data were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, sIBM patients had increased levels of Th-1 cytokines and chemokines such as IL-12 (261±138 pg/mL vs. 88±19 pg/mL; p<0.0001), CXCL-9 (186±12 pg/mL vs. 13±7 pg/mL; p<0.0001), and CXCL-10 (187±62 pg/mL vs. 13±6 pg/mL; p<0.0001). This was associated with an increased frequency of CD8+CD28- T cells (45.6±18.5% vs. 13.5±9.9%; p<0.0001), which were more prone to produce IFN-γ (45.6±18.5% vs. 13.5±9.9%; p<0.0001). sIBM patients also had a decreased frequency of circulating regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+, 6.9±1.7%; vs. 5.2±1.1%, p = 0.01), which displayed normal suppressor function and were also present in affected muscle. CONCLUSION sIBM patients present systemic immune activation with Th1 polarization involving the IFN-γ pathway and CD8+CD28- T cells associated with peripheral regulatory T cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Allenbach
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department 1, Centre de référence Maladie Neuromusculaire, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Wahiba Chaara
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Prevel
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- U974, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Paris, France
- U974, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Julia Wanschitz
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucile Musset
- Department of immunochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Charuel
- Department of immunochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Department of neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Salomon
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Department of neuropathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Maisonobe
- Department of neuropathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Odile Dubourg
- Department of neuropathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Serge Herson
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department 1, Centre de référence Maladie Neuromusculaire, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7211, Paris, France
- Immunlogy-Immunopathology-Immunotherpapy (I3), UMRS_959, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department 1, Centre de référence Maladie Neuromusculaire, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France
- U974, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, Paris, France
- U974, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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Bluestone JA, Bour-Jordan H. Current and future immunomodulation strategies to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/11/a007542. [PMID: 23125012 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases reflect a breakdown in self-tolerance that results from defects in thymic deletion of potentially autoreactive T cells (central tolerance) and in T-cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that normally control potentially autoreactive T cells in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). The mechanisms leading to autoimmune diseases are multifactorial and depend on a complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, molecular, and cellular elements that result in pathogenic inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues driven by self-antigen-specific T cells. In this article, we describe the different checkpoints of tolerance that are defective in autoimmune diseases as well as specific events in the autoimmune response which represent therapeutic opportunities to restore long-term tolerance in autoimmune diseases. We present evidence for the role of different pathways in animal models and the therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways in clinical trials in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Bluestone
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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8
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McMurchy AN, Bushell A, Levings MK, Wood KJ. Moving to tolerance: clinical application of T regulatory cells. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:304-13. [PMID: 21620722 PMCID: PMC3836227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the incidence of chronic rejection and reducing the need for life-long immunosuppression remain important goals in clinical transplantation. In this article, we will review how regulatory T cells (Treg) came to be recognized as an attractive way to prevent or treat allograft rejection, the ways in which Treg can be manipulated or expanded in vivo, and the potential of in vitro expanded/generated Treg for cellular therapy. We will describe the first regulatory T cell therapies that have been or are in the process of being conducted in the clinic as well as the safety concerns of such therapies and how outcomes may be measured.
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9
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Tresoldi E, Dell'Albani I, Stabilini A, Jofra T, Valle A, Gagliani N, Bondanza A, Roncarolo MG, Battaglia M. Stability of human rapamycin-expanded CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Haematologica 2011; 96:1357-65. [PMID: 21565906 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.041483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical use of ex vivo-expanded T-regulatory cells for the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases has gained increasing momentum. However, the recent demonstration that FOXP3(+) T-regulatory cells may contain interleukin-17-producing cells and that they can convert into effector cells once transferred in vivo raises significant doubts about their safety. We previously showed that rapamycin permits the ex vivo expansion of FOXP3(+) T-regulatory cells while impairing the proliferation of non-T-regulatory cells. Here we investigated the Th17-cell content and the in vivo stability of rapamycin-expanded T-regulatory cells as pertinent aspects of cell-based therapy. DESIGN AND METHODS T-regulatory-enriched cells were isolated from healthy volunteers and were expanded ex vivo with rapamycin with a pre-clinical applicable protocol. T-regulatory cells cultured with and without rapamycin were compared for their regulatory activity, content of pro-inflammatory cells and stability. RESULTS We found that CD4(+)CCR6(+)CD161(+) T cells (i.e., precursor/committed Th17 cells) contaminate the T-regulatory cells cultured ex vivo in the absence of rapamycin. In addition, Th17 cells do not expand when rapamycin-treated T-regulatory cells are exposed to a "Th17-favorable" environment. Rapamycin-expanded T-regulatory cells maintain their in vitro regulatory phenotype even after in vivo transfer into immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice despite being exposed to the irradiation-induced pro-inflammatory environment. Importantly, no additional rapamycin treatment, either in vitro or in vivo, is required to keep their phenotype fixed. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that rapamycin secures ex vivo-expanded human T-regulatory cells and provide additional justification for their clinical use in future cell therapy-based trials.
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10
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Peters JH, Koenen HJPM, Hilbrands LB, Joosten I. Immunotherapy with regulatory T cells in transplantation. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:855-71. [PMID: 20636028 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy is of great interest to induce tolerance in clinical transplantation settings. In fact, the first clinical trials of Treg infusion after stem cell transplantation have recently begun. However, many important issues regarding human Treg immunotherapy are still to be resolved. In this review, we provide a short update on Tregs and elaborate on various strategies for Treg-based immunotherapy. First, infusion of ex vivo-selected naturally occurring Tregs is addressed, with emphasis on Treg isolation, expansion, antigen specificity, homing and stability. Next, the potential of ex vivo-induced Treg transfusion strategies is discussed. Finally, therapies aimed at in vivo increase of Treg numbers or function are addressed. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge on effects of immunosuppressive drugs on Tregs. In the following years, we expect exciting new data regarding the clinical application of Treg immunotherapy in transplantation to be released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorieke H Peters
- Department of Blood Transfusion & Transplantation Immunology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Approximately 25-30% of the hemophilia A patients develop inhibitory antibodies against Factor VIII (FVIII) following protein-replacement therapy. This problem is also thought to occur following gene-replacement therapy. Recently, many approaches have been investigated to modulate FVIII-specific immune responses in either protein-replacement or gene therapy hemophilia A mouse models. Several promising protocols have been demonstrated to successfully prevent or modulate the formation of anti-FVIII antibodies, including methods to manipulate antigen presentation, development of less immunogenic FVIII proteins, or formulations or gene therapy protocols to evade immune responses, as well as immunomodulation strategies to target either T- and/or B-cell responses. Most of these successful protocols involve the induction of activated Treg cells to create a regulatory immune environment during tolerance induction. Innovative strategies to overcome pre-existing anti-FVIII immune responses and induce long-term tolerance in primed subjects still need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Miao
- Seattle Children's Research Institute & Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Salcido-Ochoa F, Tsang J, Tam P, Falk K, Rotzschke O. Regulatory T cells in transplantation: does extracellular adenosine triphosphate metabolism through CD39 play a crucial role? Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2010; 24:52-66. [PMID: 20153159 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous improvements in short-term renal allograft survival, many patients still have chronic rejection or side effects of nonspecific immunosuppression. The discovery of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) has revolutionized the concepts in immunoregulation and offers perspectives for overcoming rejection. Recently, a subset of Foxp3(+)CD39(+) effector/memory-like Tregs (T(REM)) was identified. The role of CD39(+) Tregs in immunoregulation is supported by the occurrence of alopecia areata and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in CD39-deficient mice and by the failure of CD39(-) Tregs to suppress contact hypersensitivity. In humans, CD39 polymorphisms have been associated with diabetes and nephropathy, and multiple sclerosis patients have reduced numbers of blood CD39(+) Tregs. Preliminary experiments in a murine transplantation model showed that CD39(+) Tregs can determine allograft outcome. CD39 degrades the extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released during tissue injury, which otherwise would trigger inflammation. Currently, our groups are assessing the role of CD39(+) Tregs and extracellular ATP metabolism in clinical transplantation and whether tolerogenic Treg profiles possess immunopredictive value, envisioning the development of clinical trials using CD39(+) Treg-based vaccination for autoimmunity or transplantation. This is a comprehensive review on the fundamentals of Treg biology, the potential role of ATP metabolism in immunoregulation, and the potential use of Treg-based immunotherapy in transplantation.
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13
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Yuen-Shan Tsang J, Tanriver Y, Jiang S, Leung E, Ratnasothy K, Lombardi G, Lechler R. Indefinite mouse heart allograft survival in recipient treated with CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells with indirect allospecificity and short term immunosuppression. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guillot-Delost M, Cheraï M, Hamel Y, Rosenzwajg M, Baillou C, Simonin G, Leclercq V, Mariotti-Ferrandiz ME, Six A, Bon-Durand V, Maury S, Salomon BL, Cohen JL, Klatzmann D, Lemoine FM. Clinical grade preparation of human natural regulatory T-cells encoding the thymidine kinase suicide gene as a safety gene: authors' reponse. J Gene Med 2009; 11:737-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Tran DQ, Shevach EM. Therapeutic potential of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells and their interactions with dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:294-9. [PMID: 19236900 PMCID: PMC11007672 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells, a unique subset of T cells, are critical for orchestrating an immune response and preventing self-reactivity. With the increasing prevalence and unsatisfactory treatment of autoimmunity, allergic diseases, cancer and chronic infections, much attention has been focused on understanding their mechanisms of action in order to manipulate their function. One goal is to develop drugs or biologics that can enhance or abrogate their functions. Another approach is to utilize Tregs in adoptive cell-based therapy to treat autoimmune diseases or transplant-related complications. This review will focus on their therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action, particularly their interaction with dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Q. Tran
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Weichhart T, Säemann MD. The multiple facets of mTOR in immunity. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:218-26. [PMID: 19362054 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase that is known to sense the environmental and cellular nutrition status to control cell growth. In immunity, mTOR is essential for both the proper activation and subsequent proliferation of effector T cells, yet also restrains the development of regulatory T cells. However, in monocytes/macrophages and peripheral myeloid dendritic cells, mTOR restricts proinflammatory and promotes anti-inflammatory responses, whereas, in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, mTOR fosters type I interferon production. These results place mTOR in a novel immunoregulatory context that highlights the potential of mTOR inhibitors as both immunosuppressant and anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weichhart
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18 - 20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although a plethora of data indicate the importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in experimental and clinical transplantation, are we any closer to seeing these cells as therapeutic tools in the clinic? This review discusses the functional and practical aspects of using CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ Tregs as cellular therapeutic products in clinical transplantation, focusing on the requirements in terms of phenotype, antigen specificity and preparation of Tregs. RECENT FINDINGS Following the emergence of new phenotypic markers of Tregs as well as improved isolation methods, a few milestone clinical trials employing the adoptive transfer of Tregs are now underway. Although mounting data suggest that alloantigen-specific Tregs may provide higher therapeutic benefits in solid organ transplantation compared with polyclonal Tregs, it seems that the specificty of Treg selected for use will need to be tailored to each clinical transplantation setting. In addition, recent findings imply that immunosuppressive regimes will also need to be reevaluated in order to complement this therapeutic strategy. SUMMARY Although many key questions about Tregs remain, we are undoubtedly entering an exciting era of Treg research in clinical transplantation. As renewed efforts focus on translational medical research, it seems as though, whether ready or not, Tregs are finally crossing from bench to bedside.
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Battaglia M, Strauss L, Roncarolo MG. Comment on M. Guillot-Delostet al. (2008;10:834-846): Clinical-grade preparation of human natural regulatory T cells encoding the thymidine kinase suicide gene as a safety gene. J Gene Med 2009; 11:180-1. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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