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Khamaikawin W, Saisawang C, Tassaneetrithep B, Bhukhai K, Phanthong P, Borwornpinyo S, Phuphuakrat A, Pasomsub E, Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Anurathapan U, Apiwattanakul N, Hongeng S. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of CCR5 combined with C46 HIV-1 fusion inhibitor for cellular resistant to R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10852. [PMID: 38741006 PMCID: PMC11091187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) transplantation using a donor with a homozygous mutation in the HIV co-receptor CCR5 (CCR5Δ32/Δ32) holds great promise as a cure for HIV-1. Previously, there were three patients that had been reported to be completely cured from HIV infection by this approach. However, finding a naturally suitable Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-matched homozygous CCR5Δ32 donor is very difficult. The prevalence of this allele is only 1% in the Caucasian population. Therefore, additional sources of CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCs are required. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is one method to mediate CCR5 knockout in HSCs that has been successfully employed as a gene editing tool in clinical trials. Additional anti-HIV-1 strategies are still required for broad-spectrum inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Here in this study, we combined an additional anti-HIV-1 therapy, which is C46, a cell membrane-anchored HIV-1 fusion inhibitor with the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout CCR5. The combined HIV-1 therapeutic genes were investigated for the potential prevention of both CCR5 (R5)- and CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV-1 infections in the MT4CCR5 cell line. The combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 therapies were superior compared to single method therapy for achieving the HIV-1 cure strategy and shows potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannisa Khamaikawin
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Saisawang
- Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonrat Tassaneetrithep
- Center of Research Excellence in Immunoregulation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kanit Bhukhai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Angsana Phuphuakrat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ekawat Pasomsub
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaisavaneeyakorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Usanarat Anurathapan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Apiwattanakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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2
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Kitawi R, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel CL. Advances in HIV Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2771. [PMID: 38474018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Early gene therapy studies held great promise for the cure of heritable diseases, but the occurrence of various genotoxic events led to a pause in clinical trials and a more guarded approach to progress. Recent advances in genetic engineering technologies have reignited interest, leading to the approval of the first gene therapy product targeting genetic mutations in 2017. Gene therapy (GT) can be delivered either in vivo or ex vivo. An ex vivo approach to gene therapy is advantageous, as it allows for the characterization of the gene-modified cells and the selection of desired properties before patient administration. Autologous cells can also be used during this process which eliminates the possibility of immune rejection. This review highlights the various stages of ex vivo gene therapy, current research developments that have increased the efficiency and safety of this process, and a comprehensive summary of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gene therapy studies, the majority of which have employed the ex vivo approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Kitawi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott Ledger
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantelle L Ahlenstiel
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Ojha CR, Hermann KJ, Hu WS, Torbett BE, Pathak VK. Potent dual block to HIV-1 infection using lentiviral vectors expressing fusion inhibitor peptide mC46- and Vif-resistant APOBEC3G. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:794-809. [PMID: 37662965 PMCID: PMC10470399 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy strategies that effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication are needed to reduce the requirement for lifelong antiviral therapy and potentially achieve a functional cure. We previously designed self-activating lentiviral vectors that efficiently delivered and expressed a Vif-resistant mutant of APOBEC3G (A3G-D128K) to T cells, which potently inhibited HIV-1 replication and spread with no detectable virus. Here, we developed vectors that express A3G-D128K, membrane-associated fusion inhibitor peptide mC46, and O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) selectable marker for in vivo selection of transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. MGMT-selected T cell lines MT4, CEM, and PM1 expressing A3G-D128K (with or without mC46) potently inhibited NL4-3 infection up to 45 days post infection with no detectable viral replication. Expression of mC46 was sufficient to block infection >80% in a single-cycle assay. Importantly, expression of mC46 provided a selective advantage to the A3G-D128K-modified T cells in the presence of replication competent virus. This combinational approach to first block HIV-1 entry with mC46, and then block any breakthrough infection with A3G-D128K, could provide an effective gene therapy treatment and a potential functional cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A. Delviks-Frankenberry
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chet R. Ojha
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kip J. Hermann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei-Shau Hu
- Viral Recombination Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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4
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Chen MJ, Gatignol A, Scarborough RJ. The discovery and development of RNA-based therapies for treatment of HIV-1 infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:163-179. [PMID: 36004505 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2117296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term control of HIV-1 infection can potentially be achieved using autologous stem cell transplants with gene-modified cells. Non-coding RNAs represent a diverse class of therapeutic agents including ribozymes, RNA aptamers and decoys, small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs, and U1 interference RNAs that can be designed to inhibit HIV-1 replication. They have been engineered for delivery as drugs to complement current HIV-1 therapies and as gene therapies for a potential HIV-1 functional cure. AREAS COVERED This review surveys the past three decades of development of these RNA technologies with a focus on their efficacy and safety for treating HIV-1 infections. We describe the mechanisms of each RNA-based agent, targets they have been developed against, efforts to enhance their stability and efficacy, and we evaluate their performance in past and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION RNA-based technologies are among the top candidates for gene therapies where they can be stably expressed for long-term suppression of HIV-1. Advances in both gene and drug delivery strategies and improvements to non-coding RNA stability and antiviral properties will cooperatively drive forward progress in improving drug therapy and engineering HIV-1 resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Chen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert J Scarborough
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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6
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Xue VW, Chung JYF, Tang PCT, Chan ASW, To THW, Chung JSY, Mussal F, Lam EWF, Li C, To KF, Leung KT, Lan HY, Tang PMK. USMB-shMincle: a virus-free gene therapy for blocking M1/M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:26-37. [PMID: 34589582 PMCID: PMC8463747 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mincle is essential for tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-driven cancer progression and represents a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer. Nevertheless, the lack of a specific inhibitor has largely limited its clinical translation. Here, we successfully developed a gene therapeutic strategy for silencing Mincle in a virus-free and tumor-specific manner by combining RNA interference technology with an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated gene transfer system (USMB). We identified a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence shMincle that can silence not only Mincle expression but also the protumoral effector production in mouse bone marrow- and human THP-1-derived macrophages in the cancer setting in vitro. By using our well-established USMB system (USMB-shMincle), the shMincle-expressing plasmids were delivered in a tissue-specific manner into xenografts of human lung carcinoma A549 and melanoma A375 in vivo. Encouragingly, we found that USMB-shMincle effectively inhibited the protumoral phenotypes of TAMs as well as the progression of both A549 and A375 xenografts in a dose-dependent manner in mice without significant side effects. Mechanistically, we identified that USMB-shMincle markedly enhanced the anticancer M1 phenotype of TAMs in the A549 and A375 xenografts by blocking the protumoral Mincle/Syk/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling axis. Thus, USMB-shMincle may represent a clinically translatable novel and safe gene therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Travis Hoi-Wai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Justin Shing-Yin Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Francis Mussal
- Paediatric Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
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7
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Tsukamoto T. Gene Therapy Approaches to Functional Cure and Protection of Hematopoietic Potential in HIV Infection. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E114. [PMID: 30862061 PMCID: PMC6470728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral drug therapy can suppress the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lifelong prescription is necessary to avoid viral rebound. The problem of persistent and ineradicable viral reservoirs in HIV-infected people continues to be a global threat. In addition, some HIV-infected patients do not experience sufficient T-cell immune restoration despite being aviremic during treatment. This is likely due to altered hematopoietic potential. To achieve the global eradication of HIV disease, a cure is needed. To this end, tremendous efforts have been made in the field of anti-HIV gene therapy. This review will discuss the concepts of HIV cure and relative viral attenuation and provide an overview of various gene therapy approaches aimed at a complete or functional HIV cure and protection of hematopoietic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka 5898511, Japan.
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Delville M, Touzot F, Couzin C, Hmitou I, Djerroudi L, Ouedrani A, Lefrère F, Tuchman-Durand C, Mollet C, Fabreguettes JR, Ferry N, Laganier L, Magnani A, Magrin E, Jolaine V, Saez-Cirion A, Wolstein O, Symonds G, Frange P, Moins-Teisserenc H, Chaix-Baudier ML, Toubert A, Larghero J, Parquet N, Brignier AC, Barré-Sinoussi F, Oksenhendler E, Cavazzana M. Safety of CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cells and CD4 + T Lymphocytes Transduced with LVsh5/C46 in HIV-1 Infected Patients with High-Risk Lymphoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:303-309. [PMID: 30911587 PMCID: PMC6416524 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the risk of developing lymphoma has decreased in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, this cancer remains the major cause of mortality in HIV-infected patients. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) outcome does not differ for HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients. We propose to develop a new treatment for HIV-associated high-risk lymphoma based on autologous transplantation of two genetically modified products: CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSPCs). The cells will be transduced ex vivo with the Cal-1 lentiviral vector encoding for both a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against CCR5 (sh5) and the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor C46. The transduced cells will be resistant to HIV infection by two complementary mechanisms: impaired binding of the virus to the cellular CCR5 co-receptor and decreased fusion of the virus as C46 interacts with gp41 and inhibits HIV infection. This phase I/II pilot study, also entitled GENHIV, will involve two French participating centers: Saint Louis Hospital and Necker Hospital in Paris. We plan to enroll five HIV-1-infected patients presenting with high-risk lymphoma and require a treatment with ASCT. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and success of engraftment of Cal-1 gene-transduced CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD34+ HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Delville
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Lymphohématopoïèse Humaine, INSERM U1163, Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Fabien Touzot
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Couzin
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Hmitou
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lounes Djerroudi
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amani Ouedrani
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Lefrère
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Tuchman-Durand
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Mollet
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Roch Fabreguettes
- Département Essais Cliniques, AGEPS, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ferry
- Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Laganier
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Magnani
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Magrin
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Jolaine
- Paris Descartes Necker - Cochin Clinical Research Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Orit Wolstein
- CSL Behring, LLC (formerly Calimmune, Inc.), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Symonds
- CSL Behring, LLC (formerly Calimmune, Inc.), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre Frange
- EHU 7328, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Unité d'Immunologie, d'Hématologie et de Rhumatologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moins-Teisserenc
- INSERM U1160, Université Paris Diderot and Département d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix-Baudier
- INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot and Laboratoire de Virology Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERM U1160, Université Paris Diderot and Département d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- CIC de Biothérapie CBT501, Université Paris Diderot and Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Parquet
- Département d'Aphérèse Thérapeutique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne C Brignier
- Département d'Aphérèse Thérapeutique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Université Paris Diderot and Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Clinical Investigation Center CIC1416 and Département de Biothérapie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Lymphohématopoïèse Humaine, INSERM U1163, Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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