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Boulaiz H, Álvarez PJ, Prados J, Marchal J, Melguizo C, Carrillo E, Peran M, Rodríguez F, Ramírez A, Ortíz R, Aránega A. gef gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is associated with a better prognosis and induction of apoptosis by p53-mediated signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7445-58. [PMID: 22174609 PMCID: PMC3233415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer research has developed rapidly in the past few decades, leading to longer survival times for patients and opening up the possibility of developing curative treatments for advanced breast cancer. Our increasing knowledge of the biological pathways associated with the progression and development of breast cancer, alongside the failure of conventional treatments, has prompted us to explore gene therapy as an alternative therapeutic strategy. We previously reported that gef gene from E. coli has shown considerable cytotoxic effects in breast cancer cells. However, its action mechanism has not been elucidated. Indirect immunofluorescence technique using flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis were used to detect breast cancer markers: estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) hormonal receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 proto-oncogene (c-erbB-2), ki-67 antigen and p53 protein. gef gene induces an increase in ER and PR expressions and a decrease in ki-67 and c-erbB-2 gene expressions, indicating a better prognosis and response to treatment and a longer disease-free interval and survival. It also increased p53 expression, suggesting that gef-induced apoptosis is regulated by a p53-mediated signaling pathway. These findings support the hypothesis that the gef gene offers a new approach to gene therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Boulaiz
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Pablo J. Álvarez
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Jose Prados
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Juan Marchal
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Esmeralda Carrillo
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Macarena Peran
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Alberto Ramírez
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Raúl Ortíz
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Antonia Aránega
- Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18012, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (C.M.); (E.C.); (F.R.)
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), Granada 18100, Spain; E-Mails: (A.R.); (R.O.)
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Vpu-dependent block to incorporation of GaLV Env into lentiviral vectors. Retrovirology 2010; 7:4. [PMID: 20102634 PMCID: PMC2831008 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) Env protein mediates entry into a wide range of human cells and is frequently used to pseudotype retroviral vectors. However, an incompatibility exists between GaLV Env and lentiviral vectors that results in decreased steady-state levels of the mature GaLV Env in cells and prevents its incorporation into lentiviral vector particles. Results We identified the HIV-1 Vpu protein as the major cause of the depletion in GaLV Env levels that occurs when lentiviral vector components are present. This activity of Vpu targeted the mature (cleaved) form of the GaLV Env that exists within or beyond the trans-Golgi. The activity required two conserved phospho-serines in the cytoplasmic tail of Vpu that are known to recruit β TrCP, a substrate adaptor for an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and could be blocked by mutation of lysine 618 in the GaLV Env tail. Moreover, the Vpu-mediated decrease of GaLV Env levels was inhibited by the lysosomal inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. Interestingly, this activity of Vpu was only observed in the presence of other lentiviral vector components. Conclusions Similar to the mechanism whereby Vpu targets BST-2/tetherin for degradation, these findings implicate β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination and the endo-lysosomal pathway in the degradation of the GaLV Env by lentiviral vector components. Possibly, the cytoplasmic tail of the GaLV Env contains features that mimic bona fide targets of Vpu, important to HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, the lack of effect of Vpu on GaLV Env in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins, suggests that a more complex interaction may exist between Vpu and its target proteins, with the additional involvement of one or more component(s) of the HIV-1 replication machinery.
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Terada T, Iwai M, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Novel PEG-matrix metalloproteinase-2 cleavable peptide-lipid containing galactosylated liposomes for hepatocellular carcinoma-selective targeting. J Control Release 2006; 111:333-42. [PMID: 16488046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain an HCC-selective drug delivery system, a novel functional lipid, which is cleaved by the protease activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), was developed. The amino group of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) was conjugated with PEGylated MMP-2 substrate peptide (Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln), and MMP-2-cleavable PEG-Peptide-DOPE (PEG-PD) was synthesized. When PEG-PD was incorporated in galactosylated liposomes (Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes), we expected that Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes would not be taken up by normal hepatocytes due to the steric hindrance effect, but would be activated around HCC cells by secreted MMPs. In the pretreatment by hMMP2 (1, 5, and 10mug/ml), an hMMP2 concentration-dependent higher uptake of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes was observed in HepG2 cells, suggesting PEG-PD cleavage. In the presence of an excess of galactose, the uptake of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes with hMMP2 was significantly inhibited, suggesting asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes following the PEG-PD cleavage. Pretreatment of Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes with the conditioned medium of B16BL6, which contained secreted MMPs, enhanced the binding to HepG2 cells, as in the case of hMMP-2 treatment. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of N(4)-octadecyl-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NOAC) incorporated Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes was enhanced by hMMPs (5mug/ml) and its cytotoxicity was significantly reduced by the presence of an excess of galactose in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, Gal-PEG-PD-liposomes were successfully developed for novel HCC-selective targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Terada
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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