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Peng I, Jokhio S, Alkhaldi S, Peng CA. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Pseudotyped Virus Infection Using ACE2-Tethered Gold Nanorods under Near-Infrared Laser Irradiation. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:15942-15953. [PMID: 37552748 PMCID: PMC9578643 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is abundant on the surface of respiratory cells in the lungs, it has been confirmed to be the entry-point receptor for the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. As such, gold nanorods (AuNRs) functionalized with ACE2 ectodomain (ACE2ED) act not only as decoys for these viruses to keep them from binding with the ACE2-expressing cells but also as agents to ablate infectious virions through heat generated from AuNRs under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Using plasmid containing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein gene (with a D614G mutation), spike protein pseudotyped viral particles with a lentiviral core and green fluorescent protein reporter were constructed and used for transfecting ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells. Since these viral particles behave like their coronavirus counterparts, they are the ideal surrogates of native virions for studying viral entry into host cells. Our results showed that, once the surrogate pseudoviruses with spike protein encounter ACE2ED-tethered AuNRs, these virions are entrapped, resulting in decreased viral infection to ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells. Moreover, the effect of photothermolysis created by ACE2ED-tagged AuNRs under 808-nm NIR laser irradiation for 5 min led to viral breakdown. In summary, ACE2ED-tethered AuNRs with dual functions (virus decoy and destruction) could have an intriguing advantage in the treatment of diseases involving rapidly mutating viral species such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Sharjeel Jokhio
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Soha Alkhaldi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
| | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844, United
States
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Moody CT, Palvai S, Brudno Y. Click cross-linking improves retention and targeting of refillable alginate depots. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:112-121. [PMID: 32497743 PMCID: PMC7365769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Injectable alginate hydrogels have demonstrated utility in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications due in part to their mild gelation conditions, low host responses and chemical versatility. Recently, the potential of these gels has expanded with the introduction of refillable hydrogel depots - alginate gels chemically decorated with click chemistry groups to efficiently capture prodrug refills from the blood. Unfortunately, high degrees of click group substitution on alginate lead to poor viscoelastic properties and loss of ionic cross-linking. In this work, we introduce tetrabicyclononyne (tBCN) agents that covalently cross-link azide-modified alginate hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery application in vivo. Adjusting cross-linker concentration allowed tuning the hydrogel mechanical properties for tissue-specific mechanical strength. The bioorthogonal and specific click reaction creates stable hydrogels with improved in vivo properties, including improved retention at injected sites. Azide-alginate hydrogels cross-linked with tBCN elicited minimal inflammation and maintained structural integrity over several months and efficiently captured therapeutics drug surrogates from the circulation. Taken together, azide-alginate hydrogels cross-linked with tBCN convey the benefits of alginate hydrogels for use in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications of refillable drug delivery depots. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ionically cross-linked, injectable alginate biomaterials hold promise in many different clinical settings. However, adding new chemical functionality to alginate can disrupt their ionic cross-linking, limiting their utility. We have developed a "click" cross-linking strategy to improve the mechanical properties and tissue function of modified alginate biomaterials and enable them to capture small molecule drugs from the blood. We show that click cross-linked materials remain in place better than ionically cross-linked materials and efficiently capture payloads from the blood. Development of click cross-linking for refillable depots represents a crucial step toward clinical application of this promising drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Moody
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University - Raleigh, 1840 Entrepreneur Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sandeep Palvai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University - Raleigh, 1840 Entrepreneur Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University - Raleigh, 1840 Entrepreneur Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Madrigal JL, Stilhano R, Silva EA. Biomaterial-Guided Gene Delivery for Musculoskeletal Tissue Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2017; 23:347-361. [PMID: 28166711 PMCID: PMC5749599 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration where local and sustained expression of proteins and/or therapeutic nucleic acids can be achieved. However, the musculoskeletal tissues present unique engineering and biological challenges as recipients of genetic vectors. Targeting specific cell populations, regulating expression in vivo, and overcoming the harsh environment of damaged tissue accompany the general concerns of safety and efficacy common to all applications of gene therapy. In this review, we will first summarize these challenges and then discuss how biomaterial carriers for genetic vectors can address these issues. Second, we will review how limitations specific to given vectors further motivate the utility of biomaterial carriers. Finally, we will discuss how these concepts have been combined with tissue engineering strategies and approaches to improve the delivery of these vectors for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Madrigal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Roberta Stilhano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
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Machado AHE, Lundberg D, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga FJ, Miguel MG, Lindman B, Olsson U. Encapsulation of DNA in macroscopic and nanosized calcium alginate gel particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15926-15935. [PMID: 24283412 DOI: 10.1021/la4032927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium alginate beads, which are biodegradable and biocompatible, have been widely employed as delivery matrices for biomacromolecules. In the present work, the feasibility of encapsulation of DNA (which is used as a model biomacromolecule) in calcium alginate nanobeads (sub-200 nm size), prepared using a recently developed protocol based on the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method [Machado et al. Langmuir 2012, 28, 4131-4141], was assessed. The properties of the nanobeads were compared to those of the corresponding macroscopic (millimeter sized) calcium alginate beads. It was found that DNA, representing a relatively stiff and highly charged polyanion (thus like-charged to alginate), could be efficiently encapsulated in both nanosized and macroscopic beads, with encapsulation yields in the range of 77-99%. Complete release of DNA from the beads could be accomplished on dissolution of the gel by addition of a calcium-chelating agent. Importantly, the DNA was not denatured or fragmented during the preparation and collection of the nanobeads, which are good indicators of the mildness of the preparation protocol used. The calcium alginate nanobeads prepared by the herein utilized protocol thus show good potential to be used as carriers of sensitive biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H E Machado
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Seliktar D, Dikovsky D, Napadensky E. Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ditto AJ, Reho JJ, Shah KN, Smolen JA, Holda JH, Ramirez RJ, Yun YH. In vivo gene delivery with L-tyrosine polyphosphate nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1836-44. [PMID: 23510151 DOI: 10.1021/mp300623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of gene therapy is promising; however, the perceived risks and side effects associated with this technology have severely dampened the researchers' enthusiasm. Thus, the development of a nonviral gene vector without immunological effects and with high transfection efficiency is necessary. Currently, most nonviral vectors have failed to achieve the in vivo transfection efficiencies of viral vectors due to their toxicity, rapid clearance, and/or inappropriate release rates. Although our previous studies have successfully demonstrated the controlled-release of plasmid DNA (pDNA) polyplexes encapsulated into nanoparticles formulated with l-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP-pDNA nanoparticles), the in vivo transfection capabilities and immunogenicity of this delivery system have yet to be examined. Thus, we evaluate LTP-pDNA nanoparticles in an in vivo setting via injection into rodent uterine tissue. Our results demonstrate through X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry of uterine tissue that transfection has successfully occurred after a nine-day incubation. In contrast, the results for the control nanoparticles show results similar to those of shams. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from the injected tissues confirms the transfection in vivo. To examine the immunogenicity, the l-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP) nanoparticles have been evaluated in a mouse model. No significant differences in the activation of the innate immune system are observed. These data provide the first report for the potential use of controlled-release nanoparticles formulated from an amino acid based polymer as an in vivo nonviral vector for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ditto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Olson Research Center, Akron, Ohio 44325-0302, United States
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Jain S, Amiji M. Tuftsin-modified alginate nanoparticles as a noncondensing macrophage-targeted DNA delivery system. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1074-85. [PMID: 22385328 DOI: 10.1021/bm2017993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate macrophage-targeted alginate nanoparticles as a noncondensing gene delivery system for potential anti-inflammatory therapy. An external gelation method was employed to form plasmid DNA-encapsulated alginate nanoparticles. The nanoparticle surface was modified with a peptide sequence containing tuftsin (TKPR), and transfection efficiency was determined in J774A.1 macrophages. The effect of transfected mIL-10 in blocking expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Scrambled peptide- and tuftsin-modified cross-linked alginate nanoparticles efficiently encapsulated plasmid DNA and protected against DNase I degradation. The transgene expression efficiencies, measured using GFP and mIL-10 expressing plasmid DNA, were highest with tuftsin-modified nanoparticles. Levels of TNF-α were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in LPS-stimulated cells that were transfected with mIL-10 using alginate nanoparticles. The results of the study show that noncondensing alginate nanoparticles can efficiently deliver plasmid DNA, leading to sustained in vitro gene expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardool Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Jin Z, Güven G, Bocharova V, Halámek J, Tokarev I, Minko S, Melman A, Mandler D, Katz E. Electrochemically controlled drug-mimicking protein release from iron-alginate thin-films associated with an electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:466-75. [PMID: 22200073 DOI: 10.1021/am201578m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel biocompatible hybrid-material composed of iron-ion-cross-linked alginate with embedded protein molecules has been designed for the signal-triggered drug release. Electrochemically controlled oxidation of Fe(2+) ions in the presence of soluble natural alginate polymer and drug-mimicking protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) results in the formation of an alginate-based thin-film cross-linked by Fe(3+) ions at the electrode interface with the entrapped protein. The electrochemically generated composite thin-film was characterized by electrochemistry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Preliminary experiments demonstrated that the electrochemically controlled deposition of the protein-containing thin-film can be performed at microscale using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as the deposition tool producing polymer-patterned spots potentially containing various entrapped drugs. Application of reductive potentials on the modified electrode produced Fe(2+) cations which do not keep complexation with alginate, thus resulting in the electrochemically triggered thin-film dissolution and the protein release. Different experimental parameters, such as the film-deposition time, concentrations of compounds and applied potentials, were varied in order to demonstrate that the electrodepositon and electrodissolution of the alginate composite film can be tuned to the optimum performance. A statistical modeling technique was applied to find optimal conditions for the formation of the composite thin-film for the maximal encapsulation and release of the drug-mimicking protein at the lowest possible potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and NanoBio Laboratory (NABLAB), Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, USA
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You JO, Almeda D, Ye GJC, Auguste DT. Bioresponsive matrices in drug delivery. J Biol Eng 2010; 4:15. [PMID: 21114841 PMCID: PMC3002303 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, the field of drug delivery has focused on (1) controlling the release of a therapeutic and (2) targeting the therapeutic to a specific cell type. These research endeavors have concentrated mainly on the development of new degradable polymers and molecule-labeled drug delivery vehicles. Recent interest in biomaterials that respond to their environment have opened new methods to trigger the release of drugs and localize the therapeutic within a particular site. These novel biomaterials, usually termed "smart" or "intelligent", are able to deliver a therapeutic agent based on either environmental cues or a remote stimulus. Stimuli-responsive materials could potentially elicit a therapeutically effective dose without adverse side effects. Polymers responding to different stimuli, such as pH, light, temperature, ultrasound, magnetism, or biomolecules have been investigated as potential drug delivery vehicles. This review describes the most recent advances in "smart" drug delivery systems that respond to one or multiple stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Oh You
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dariela Almeda
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George JC Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Debra T Auguste
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Ditto AJ, Shah PN, Gump LR, Yun YH. Nanospheres formulated from L-tyrosine polyphosphate exhibiting sustained release of polyplexes and in vitro controlled transfection properties. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:986-95. [PMID: 19341289 DOI: 10.1021/mp9000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, viruses are utilized as vectors for gene therapy, since they transport across cellular membranes, escape endosomes, and effectively deliver genes to the nucleus. The disadvantage of using viruses for gene therapy is their immune response. Therefore, nanospheres have been formulated as a nonviral gene vector by blending l-tyrosine-polyphosphate (LTP) with polyethylene glycol grafted to chitosan (PEG-g-CHN) and linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) conjugated to plasmid DNA (pDNA). PEG-g-CHN stabilizes the emulsion and prevents nanosphere coalescence. LPEI protects pDNA degradation during nanosphere formation, provides endosomal escape, and enhances gene expression. Previous studies show that LTP degrades within seven days and is appropriate for intracellular gene delivery. These nanospheres prepared by water-oil emulsion by sonication and solvent evaporation show diameters between 100 and 600 nm. Also, dynamic laser light scattering shows that nanospheres completely degrade after seven days. The sustained release of pDNA and pDNA-LPEI polyplexes is confirmed through electrophoresis and PicoGreen assay. A LIVE/DEAD cell viability assay shows that nanosphere viability is comparable to that of buffers. X-Gal staining shows a sustained transfection for 11 days using human fibroblasts. This result is sustained longer than pDNA-LPEI and pDNA-FuGENE 6 complexes. Therefore, LTP-pDNA nanospheres exhibit controlled transfection and can be used as a nonviral gene delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ditto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Olson Research Center, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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Jiang G, Min SH, Oh EJ, Hahn SK. DNA/PEI/Alginate polyplex as an efficientin vivo gene delivery system. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Patnaik S, Aggarwal A, Nimesh S, Goel A, Ganguli M, Saini N, Singh Y, Gupta KC. PEI-alginate nanocomposites as efficient in vitro gene transfection agents. J Control Release 2006; 114:398-409. [PMID: 16891026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The positive charge on PEI was partially shielded by forming ionic nanocomposites with a polysaccharide, alginic acid, in aqueous solution, bypassing tedious chemical synthesis. The content of alginic acid was varied systematically to obtain a series of nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were first characterized by assessing the surface charge (zeta potential), size (DLS) and morphology (AFM) followed by evaluation for their DNA interaction ability, cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency on various cell lines. The transfection efficiency of PEI-alginate (6.26%) nanocomposites improved dramatically (2-16-fold over native PEI) in all the cell lines studied. However, a decrease in transfection efficiency was observed on deviating from this optimal concentration of alginic acid in nanocomposites. Cytotoxicity of PEI-alginate/DNA complexes was nearly abolished on increasing the concentration of alginic acid in nanocomposites. PEI-alginate (6.26%) nanocomposites also delivered SiRNAs efficiently into mammalian cells, resulting in 80% suppression of GFP expression. The cellular uptake and endosomal escape of PEI-alginate nanocomposites and PEI were found to follow a similar route when transfection was carried out in presence of chloroquine, bafilomycin A1, cytochalasin B and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. The results demonstrate a versatile vector that can be used for efficient cytoplasmic delivery of a broad range of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Patnaik
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi-110 007, India
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Livnat M, Peled E, Boss J, Seliktar D. In vivo degradation of semi-rigid polymeric films made of alginate and polyethylene glycol. Isr J Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1560/cv8j-ybrh-7j85-jwhq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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