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Mahendran R, Bs S, Thandeeswaran M, kG K, Vijayasarathy M, Angayarkanni J, Muthusamy G. Microbial (Enzymatic) Degradation of Cyanide to Produce Pterins as Cofactors. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:578-587. [PMID: 31111225 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is one of the most poisonous substances in the environment, which may have originated from natural and anthropogenic sources. There are many enzymes produced by microorganisms which can degrade and utilize cyanide. The major byproducts of cyanide degradation are alanine, glutamic acid, alpha-amino-butyric acid, beta-cyanoalanine, pterin etc. These products have many pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. For the degradation of cyanide, microbes produce necessary cofactors which catalyze the degradation pathways. Pterin is one of the cofactors for cyanide degradation. There are many pathways involved for the degradation of cyanide, cyanate, and thiocyanate. Some of the microorganisms possess resistance to cyanide, since they have developed adaptive alternative pathways for the production of ATP by utilization of cyanide as carbon and nitrogen sources. In this review, we summarized different enzymes, their mechanisms, and corresponding pathways for the degradation of cyanide and production of pterins during cyanide degradation. We aim to enlighten different types of pterin, its classification, and biological significance through this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Mahendran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Sabna Bs
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Kiran kG
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Muthu Vijayasarathy
- Clinical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
| | - Gayathri Muthusamy
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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Pimkov IV, Serli-Mitasev B, Peterson AA, Ratvasky SC, Hammann B, Basu P. Designing the Molybdopterin Core through Regioselective Coupling of Building Blocks. Chemistry 2015; 21:17057-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Basu P, Nieter Burgmayer SJ. Recent developments in the study of molybdoenzyme models. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:373-83. [PMID: 25578808 PMCID: PMC4336637 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a plethora of crystal structures of molybdenum enzymes has appeared in the literature providing a clearer picture of the enzymatic active sites and increasing the challenge to chemists to develop accurate models for those sites. In this minireview we discuss the most recent model studies aimed to reproduce detailed features of the pterin-dithiolene ligand, both as the uncoordinated form and as a chelate coordinated to molybdenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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Sparacino-Watkins C, Stolz JF, Basu P. Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:676-706. [PMID: 24141308 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate anion is a simple, abundant and relatively stable species, yet plays a significant role in global cycling of nitrogen, global climate change, and human health. Although it has been known for quite some time that nitrate is an important species environmentally, recent studies have identified potential medical applications. In this respect the nitrate anion remains an enigmatic species that promises to offer exciting science in years to come. Many bacteria readily reduce nitrate to nitrite via nitrate reductases. Classified into three distinct types--periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar) and assimilatory nitrate reductase (Nas), they are defined by their cellular location, operon organization and active site structure. Of these, Nap proteins are the focus of this review. Despite similarities in the catalytic and spectroscopic properties Nap from different Proteobacteria are phylogenetically distinct. This review has two major sections: in the first section, nitrate in the nitrogen cycle and human health, taxonomy of nitrate reductases, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, cellular locations of nitrate reductases, structural and redox chemistry are discussed. The second section focuses on the features of periplasmic nitrate reductase where the catalytic subunit of the Nap and its kinetic properties, auxiliary Nap proteins, operon structure and phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
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Pimkov IV, Peterson A, Vaccarello DN, Basu P. A Regioselective Synthesis of the Dephospho DIthiolene Protected Molybdopterin. RSC Adv 2014; 4:19072-19076. [PMID: 24921040 PMCID: PMC4048723 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02786h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molybdopterin (MPT) is a complex molecule, made out of three distinctly different components. A retrosynthetic analysis provides a possible route for its synthesis that utilizes the coupling of a diamine with an osone analog. A regioselective condensation of the diamine with an osone affords the dephospho MPT, which has been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies, as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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