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Manojkumar S, Thandeeswaran M, Thangavel SK, Arjunan A, Muthuselvam M, Kalaiarasi G, Gnanajothi K. Phytochemical Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, ADME Properties, and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activity of Marine Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ACS Omega 2024; 9:11200-11216. [PMID: 38496978 PMCID: PMC10938337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Medicinally valuable components derived from natural resources are highly desirable as prospective alternatives to synthetic drugs to treat fatal diseases, such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort (Amaranthaceae) (S. maritima) is a halophyte plant that can thrive in saline environments and possesses excellent medicinal properties. Hence, for the present investigation, S. maritima has been chosen, and its phytochemical constituents have been extracted utilizing various solvents, including hexane, acetone, and methanol, and identified by GC-MS, LC-MS, and HPLC analyses. The antioxidant activity of the compounds using DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays demonstrated that all three extracts of S. maritima possessed significant radical scavenging activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid with lower IC50 values (69.20-95.58 μg/mL). In addition, the evaluation of antidiabetic activity by α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition methods revealed that the acetone extract of S. maritima (SMAE) displayed equipotent activity of standard acarbose with an IC50 of 32.6 μg/mL. Advantageously, SMAE also exhibited better inhibition activity against the growth of lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 78.19. μg/mL and less toxicity on the noncancerous HUVEC cells with a high IC50 of 300 μg/mL. In addition, the cancer cell death mechanism via the apoptotic pathway induced by SMAE was confirmed by DAPI staining and ROS analysis. The analysis of ADME properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, witnessed that the physicochemical and druglikeness factors were best catered by stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, and vitamin E. Further, the key phytochemicals identified from SMAE were docked with CtBP1 and SOX2 bound to importin-α target proteins associated with carcinogenic pathways using Schrodinger software. The results showed that the phytochemicals, scilicet, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, octadecadienoic acid, and vitamin E, showed a good binding affinity with Glide scores in the range -2.845-4.018 kcal/mol. Overall, the findings support that the least investigated traditional edible medicinal mangrove-related S. maritima is high in pharmacologically active constituents and might be one of the finest sources of naturally derived molecules for drug development and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Manojkumar
- Translational
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Metabolomics/Proteomics
Facility, Bharathiar Cancer Theranostics Research Centre, RUSA 2.0, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Annavi Arjunan
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickam Muthuselvam
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Giriraj Kalaiarasi
- Centre
for Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kapildev Gnanajothi
- Translational
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dhanapal AR, Thandeeswaran M, Muthusamy P, Jayaraman A. Identification and structural prediction of the unrevealed amidohydrolase enzyme: Pterin deaminase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:193-200. [PMID: 35352406 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbes make a remarkable contribution to the health and well-being of living beings all over the world. Interestingly, pterin deaminase is an amidohydrolase enzyme that exhibits antitumor, anticancer activities and antioxidant properties. With the existing evidence of the presence of pterin deaminase from microbial sources, an attempt was made to reveal the existence of this enzyme in the unexplored bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. After, the cells were harvested and characterized as intracellular enzymes and then partially purified through acetone precipitation. Subsequently, further purification step was carried out with an ion-exchange chromatogram (HiTrap Q FF) using the Fast-Protein Liquid Chromatography technique (FPLC). Henceforward, the approximate molecular weight of the purified pterin deaminase was determined through SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, the purified protein was identified accurately by MALDI-TOF, and the sequence was explored through a Mascot search engine. Additionally, the three-dimensional structure was predicted and then validated, as well as ligand-binding sites, and the stability of this enzyme was confirmed for the first time. Thus, the present study revealed the selected parameters showing a considerable impact on the identification and purification of pterin deaminase from A. tumefaciens LBA4404 for the first time. The enzyme specificity makes it a favorable choice as a potent anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Raj Dhanapal
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Sujeeth NK, Aravinth R, Thandeeswaran M, Angayarkanni J, Rajasekar A, Mythili R, Gnanadesigan M. Toxicity analysis and biomarker response of Quinalphos Organophosphate Insecticide (QOI) on eco-friendly exotic Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:274. [PMID: 36607436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An ever-increasing use of pesticides in agricultural fields has led to a catastrophic decline in crop quality and, ultimately soil fertility. To control various pests, quinalphos is commonly used in India's tea plantations. This study aims to investigate the effects of the Quinalphos organophosphate insecticide on the non-target beneficial organism Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms and the biomarkers that respond to its effects. Earthworm species, especially E. eugeniae, remains as the most trustworthy and well-suited model organism for conducting a wide variety of environmental studies. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was identified as 3.561 µg cm-2 (contact filter paper) and 1.054 mg kg-2 (artificial soil toxicity). The 5% and 10% of LC50 value 3.561 µg cm-2 was exposed to earthworm to analyze the sublethal effects at pre-clitellum, clitellum, and post-clitellum segments. Specific enzymatic activities of neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase; antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase; and detoxification enzymes including glutathione S transferase, reduced glutathione, carboxylesterase, and Cytochrome P450 were analyzed. Exposure of E. eugeniae earthworm to subacute exposures of pesticides caused significant alterations in these stress markers in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological abnormalities like bulginess, coiling, and bleeding were observed after exposure of the insecticide treatments. Histological cellular disintegration, a reduced NRRT time, and an inhibited proteolytic zone were also identified in pesticide-exposed earthworms. Studies demonstrate that the organophosphate insecticide quinalphos causes acute toxicity in E. eugeniae; hence, it is suggested that non-target eco-friendly E. eugeniae earthworms may be at risk if exposed to the excessive concentrations of quinalphos organophosphate insecticide in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachimuthu Krishnan Sujeeth
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Aravinth
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Mythili
- PG & Research, Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts & Science College, Kallipatti, 637501, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugesan Gnanadesigan
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India.
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Mahendran R, Bs S, Thandeeswaran M, kG K, Vijayasarathy M, Angayarkanni J, Muthusamy G. Microbial (Enzymatic) Degradation of Cyanide to Produce Pterins as Cofactors. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:578-587. [PMID: 31111225 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is one of the most poisonous substances in the environment, which may have originated from natural and anthropogenic sources. There are many enzymes produced by microorganisms which can degrade and utilize cyanide. The major byproducts of cyanide degradation are alanine, glutamic acid, alpha-amino-butyric acid, beta-cyanoalanine, pterin etc. These products have many pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. For the degradation of cyanide, microbes produce necessary cofactors which catalyze the degradation pathways. Pterin is one of the cofactors for cyanide degradation. There are many pathways involved for the degradation of cyanide, cyanate, and thiocyanate. Some of the microorganisms possess resistance to cyanide, since they have developed adaptive alternative pathways for the production of ATP by utilization of cyanide as carbon and nitrogen sources. In this review, we summarized different enzymes, their mechanisms, and corresponding pathways for the degradation of cyanide and production of pterins during cyanide degradation. We aim to enlighten different types of pterin, its classification, and biological significance through this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Mahendran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Sabna Bs
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Kiran kG
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Muthu Vijayasarathy
- Clinical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
| | - Gayathri Muthusamy
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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Nawaz KAA, David SM, Murugesh E, Thandeeswaran M, Kiran KG, Mahendran R, Palaniswamy M, Angayarkanni J. Identification and in silico characterization of a novel peptide inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Phytomedicine 2017; 36:1-7. [PMID: 29157802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are important sources of bioactive peptides. Among these, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides have a major focus on their ability to prevent hypertension. Inhibition of ACE has been established as an effective approach for the treatment of ACE associated diseases. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Some synthetic ACE inhibitory drugs cause side effects and hence there is a constant interest in natural compounds as alternatives. STUDY DESIGN The study was designed to identify and characterize a peptide molecule from pigeon pea which has the biological property to inhibit ACE and can be developed as a therapeutic approach towards hypertension. METHODS Seeds of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) was fermented with Aspergillus niger, a proteolytic fungus isolated from spoiled milk sweet. The extract was purified by size exclusion chromatography by FPLC system. The fractions that showed ACE inhibition was subjected to LC-MS/MS for sequence identification. The stability of the peptide was analyzed by molecular dynamic simulations and the interaction sites with ACE were identified by molecular docking. RESULTS The study report a novel ACE inhibitory octapeptide Val-Val-Ser-Leu-Ser-Ile-Pro-Arg with a molecular mass of 869.53 Da. The Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that the inhibition of ACE by this peptide is in competitive mode. Also, molecular docking and simulation studies showed a strong and stable interaction of the peptide with ACE. CONCLUSION The results clearly show the inhibitory property of the peptide against ACE and hence it can be explored as a therapeutic strategy towards hypertension and other ACE associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Ayub Nawaz
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Swapna Merlin David
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Easwaran Murugesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | | | - Ramasamy Mahendran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India
| | - Muthusamy Palaniswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 021, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India.
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Kiran KG, Thandeeswaran M, Ayub Nawaz KA, Easwaran M, Jayagopi KK, Ebrahimi L, Palaniswamy M, Mahendran R, Angayarkanni J. Quinazoline derivative from indigenous isolate, Nocardiopsis alba inhibits human telomerase enzyme. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1637-1652. [PMID: 27567126 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Aim of this study was isolation and screening of various secondary metabolites produced by indigenous isolates of soil Actinomycetes for human telomerase inhibitory activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Extracellular extract from culture suspension of various soil Actinomycetes species were tested for telomerase inhibitory activity. The organism which produced telomerase inhibitor was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The active fraction was purified by HPLC and analysed by GC-MS to identify the compound. In GC-MS analysis, the active principle was identified as 3-[4'-(2″-chlorophenyl)-2'-thiazolyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro quinazoline. The G-quadruplex stabilizing ability of the compound was checked by molecular docking and simulation experiments with G-quadruplex model (PDB ID-1L1H). The selective binding ability of the compound with G-quadruplex over Dickerson-Drew dodecamer DNA structures showed that the compound possess high selectivity towards G-quadruplex. CONCLUSIONS Quinazoline derivative isolated from an indigenous strain of Nocardiopsis alba inhibited telomerase. Molecular docking and simulation studies predicted that this compound is a strong stabilizer of G-quadruplex conformation. It also showed a preferable binding to G-quadruplex DNA over normal DNA duplex. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This particular compound can be suggested as a suitable compound for developing a future anticancer drug. The selectivity towards G-quadruplex over normal DNA duplex gives a clue that it is likely to show lower cytotoxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kiran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Thandeeswaran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - K A Ayub Nawaz
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Easwaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - K K Jayagopi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - L Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Palaniswamy
- School of Life Science, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India
| | - R Mahendran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - J Angayarkanni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Jayaraman A, Thandeeswaran M, Priyadarsini U, Sabarathinam S, Nawaz KAA, Palaniswamy M. Characterization of unexplored amidohydrolase enzyme-pterin deaminase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4779-89. [PMID: 27094187 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pterin deaminase is an amidohydrolase enzyme hydrolyzing pteridines to form lumazine derivatives and ammonia. The enzyme captured the attention of scientists as early as 1959 and had been patented for its application as an anticancer agent. It is ubiquitously present in prokaryotes and has been reported in some eukaryotes such as honey bee, silkworm and rats. The enzyme has been observed to have a spectrum of substrates with the formation of respective lumazines. The role of the substrates of the enzyme in various metabolic pathways warrants a significant role in the biological activity of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Even though the functions of the enzyme have been explored in prokaryotes, their niche in the eukaryotic system is not clear. There is very few information on the structural and functional properties of the enzyme. This review has been congregated to emphasize the significance of pterin deaminase and analyzes the lacunae in understanding the biological characters of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Shanmugam Sabarathinam
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K A Ayub Nawaz
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Palaniswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamilnadu, India
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