Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel 2-(3, 5-di methoxy-4-((1-aryl-1H -1, 2, 3-triazole-4-yl) methoxy) phenyl) benzo[d ]thiazoles

Click chemistry beyond metal-catalyzed cycloaddition as a remarkable tool for green chemical synthesis of antifungal medications

Click chemistry is widely used for the efficient synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole, a well-known scaffold with widespread biological activity in the pharmaceutical sciences. In recent years, this magic ring has attracted the attention of scientists for its potential in designing and synthesizing new antifungal agents. Despite scientific and medical advances, fungal infections still account for more than 1.5 million deaths globally per year, especially in people with compromised immune function. This increasing trend is definitely related to a raise in the incidence of fungal infections and prevalence of antifungal drug resistance. In this condition, an urgent need for new alternative antifungals is undeniable. By focusing on the main aspects of reaction conditions in click chemistry, this review was conducted to classify antifungal 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole hybrids based on their chemical structures and introduce the most effective triazole antifungal derivatives. It was notable that in all reactions studied, Cu(I) catalysts generated in situ by the reduction in Cu(II) salts or used copper(I) salts directly, as well as mixed solvents of t-BuOH/H2O and DMF/H2O had most application in the synthesis of triazole ring. The most effective antifungal activity was also observed in fluconazole analogs containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety and benzo-fused five/six-membered heterocyclic conjugates with a 1,2,3-triazole ring, even with better activity than fluconazole. The findings of structure-activity relationship and molecular docking of antifungal derivatives synthesized with copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) could offer medicinal chemistry scientists valuable data on designing and synthesizing novel triazole antifungals with more potent biological activities in their future research.

Current Perspective of Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant Benzothiazole Based Molecules: Potential for Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

The therapeutic potential of the majority of the marketed drugs is due to the presence of a heterocyclic nucleus, which constitutes a huge role in the field of medicinal chemistry. These heterocyclic scaffolds could act as a template in order to design potential therapeutic agents against several diseases. Benzothiazole scaffold is one of the influential heteroaromatic rings in the field of medicinal chemistry owing to its extensive pharmacological features. Herein, we have focused on the synthesis of benzothiazole based medicinal molecules, which possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This review covers a systematic description of synthetic routes for biologically relevant benzothiazole derivatives in the last five years. The main aim of this study is to show the diversification of benzothiazole based molecules into their pharmacologically more active derivatives. This review's synthetic protocols include metal-free, metal-catalyzed, and metal precursor azo dyes strategies for the development of benzothiazole derived bioactive compounds. The discussion under the various headings covers synthetic schemes and biological activities of the most potent molecules in the form of minimum inhibitory concentration.