Convergent synthesis, free radical scavenging, Lineweaver‐Burk plot exploration, hemolysis and in silico study of novel indole‐phenyltriazole hybrid bearing acetamides as potent urease inhibitors

An overview of the privileged synthetic heterocycles as urease enzyme inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship

Urease is a metalloenzyme including two Ni2+ ions, found in some plants, bacteria, fungi, microorganisms, invertebrate animals, and animal tissues. Urease acts as a significant virulence factor, mainly in catheter blockage and infective urolithiasis as well as in the pathogenesis of gastric infection. Therefore, studies on urease lead to novel synthetic inhibitors. In this review, the synthesis and antiurease activities of a collection of privileged synthetic heterocycles such as (thio)barbiturate, (thio)urea, dihydropyrimidine, and triazol derivatives were described and discussed according to structure-activity relationship findings in search of the best moieties and substituents that are answerable for encouraging the desired activity even more potent than the standard. It was found that linking substituted phenyl and benzyl rings to the heterocycles led to potent urease inhibitors.

Recent Efforts in the Discovery of Urease Inhibitor Identifications

Urease is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the past century, hundreds of medicinal chemists focused their efforts on explorations of urease inhibitors. Despite the FDA's approval of acetohydroxamic acid as a urease inhibitor for the treatment of struvite nephrolithiasis and the widespread use of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide as a soil urease inhibitor as nitrogen fertilizer synergists in agriculture, urease inhibitors with high potency and safety are urgently needed. Exploration of novel urease inhibitors has therefore become a hot research topic recently. Herein, inhibitors identified worldwide from 2016 to 2021 have been reviewed. They structurally belong to more than 20 classes of compounds such as urea/thioure analogues, hydroxamic acids, sulfonamides, metal complexes, and triazoles. Some inhibitors showed excellent potency with IC50 values lower than 10 nM, having 10000-fold higher potency than the positive control thiourea.