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Khanna A, Kumar N, Rana R, Jyoti, Sharma A, Muskan, Kaur H, Bedi PMS. Fluoroquinolones tackling antimicrobial resistance: Rational design, mechanistic insights and comparative analysis of norfloxacin vs ciprofloxacin derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2024; 153:107773. [PMID: 39241583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a global health concern and develops a need to discover novel antimicrobial agents or targets to tackle this problem. Fluoroquinolone (FN), a DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitor, has helped to conquer antimicrobial resistance as it provides flexibility to researchers to rationally modify its structure to increase potency and efficacy. This review provides insights into the rational modification of FNs, the causes of resistance to FNs, and the mechanism of action of FNs. Herein, we have explored the latest advancements in antimicrobial activities of FN analogues and the effect of various substitutions with a focus on utilizing the FN nucleus to search for novel potential antimicrobial candidates. Moreover, this review also provides a comparative analysis of two widely prescribed FNs that are ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, explaining their rationale for their design, structure-activity relationships (SAR), causes of resistance, and mechanistic studies. These insights will prove advantageous for new researchers by aiding them in designing novel and effective FN-based compounds to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot, Punjab 145001, India.
| | - Rupali Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Muskan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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Canales CSC, Pavan AR, Dos Santos JL, Pavan FR. In silico drug design strategies for discovering novel tuberculosis therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:471-491. [PMID: 38374606 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2319042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis remains a significant concern in global public health due to its intricate biology and propensity for developing antibiotic resistance. Discovering new drugs is a protracted and expensive endeavor, often spanning over a decade and incurring costs in the billions. However, computer-aided drug design (CADD) has surfaced as a nimbler and more cost-effective alternative. CADD tools enable us to decipher the interactions between therapeutic targets and novel drugs, making them invaluable in the quest for new tuberculosis treatments. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors explore recent advancements in tuberculosis drug discovery enabled by in silico tools. The main objectives of this review article are to highlight emerging drug candidates identified through in silico methods and to provide an update on the therapeutic targets associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EXPERT OPINION These in silico methods have not only streamlined the drug discovery process but also opened up new horizons for finding novel drug candidates and repositioning existing ones. The continued advancements in these fields hold great promise for more efficient, ethical, and successful drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Carnero Canales
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- School of Pharmacy, biochemistry and biotechnology, Santa Maria Catholic University, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Aline Renata Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Dingiş Birgül Sİ, Kumari J, Tamhaev R, Mourey L, Lherbet C, Sriram D, Akdemir A, Küçükgüzel İ. In silico design, synthesis and antitubercular activity of novel 2-acylhydrazono-5-arylmethylene-4-thiazolidinones as enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38450660 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2319678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria regulate the synthesis of mycolic acid through the fatty acid synthase system type 1 (FAS I) and the fatty acid synthase system type-2 (FAS-II). Because mammalian cells exclusively utilize the FAS-I enzyme system for fatty acid production, targeting the FAS-II enzyme system could serve as a specific approach for developing selective antimycobacterial drugs. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase enzyme (MtInhA), part of the FAS-II enzyme system, contains the NADH cofactor in its active site and reduces the intermediate. Molecular docking studies were performed on an in-house database (∼2200 compounds). For this study, five different crystal structures of MtInhA (PDB Code: 4TZK, 4BQP, 4D0S, 4BGE, 4BII) were used due to rotamer difference, mutation and the presence of cofactors. Molecular dynamics simulations (250 ns) were performed for the novel 2-acylhydrazono-5-arylmethylene-4-thiazolidinones derivatives selected by molecular docking studies. Twenty-three compounds selected by in silico methods were synthesized. Antitubercular activity and MtInhA enzyme inhibition studies were performed for compounds whose structures were elucidated by IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, MS and elemental analysis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap İpek Dingiş Birgül
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Jyothi Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rasoul Tamhaev
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Lherbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Atilla Akdemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İlkay Küçükgüzel
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fenerbahçe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Krátký M. Novel sulfonamide derivatives as a tool to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:545-562. [PMID: 38348480 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing resistance in Staphylococcus aureus has created a critical need for new drugs, especially those effective against methicillin-resistant strains (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]). Sulfonamides are a privileged scaffold for the development of novel antistaphylococcal agents. This review covers recent advances in sulfonamides active against MRSA. Based on the substitution patterns of sulfonamide moieties, its derivatives can be tuned for desired properties and biological activity. Contrary to the traditional view, not only N-monosubstituted 4-aminobenzenesulfonamides are effective. Novel sulfonamides have various mechanisms of action, not only 'classical' inhibition of the folate biosynthetic pathway. Some of them can overcome resistance to classical sulfa drugs and cotrimoxazole, are bactericidal and active in vivo. Hybrid compounds with distinct bioactive scaffolds are particularly advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Janowska S, Andrzejczuk S, Gawryś P, Wujec M. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Mannich Bases with Piperazine Moiety. Molecules 2023; 28:5562. [PMID: 37513434 PMCID: PMC10384309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel Mannich bases were designed, synthesized, and screened for their antimicrobial activity. The target compounds were synthesized from 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione and different piperazine derivatives. The structures of the products were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The activity of piperazine derivatives against bacteria (Gram-positive: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis; Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis) and yeasts (Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis) was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values. Significant activity was observed against Gram-positive bacteria, mainly staphylococci (PG7-PG8) and bacteria of the genes of Micrococcus and Bacillus (PG1-3), as well as selected strains of Gram-negative bacteria, including bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family (PG7), while all tested compounds showed high fungistatic activity against Candida spp. yeasts, especially C. parapsilosis, with MICs ranging from 0.49 µg/mL (PG7) to 0.98 µg/mL (PG8) and 62.5 µg/mL (PG1-3). In conclusion, the results obtained confirm the multidirectional antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized piperazine derivatives. Furthermore, in silico studies suggest that the tested compounds are likely to have good oral bioavailability. The results obtained will provide valuable data for further research into this interesting group of compounds. The library of compounds obtained is still the subject of pharmacological research aimed at finding new interesting biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Janowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Andrzejczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Gawryś
- Students Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Reddy DS, Sinha A, Kumar A, Saini VK. Drug re-engineering and repurposing: A significant and rapid approach to tuberculosis drug discovery. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200214. [PMID: 35841594 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking it above all other contagious diseases. The problem to tackle this disease seems to become even worse due to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the complications related to drug-resistant TB, prolonged treatment regimens, and synergy between TB and HIV are significant drawbacks. There are several drugs to treat TB, but there is still no rapid and accurate treatment available. Intensive research is, therefore, necessary to discover newer molecular analogs that can probably eliminate this disease within a short span. An increase in efficacy can be achieved through re-engineering old TB-drug families and repurposing known drugs. These two approaches have led to the production of newer classes of compounds with novel mechanisms to treat multidrug-resistant strains. With respect to this context, we discuss structural aspects of developing new anti-TB drugs as well as examine advances in TB drug discovery. It was found that the fluoroquinolone, oxazolidinone, and nitroimidazole classes of compounds have greater potential to be further explored for TB drug development. Most of the TB drug candidates in the clinical phase are modified versions of these classes of compounds. Therefore, here we anticipate that modification or repurposing of these classes of compounds has a higher probability to reach the clinical phase of drug development. The information provided will pave the way for researchers to design and identify newer molecular analogs for TB drug development and also broaden the scope of exploring future-generation potent, yet safer anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Reddy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anamika Sinha
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Vipin K Saini
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
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Virtual screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase: Applications and success stories. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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