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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Zhang LY, Wu YH, Wang NX, Yan Z, Gao XW, Liu YH, Xu BC, Liu N, Wang BZ. Synthetic optimization of TACOT-derived nitrogen-rich energetic compounds and reaction mechanism research. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1952434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Yan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Cai Xu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
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Nakanishi W, Hayashi S, Pitak MB, Hursthouse MB, Coles SJ. Dynamic and Static Behaviors of N–Z–N σ(3c–4e) (Z = S, Se, and Te) Interactions: Atoms-in-Molecules Dual Functional Analysis with High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction Determination of Electron Densities for 2-(2-Pyridylimino)-2H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11775-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2044898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waro Nakanishi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510 Japan
| | - Satoko Hayashi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510 Japan
| | - Mateusz B. Pitak
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Hursthouse
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Coles
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Garud DR, Koketsu M, Ishihara H. Isoselenocyanates: a powerful tool for the synthesis of selenium-containing heterocycles. Molecules 2007; 12:504-35. [PMID: 17851407 PMCID: PMC6149403 DOI: 10.3390/12030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing heterocyclic compounds have been well recognized, not only because of their remarkable reactivities and chemical properties, but also because of their diverse pharmaceutical applications. In this context, isoselenocyanates have been emerged as a powerful tool for the synthesis of selenium-containing heterocycles, since they are easy to prepare and store and are safe to handle. In this review the recent advances in the development of synthesis methods for selenium-containing heterocycles from isoselenocyanates are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Ramesh Garud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: ;
| | - Hideharu Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: ;
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Huynh MHV, Hiskey MA, Chavez DE, Gilardi RD. Tetraazapentalene Chemistry: Unexpected Intramolecular Electron Rearrangement Induced by Highly Reactiveψ-Dinitroso Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7089-94. [PMID: 16222653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- My Hang V Huynh
- Dynamic Experiment Division, DX-2: Materials Dynamics Group, MS C920, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Huynh MHV, Hiskey MA, Chavez DE, Gilardi RD. Tetraazapentalene Chemistry: Unexpected Intramolecular Electron Rearrangement Induced by Highly Reactiveψ-Dinitroso Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hampe D, Görls H, Anders E. 1,3-Thiazoline-5-thiolates and 1,3-Thiazole-5(2H)-thiones by [3+2]-Cycloaddition of Carbon Disulfide to Metalated 4-Alkylidene-4H-pyridin-1-ides. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Matsumura N, Hirase R, Kamitani S, Okumura Y, Mizuno K. Synthesis and properties of new macrocyclic compounds: Utilization of bond character of hypervalent sulfur in tetraazathiapentalene derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sandin H, Swanstein ML, Wellner E. A Fast and Parallel Route to Cyclic Isothioureas and Guanidines with Use of Microwave-Assisted Chemistry. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1571-80. [PMID: 14987013 DOI: 10.1021/jo030338m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple approach to novel cyclic isothioureas and related guanidine derivatives is presented in this study. The construction of the central basic scaffolds is achieved solely by the application of microwave-assisted chemistry, without any need of activating agents or protecting group manipulations. The product formation of various substituted guanidines from the corresponding isothiouronium salts was controlled by the nucleophilicity of the counterion and influenced by the reaction temperature. Further, a new fast-track access to tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylamines was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sandin
- Department of Drug Discovery, Active Biotech AB, Box 724, 22007 Lund, Sweden
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