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Gołębiowski M, Stepnowski P, Leszczyńska D. Application of carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction sorbent for analysis of chlorophenols in water samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine musk fragrances in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Abreu DP, Rodriguez KV, Cruz J. Extraction, purification and characterization of an antioxidant extract from barley husks and development of an antioxidant active film for food package. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fischer AR, Lan NTP, Wiedemann C, Heide P, Werner P, Schmidt AW, Theumer G, Knölker HJ. Determination of 4-nonylphenol in water samples using 4-(2,6-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol as new internal standard. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2950-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hyötyläinen T. Principles, developments and applications of on-line coupling of extraction with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:14-28. [PMID: 17196971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of extraction and chromatographic separation allows the whole analysis to be performed in a closed system. On-line systems are particularly useful when the analytes are labile, the amount of sample is limited, or very high sensitivity is required. Many on-line systems have been developed both for liquid and for solid samples. This review discusses the different instruments that have been constructed and the factors that need to be considered in the coupling. Selected illustrative applications are described to illustrate the potential of the on-line systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Pervaporation-flow injection analysis of phenol after on-line derivatisation to phenyl acetate. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Reitzel LA, Ledin A. Determination of phenols in landfill leachate-contaminated groundwaters by solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2002; 972:175-82. [PMID: 12416875 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction method for phenols in landfill leachates was developed and optimized in order to solve the expected and observed problems associated with an anaerobic matrix containing high concentrations of salts and organic matter. Isolute ENV+ cartridges exhibited the best retention of phenols of the four sorbents examined, and was the only cartridge which a 1 L leachate sample could pass through. With the other cartridges, clogging made this impossible. The final method, which included 27 different phenols, gave detection limits of <0.1 microg/L (drinking water concentration limit for pesticides) for most phenols (25), and for 12 phenols <0.01 microg/L. Recovery rates (determined for four concentrations in the range 1-25 microg/L, two replicates of each) were in the range 79-104% (SD 1-12%), except for phenol (26+/-1.3%) and 2-methoxyphenol (62+/-4.2%). Up to 12 different phenols could be identified in leachates from three Danish landfills, ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 29 microg/L, which is at the lower end of the concentration range usually found for phenols in landfill leachates (sub-microg/L to mg/L).
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Alberici RM, Sparrapan R, Jardim WF, Eberlin MN. Selective trace level analysis of phenolic compounds in water by flow injection analysis--membrane introduction mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:2084-2088. [PMID: 11393991 DOI: 10.1021/es001814i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow injection analysis coupled with membrane introduction mass spectrometry (FIA-MIMS) with on-line derivatization is shown to allow fast, accurate, nearly interference-free, and sensitive (low microgram/L) quantitation of phenolic compounds in water. On-line FIA derivatization of the phenolic compounds is performed by acetic anhydride acetylation in a K2CO3-buffered alkaline medium. The phenol acetates so formed efficiently permeate a silicone membrane and are directly transferred to the mass spectrometer, in which they are analyzed with selectivity and high sensitivity via selected ion monitoring. FIA-MIMS analysis was performed for aqueous solutions of phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-chlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and detection limits in the 0.5-20 micrograms/L (ppb) range were observed for an analytical frequency of six samples/h. FIA-MIMS for phenolic compound analysis is considerably less time-consuming and labor intensive than most chromatographic methods based on liquid-liquid extraction and preconcentration procedures and is therefore applicable for on-line and in-situ monitoring of phenols in wastewaters and in the environment. FIA-MIMS employing acetic anhydride derivatization is also virtually free of interferences since it combines chemical, membrane, and enhanced MS selectivity; hence quantitation of phenolic compounds can be performed in the presence of congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Alberici
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Guo X, Mitra S. On-line membrane extraction liquid chromatography for monitoring semi-volatile organics in aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2000; 904:189-96. [PMID: 11204233 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane extraction is an attractive alternative to conventional extraction methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction, because the analytes can be isolated in a continuous fashion. On-line detection can be carried out using a suitable analytical instrument. The objective of this study is to study the enrichment of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from an aqueous matrix by on-line membrane extraction, to be followed by liquid chromatographic (ME-LC) analysis for continuous monitoring. The membrane serves as an interface across which liquid-liquid extraction takes place. The SVOCs transfer from the aqueous phase and are concentrated in an organic extractant. The enriched solvent is intermittently injected into an HPLC for analysis. In this paper, the enrichment into the organic phase under different operating conditions and the performance characteristics of the instrumentation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA
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Abstract
To overcome the limitations of the detection systems associated with gas or liquid chromatography, a sample pretreatment is required with the objective to provide a sample fraction enriched with all the target analytes and as free as possible from other matrix components. There is now no doubt that solid-phase extraction (SPE) has now become the method of choice for carrying out simultaneously the extraction and concentration of many compounds in aqueous samples. Many recent applications of SPE to multiresidue analysis are reviewed with an emphasis on the importance of the choice of the sorbent and of the sample volume. SPE is particularly well adapted to multiresidue analysis including compounds from a wide range of polarity or characterized by various physico-chemical properties. However, SPE is not completely free from practical problems inherent to the nature of the compounds or to the coupling to the chromatographic systems. Many examples are reported to illustrate these problems which can in most cases be circumvented. New developments in SPE are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pichon
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique (CNRS, ERS 657), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France
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Abstract
A discussion of solid-phase extraction method development for acidic herbicides is presented that reviews sample matrix modification, extraction sorbent selection, derivatization procedures for gas chromatographic analysis, and clean-up procedures for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Acidic herbicides are families of compounds that include derivatives of phenol (dinoseb, dinoterb and pentachlorophenol), benzoic acid (acifluorfen, chloramben, dicamba, 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid and dacthal--a dibenzoic acid derivative), acetic acid [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)], propanoic acid [dichlorprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid (MCPP) and silvex], butanoic acid [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid (2,4-DB) and 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid (MCPB)], and other miscellaneous acids such as pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram) and thiadiazine dioxide (bentazon).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wells
- Center for the Management, Utilization and Protection of Water Resources, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville 38505, USA.
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Vreuls JJ, Louter AJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:279-314. [PMID: 10526793 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography (GC) comprise heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-GC and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user-friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Vreuls
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Louter AJ, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 842:391-426. [PMID: 10377972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography. Two approaches can be distinguished: heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (GC) and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Louter
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sojo LE, Djauhari J. Determination of chlorophenolics in waters by membrane solid-phase extraction: comparison between C18 and activated carbon membranes and between modes of extraction and elution. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pocurull E, Aguilar C, Borrull F, Marcé RM. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection to determine pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 1998; 818:85-93. [PMID: 9770306 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A group of pesticides with different chemical structures was determined in water by on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection through an on-column interface. A 10 mm x 2 mm I.D. precolumn packed with PLRP-S was selected for the solid-phase extraction process. The parameters affecting the transfer of the analytes from the precolumn to the GC system (e.g. flow-rate, temperature and solvent vapor exit time) were optimized. An organic modifier was added to the sample before the extraction process to avoid adsorption problems. The use of the MS detector under selected ion monitoring acquisition enabled the analytes to be quantified at sub microgram-per-litre levels preconcentrating only 10 ml of sample, and the limits of detection (S/N = 3) were between 2 and 20 ng l-1. The method was applied to the determination of the pesticides in tap and river water, and molinate was determined in Ebro river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pocurull
- Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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