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Adang LA, Bonkowsky JL, Boelens JJ, Mallack E, Ahrens-Nicklas R, Bernat JA, Bley A, Burton B, Darling A, Eichler F, Eklund E, Emrick L, Escolar M, Fatemi A, Fraser JL, Gaviglio A, Keller S, Patterson MC, Orchard P, Orthmann-Murphy J, Santoro JD, Schöls L, Sevin C, Srivastava IN, Rajan D, Rubin JP, Van Haren K, Wasserstein M, Zerem A, Fumagalli F, Laugwitz L, Vanderver A. Consensus guidelines for the monitoring and management of metachromatic leukodystrophy in the United States. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:739-748. [PMID: 38613540 PMCID: PMC11348704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic mutations in the ARSA (Arylsulfatase A) gene. With the advent of presymptomatic diagnosis and the availability of therapies with a narrow window for intervention, it is critical to define a standardized approach to diagnosis, presymptomatic monitoring, and clinical care. To meet the needs of the MLD community, a panel of MLD experts was established to develop disease-specific guidelines based on healthcare resources in the United States. This group developed a consensus opinion for best-practice recommendations, as follows: (i) Diagnosis should include both genetic and biochemical testing; (ii) Early diagnosis and treatment for MLD is associated with improved clinical outcomes; (iii) The panel supported the development of newborn screening to accelerate the time to diagnosis and treatment; (iv) Clinical management of MLD should include specialists familiar with the disease who are able to follow patients longitudinally; (v) In early onset MLD, including late infantile and early juvenile subtypes, ex vivo gene therapy should be considered for presymptomatic patients where available; (vi) In late-onset MLD, including late juvenile and adult subtypes, hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) should be considered for patients with no or minimal disease involvement. This document summarizes current guidance on the presymptomatic monitoring of children affected by MLD as well as the clinical management of symptomatic patients. Future data-driven evidence and evolution of these recommendations will be important to stratify clinical treatment options and improve clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Adang
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric Mallack
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John A Bernat
- University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Annette Bley
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Burton
- Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Emrick
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Forge Biologics, Grove City, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Amy Gaviglio
- Division of Laboratory Services, Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Marc C Patterson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul Orchard
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Santoro
- University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Isha N Srivastava
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deepa Rajan
- University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Keith Van Haren
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Wasserstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ayelet Zerem
- Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Lucia Laugwitz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wongkittichote P, Cho SH, Miller A, King K, Herbst ZM, Ren Z, Gelb MH, Hong X. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Urinary Oligosaccharides and Glycoamino Acids for the Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis and Glycoproteinosis. Clin Chem 2024; 70:865-877. [PMID: 38597162 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and glycoproteinosis are 2 groups of heterogenous lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by defective degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins, respectively. Oligosaccharides and glycoamino acids have been recognized as biomarkers for MPS and glycoproteinosis. Given that both groups of LSDs have overlapping clinical features, a multiplexed assay capable of unambiguous subtyping is desired for accurate diagnosis, and potentially for severity stratification and treatment monitoring. METHODS Urinary oligosaccharides were derivatized with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one (PMP) and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) together with the underivatized glycoamino acids. Novel biomarkers were identified with a semi-targeted approach with precursor mass scanning, the fragmentation pattern (if applicable), and the biochemical basis of the condition. RESULTS A UPLC-MS/MS analysis with improved chromatographic separation was developed. Novel biomarkers for MPS-IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, and VII were identified and validated. A total of 28 oligosaccharides, 2 glycoamino acids, and 2 ratios were selected as key diagnostic biomarkers. Validation studies including linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), and precision were carried out with the assay performance meeting the required criteria. Age-specific reference ranges were collected. In the 76 untreated patients, unambiguous diagnosis was achieved with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the levels of disease-specific biomarkers were substantially reduced in the treated patients. CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed UPLC-MS/MS assay for urinary oligosaccharides and glycoamino acids measurement was developed and validated. The assay is suitable for the accurate diagnosis and subtyping of MPS and glycoproteinosis, and potentially for severity stratification and monitoring response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Se Hyun Cho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Artis Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn King
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zackary M Herbst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zhimei Ren
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xinying Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Pham V, Sertori Finoti L, Cassidy MM, Maguire JA, Gagne AL, Waxman EA, French DL, King K, Zhou Z, Gelb MH, Wongkittichote P, Hong X, Schlotawa L, Davidson BL, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. A novel iPSC model reveals selective vulnerability of neurons in multiple sulfatase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 141:108116. [PMID: 38161139 PMCID: PMC10951942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is an ultra-rare, inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1). MSD is characterized by the functional deficiency of all sulfatase enzymes, leading to the storage of sulfated substrates including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), sulfolipids, and steroid sulfates. Patients with MSD experience severe neurological impairment, hearing loss, organomegaly, corneal clouding, cardiac valve disease, dysostosis multiplex, contractures, and ichthyosis. Here, we generated a novel human model of MSD by reprogramming patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells to establish an MSD induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line (SUMF1 p.A279V). We also generated an isogenic control iPSC line by correcting the pathogenic variant with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We successfully differentiated these iPSC lines into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and NGN2-induced neurons (NGN2-iN) to model the neuropathology of MSD. Mature neuronal cells exhibited decreased SUMF1 gene expression, increased lysosomal stress, impaired neurite outgrowth and maturation, reduced sulfatase activities, and GAG accumulation. Interestingly, MSD iPSCs and NPCs did not exhibit as severe of phenotypes, suggesting that as neurons differentiate and mature, they become more vulnerable to loss of SUMF1. In summary, we demonstrate that this human iPSC-derived neuronal model recapitulates the cellular and biochemical features of MSD. These cell models can be used as tools to further elucidate the mechanisms of MSD pathology and for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Pham
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Livia Sertori Finoti
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Margaret M Cassidy
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jean Ann Maguire
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alyssa L Gagne
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elisa A Waxman
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Epilepsy and NeuroDevelopmental Disorders (ENDD), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Deborah L French
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Epilepsy and NeuroDevelopmental Disorders (ENDD), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn King
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zitao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Parith Wongkittichote
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xinying Hong
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology - Translational Neuroinflammation and Automated Microscopy, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Ahrens-Nicklas
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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