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Junejo SA, Flanagan BM, Zhang B, Dhital S. Starch structure and nutritional functionality - Past revelations and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118837. [PMID: 34893254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch exists naturally as insoluble semi-crystalline granules assembled by amylose and amylopectin. Acknowledging the pioneers, we have reviewed the major accomplishments in the area of starch structure from the early 18th century and further established the relation of starch structure to nutritional functionality. Although a huge array of work is reported in the area, the review identified that some features of starch are still not fully understood and needs further elucidation. With the rise of diet-related diseases, it has never been more important to understand starch structure and use that knowledge to improve the nutritional value of the world's principal energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ahmed Junejo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Liu QH, Tang JW, Wen PB, Wang MM, Zhang X, Wang L. From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes: Insights Into the Molecular Structure of Glycogen Particles. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673315. [PMID: 33996916 PMCID: PMC8116748 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly-branched polysaccharide that is widely distributed across the three life domains. It has versatile functions in physiological activities such as energy reserve, osmotic regulation, blood glucose homeostasis, and pH maintenance. Recent research also confirms that glycogen plays important roles in longevity and cognition. Intrinsically, glycogen function is determined by its structure that has been intensively studied for many years. The recent association of glycogen α-particle fragility with diabetic conditions further strengthens the importance of glycogen structure in its function. By using improved glycogen extraction procedures and a series of advanced analytical techniques, the fine molecular structure of glycogen particles in human beings and several model organisms such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Rat rattus have been characterized. However, there are still many unknowns about the assembly mechanisms of glycogen particles, the dynamic changes of glycogen structures, and the composition of glycogen associated proteins (glycogen proteome). In this review, we explored the recent progresses in glycogen studies with a focus on the structure of glycogen particles, which may not only provide insights into glycogen functions, but also facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng-Bo Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Putzeys P, Verhoeven L. La Diffusion Moléculaire de la Lumière par les Solutions de Glycogène et de Dextrine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19490680906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frey H, Kautz H. Hyperverzweigte Polymere: von baumartigen Makromolekülen zu Funktionsmaterialien. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/nadc.20020501108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ryman BE, Whelan WJ. New aspects of glycogen metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 34:285-443. [PMID: 4335607 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122792.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Staudinger H, Werner AE. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 175. Mitteil.: Über die Km-Konstante der Celluloseacetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, Reinecke F. Über makromolekulare Verbindungen, 203. Mitteil.: Über das Viscositätsgesetz in der Cellulosereihe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19380711219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Staudinger H, Mohr R. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 179. Mitteil.: Über die Konstitution der Cellulose-nitrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Staudinger H, Sorkin M. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 168. Mitteil.: Über Viscositätsuntersuchungen an Cellulosenitraten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370700929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, Husemann E. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 191. Mitteil.: Über die Konstitution der Weizenstärke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19380710523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Staudinger H, Husemann E. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 161. Mitteil.: Über die Bestimmung des Molekulargewichts von Polysacchariden nach der Endgruppenmethode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370700644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Husemann E. Über die Konstitution von Salepmannan. 246. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401551001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen an einer Reihe von Polymethacrylsäuremethylestern nach verschiedenen Methoden [osmotisch, viscosimetrisch und durch Fällungstitration]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19411580113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Staudinger H, Lantzsch B. Über den makromolekularen Bau des Lichenins. 249. Mitteilung Über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401560107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Husemann E. Über die Konstitution von Holzpolyosen. 239. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401550102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, Jörder H. Viscositätsmessungen an Estern mit unverzweigten und verzweigten Ketten. 296. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19421600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Staudinger H, Warth H. Über die Konstitution von hochpolymeren Kunststoffen 247. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401551002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Staudinger H, Haenel-Immendörfer I. Molekulargewichtsbestimmung an Glykogenen durch Anwendung des Rayleighschen Gesetzes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19440010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Husemann E. Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen an hydrolytisch abgebauten Glykogenen durch Fällungstitration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19411580114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pfannemüller B, Burchard W, Franken I. Untersuchungen an enzymatisch modifizierten verzweigten Polysacchariden I. Sternpolymere aus Glykogen und Amylopektin mit phosphorolytisch verlängerten Zweigen. STARCH-STARKE 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19760280102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parodi AJ, Mordoh J, Krisman CR, Leloir LF. In vitro synthesis of particulate glycogen from uridine diphosphate glucose. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 132:111-7. [PMID: 5792827 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Augustat S, Grohn H. Der mechanochemische Abbau von Stärke, Amylose und Amylopektin durch Schwingmahlung. STARCH-STARKE 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19620140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chargaff E, Moore DH. ON BACTERIAL GLYCOGEN: THE ISOLATION FROM AVIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI OF A POLYGLUCOSAN OF VERY HIGH PARTICLE WEIGHT. J Biol Chem 1944. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Staudinger H, Husemann E. Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von K. H. Meyer ?�ber die Anordnung der Glucosereste im Glykogen? Naturwissenschaften 1941. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01479363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ergebnisse und Probleme aus der Chemie, physikalischen Chemie und Physik der makromolekularen Stoffe. Naturwissenschaften 1941. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01479143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schlubach HH, Sinh OK. Untersuchungen über Fructoseanhydride. XXIII. Über das Phlein. Die Ringstruktur der Polyfructosane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1940. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19405440106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schmid L, Polaczek-Wittek A. Diffusionsversuche mit Glykogen in flüssigem Ammoniak. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1939. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02716137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Über den Mechanismus der Leukopenie nach intravenöser Glykogenzufuhr. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1939. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02007580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Staudinger H, Schneiders J. Über makromolekulare Verbindungen. Über die Polyvinylchloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1939. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19395410108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Staub H, Bucher K. Über den Mechanismus der Leukopenie nach Intravenöser Glykogenzufuhr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1938. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01775368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Staudinger H, Reinecke F. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen. Über Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen an Cellulose-äthern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1938. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19385350105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Klages F, Maurenbrecher R. Die Konfiguration des Steinnuß-und Salep-mannans und über den Gültigkeitsbereich der Hudsonschen Superpositionsregeln bei Mannose-derivaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1938. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19385350110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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