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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Sangwan R, Nath Mishra V, Kumar Mandal P. Synthesis of a common pentasaccharide moiety of diplasteriosides A and B belong to starfish asterosaponins isolated from the Diplasterias brucei. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Covering: 1989-2017 Saponins are characteristic metabolites of starfish and sea cucumbers, and occasionally are also found in sponges, soft coral, and small fish. These steroid or triterpenoid glycosides often show remarkable biological and pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antifouling, shark repellent, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Over one thousand marine saponins have been characterized; the majority of them can be categorized into three major structural types, i.e., asterosaponins, polyhydroxysteroid glycosides, and holostane glycosides. Thus far, only 12 marine saponins have been synthesized; those representing the major types were successfully synthesized recently. The syntheses involve preparation of the aglycones from the terrestrial steroid or triterpene materials, installation of the carbohydrate units, and manipulation of the protecting groups. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on these syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
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4
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Guazzelli L, McCabe O, Oscarson S. Synthesis of part structures of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype C capsular polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:5-13. [PMID: 27423877 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. The development of a vaccine based on the capsular polysaccharide of C. neoformans is still an open challenge due to the heterogeneity of the capsular polysaccharide and the difficulty of identifying protective epitopes. Therefore, construction of structurally defined part structures of the C. neoformans GXM capsule is in great demand. Herein is presented the synthesis of a 3-O-naphthalenylmethyl protected trisaccharide thioglycoside building block which is present in C. neoformans serotype C polysaccharide. Its property as a donor in a glycosylation reaction with a model acceptor has been evaluated together with its behaviour as an acceptor following removal of the temporary protecting group. The heavily branched hexasaccharide was obtained in good yields and excellent α-selectivity. The frame shifted octasaccharide structural triad motif for serotype C was also prepared following the same building block strategy. For the first time this structural motif, which is the most substituted amongst the four C. neoformans serotypes, was prepared. Three synthesized C. neoformans serotype C fragments of varying size, from penta-up to octasaccharide, were deprotected and will be included in unique glycoarrays to further investigate the possibility to develop a synthetic vaccine against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guazzelli
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Orla McCabe
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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5
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Guazzelli L, Ulc R, Oscarson S. Synthesis of a Glucuronic Acid-Containing Thioglycoside Trisaccharide Building Block and Its Use in the Assembly of Cryptococcus Neoformans Capsular Polysaccharide Fragments. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:729-39. [PMID: 27308199 PMCID: PMC4906494 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of an ongoing project aimed at identifying protective capsular polysaccharide epitopes for the development of vaccine candidates against the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, the synthesis and glycosylation properties of a naphthalenylmethyl (NAP) orthogonally protected trisaccharide thioglycoside, a common building block for construction of serotype B and C capsular polysaccharide structures, were investigated. Ethyl (benzyl 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐ uronate)‐(1→2)‐[2,3,4‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐β‐d‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐6‐O‐benzyl‐3‐O‐(2‐naphthalenylmethyl)‐1‐thio‐α‐d‐mannopyranoside was prepared and used both as a donor and an acceptor in glycosylation reactions to obtain spacer equipped hexa‐ and heptasaccharide structures suitable either for continued elongation or for deprotection and printing onto a glycan array or conjugation to a carrier protein. The glycosylation reactions proceeded with high yields and α‐selectivity, proving the viability of the building block approach also for construction of 4‐O‐xylosyl‐containing C. neoformans CPS structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guazzelli
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin Belfield 4 Dublin Ireland
| | - Rebecca Ulc
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin Belfield 4 Dublin Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University College Dublin Belfield 4 Dublin Ireland
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6
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Guazzelli L, Ulc R, Rydner L, Oscarson S. A synthetic strategy to xylose-containing thioglycoside tri- and tetrasaccharide building blocks corresponding to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structures. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6598-610. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C. neoformansthiosaccharide building blocks were prepared and their conversion to glycosyl acceptors as well as use as glycosyl donors investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Rebecca Ulc
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Lina Rydner
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
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Dai Y, Yu B. Total synthesis of astrosterioside A, an anti-inflammatory asterosaponin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13826-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An anti-inflammatory starfish saponin was synthesized in a convergent linear sequence of 24 steps and 6.8% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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Xiao G, Yu B. Total synthesis of starfish saponin goniopectenoside B. Chemistry 2013; 19:7708-12. [PMID: 23649953 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Star quality: Goniopectenoside B, a minor asterosaponin from starfish Goniopecten demonstrans with antifouling activity, has been synthesized in a convergent 21 steps and in 4.3 % overall yield starting from adrenosterone. This represents the first synthesis of a complex asterosaponin, which are ubiquitous and characteristic in starfish as defense chemicals (see figure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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10
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Tang Y, Li N, Duan JA, Tao W. Structure, Bioactivity, and Chemical Synthesis of OSW-1 and Other Steroidal Glycosides in the Genus Ornithogalum. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5480-514. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300072s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae
Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Nianguang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae
Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae
Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae
Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
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Dere RT, Kumar A, Kumar V, Zhu X, Schmidt RR. Synthesis of Glycosylthiols and Reactivity Studies. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7539-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra T. Dere
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Amit Kumar
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Pletcher JM, McDonald FE. Synthesis of the saccharomicin fucose-aglycon conjugate and determination of absolute configuration. Org Lett 2006; 7:4749-52. [PMID: 16209526 DOI: 10.1021/ol051971s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Schmidt glycosylation of the appropriately protected 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate methyl ester with 2,3,4-triacetoxyfucopyranosyltrichloroacetimidate gives aryl glycoside in high yield and diastereoselectivity. 2-Sulfation of fucose, installation of taurine, and global deprotection of the remaining protecting groups affords the fucose-aglycon conjugate of saccharomicin. This synthesis which arises from L-fucose also establishes the absolute configuration of the reducing terminus of the saccharomicin oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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13
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Abstract
The highly potent anticancer natural saponin OSW-1 has been successfully synthesized from commercially available 5-androsten-3beta-ol-17-one 79 in 10 operations with 28% overall yield. The key steps in the total synthesis included a highly regio- and stereoselective selenium dioxide-mediated allylic oxidation of 80 and a highly stereoselective 1,4-addition of alpha-alkoxy vinyl cuprates 68 to steroid 17(20)-en-16-one 12E to introduce the steroid side chain. This total synthesis demonstrated once again the versatile synthetic applications of alpha-halo vinyl ether chemistry developed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Yu W, Jin Z. A new strategy for the stereoselective introduction of steroid side chain via alpha-alkoxy vinyl cuprates: total synthesis of a highly potent antitumor natural product OSW-1. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:3369-70. [PMID: 11457074 DOI: 10.1021/ja004098t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Yu
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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15
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Crich D, Dai Z. Direct synthesis of β-mannosides. Synthesis of β-D-xyl-(1→2)-β-D-man-(1→4)-α-D-Glc-OMe: A trisaccharide component of the Hyriopsis schlegelii glycosphingolipid. Formation of an orthoester from a xylopyranosyl sulfoxide. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Banaszek A. Synthesis of the unique trisaccharide repeating unit, isolated from lipopolysaccharides Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 24, and its analogue. Carbohydr Res 1998; 306:379-85. [PMID: 9648246 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of trisaccharide: 6-d-alpha-L-Talp(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap(1-->5)-DHA, and its analogue: 6-d-alpha-L-Talp(1-->2)-beta-L-Rhaf(1-->5)DHA is described. In the first step a disaccharide, composed of 6-d-L-Talp and L-Rhap was obtained. This, in turn, was converted to the corresponding 1-trichloroacetimidate and coupled with DHA alcohol to afford the required trisaccharide. Its analogue was achieved by the conversion of the above disaccharide to the glycosyl bromide, involving the rhamnopyranose ring scission, followed by condensation with DHA in Koenigs-Knorr procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banaszek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Minale L, Riccio R, Zollo F. Structural studies on chemical constituents of echinoderms. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY (PART C) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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