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Skrzeszewski M, Maciejewska M, Kobza D, Gawrylak A, Kieda C, Waś H. Risk factors of using late-autophagy inhibitors: Aspects to consider when combined with anticancer therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116277. [PMID: 38740222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer resistance to therapy is still an unsolved scientific and clinical problem. In 2022, the hallmarks of cancer have been expanded to include four new features, including cellular senescence. Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a stressor-based response to conventional treatment methods, e.g. chemo- and radiotherapy, but also to non-conventional targeted therapies. Since TIS reinforces resistance in cancers, new strategies for sensitizing cancer cells to therapy are being adopted. These include macroautophagy as a potential target for inhibition due to its potential cytoprotective role in many cancers. The mechanism of late-stage autophagy inhibitors is based on blockage of autophagolysosome formation or an increase in lysosomal pH, resulting in disrupted cargo degradation. Such inhibitors are relevant candidates for increasing anticancer therapy effectiveness. In particular, 4-aminoquoline derivatives: chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) have been tested in multiple clinical trials in combination with senescence-inducing anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize the properties of selected late-autophagy inhibitors and their role in the regulation of autophagy and senescent cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo models of cancer as well as treatment response in clinical trials on oncological patients. Additionally, we point out that, although these compounds increase the effectiveness of treatment in some cases, their practical usage might be hindered due to systemic toxicity, hypoxic environment, dose- ant time-dependent inhibitory effects, as well as a possible contribution to escaping from TIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Skrzeszewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Poland
| | - Monika Maciejewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland
| | - Dagmara Kobza
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aleksandra Gawrylak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland; Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR CNRS 4301, Orléans, France; Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Waś
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Poland.
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2
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Molloy EM, Tietz JI, Blair PM, Mitchell DA. Biological characterization of the hygrobafilomycin antibiotic JBIR-100 and bioinformatic insights into the hygrolide family of natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6276-6290. [PMID: 27234886 PMCID: PMC5108699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hygrolides, a family of 16-member-ring-containing plecomacrolides produced by Actinobacteria, exhibit numerous reported bioactivities. Using HR-MS/MS, nucleophilic 1,4-addition-based labeling, NMR, and bioinformatic analysis, we identified Streptomyces varsoviensis as a novel producer of JBIR-100, a fumarate-containing hygrolide, and elucidated the previously unknown stereochemistry of the natural product. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of JBIR-100, with preliminary insight into mode of action indicating that it perturbs the membrane of Bacillus subtilis. S. varsoviensis is known to produce compounds from multiple hygrolide sub-families, namely hygrobafilomycins (JBIR-100 and hygrobafilomycin) and bafilomycins (bafilomycin C1 and D). In light of this, we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster for JBIR-100, which, to our knowledge, represents the first reported for a hygrobafilomycin. Finally, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of the hygrolide family, describing clusters from known and predicted producers. Our results indicate that potential remains for the Actinobacteria to yield novel hygrolide congeners, perhaps with differing biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Molloy
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jonathan I Tietz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Patricia M Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Douglas A Mitchell
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Wu C, Medema MH, Läkamp RM, Zhang L, Dorrestein PC, Choi YH, van Wezel GP. Leucanicidin and Endophenasides Result from Methyl-Rhamnosylation by the Same Tailoring Enzymes in Kitasatospora sp. MBT66. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:478-90. [PMID: 26675041 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing bacterial multidrug resistance necessitates novel drug-discovery efforts. One way to obtain novel chemistry is glycosylation, which is prevalent in nature, with high diversity in both the sugar moieties and the targeted aglycones. Kitasatospora sp. MBT66 produces endophenaside antibiotics, which is a family of (methyl-)rhamnosylated phenazines. Here we show that this strain also produces the plecomacrolide leucanicidin (1), which is derived from bafilomycin A1 by glycosylation with the same methyl-rhamnosyl moiety as present in the endophenasides. Immediately adjacent to the baf genes for bafilomycin biosynthesis lie leuA and leuB, which encode a sugar-O-methyltransferase and a glycosyltransferase, respectively. LeuA and LeuB are the only enzymes encoded by the genome of Kitasatospora sp. MBT66 that are candidates for the methyl-rhamnosylation of natural products, and mutation of leuB abolished glycosylation of both families of natural products. Thus, LeuA and -B mediate the post-PKS methyl-rhamnosylation of bafilomycin A1 to leucanicidin and of phenazines to endophenasides, showing surprising promiscuity by tolerating both macrolide and phenazine skeletons as the substrates. Detailed metabolic analysis by MS/MS based molecular networking facilitated the characterization of nine novel phenazine glycosides 6-8, 16, and 22-26, whereby compounds 23 and 24 represent an unprecedented tautomeric glyceride phenazine, further enriching the structural diversity of endophenasides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wu
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Natural
Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics
Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne M. Läkamp
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0751, United States
| | - Le Zhang
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0751, United States
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural
Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg
72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhang W, Fortman JL, Carlson JC, Yan J, Liu Y, Bai F, Guan W, Jia J, Matainaho T, Sherman DH, Li S. Characterization of the bafilomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces lohii. Chembiochem 2013; 14:301-6. [PMID: 23362147 PMCID: PMC3771327 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New hope for old bones: The plecomacrolide bafilomycin has been explored for decades as an anti-osteoporotic. However, its structural complexity has limited the synthesis of analogues. The cloning of the bafilomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from the environmental isolate Streptomyces lohii opens the door to the production of new analogues through bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - J. L. Fortman
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Jacob C. Carlson
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Jiyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Fali Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Wenna Guan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
| | - Junyong Jia
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Teatulohi Matainaho
- Professor Teatulohi Matainaho, Department of Pharmacology, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Morseby (Papua New Guinea)
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA), Fax: (+1)-734-615-3641
| | - Shengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86)-532-8066-2778
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Paterson I, Steadman neé Doughty VA, McLeod MD, Trieselmann T. Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-concanamycin F: the strategic use of boron-mediated aldol reactions of chiral ketones. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Burkard N, Bender T, Westmeier J, Nardmann C, Huss M, Wieczorek H, Grond S, von Zezschwitz P. New Fluorous Photoaffinity Labels (F-PAL) and Their Application in V-ATPase Inhibition Studies. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Abstract
This review covers the biosynthesis of extender units that are utilized for the assembly of polyketides by polyketide synthases. The metabolic origins of each of the currently known polyketide synthase extender units are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande A. Chan
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Angela M. Podevels
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian M. Kevany
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael G. Thomas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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García-Fortanet J, Murga J, Carda M, Marco JA, Matesanz R, Díaz JF, Barasoain I. The total synthesis and biological properties of the cytotoxic macrolide FD-891 and its non-natural (Z)-C12 isomer. Chemistry 2007; 13:5060-74. [PMID: 17516610 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A total, stereoselective synthesis of the naturally occurring, cytotoxic macrolide FD-891 and of its non-natural (Z)-C12 isomer is described. Three fragments of the main carbon chain were stereoselectively prepared by using asymmetric aldol and allylation reactions as the key steps. The molecule was then assembled by using two Julia-Kocienski olefinations to connect the three fragments and a Yamaguchi reaction to close the macrolactone ring. Some specific biological properties (cytotoxicity, binding to tubulin) have been determined for both macrolides. The E configuration of the C12-C13 olefinic bond seems to be an important feature in determining the cytotoxicity but the precise biological mechanism of the latter still remains to be cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Fortanet
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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9
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Boddien C, Gerber-Nolte J, Zeeck A. The Chemistry of Unusual Macrolides, 3. δ-Lactone Glycosides by C-C Bond Cleavage of Concanamycin C and Elaiophylin Hydroperoxides. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Haydock SF, Appleyard AN, Mironenko T, Lester J, Scott N, Leadlay PF. Organization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the macrolide concanamycin A in Streptomyces neyagawaensis ATCC 27449. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:3161-3169. [PMID: 16207901 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrolide antibiotic concanamycin A has been identified as an exceptionally potent inhibitor of the vacuolar (V-type) ATPase. Such compounds have been mooted as the basis of a potential drug treatment for osteoporosis, since the V-ATPase is involved in the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption that underlies this common condition. To enable combinatorial engineering of altered concanamycins, the biosynthetic gene cluster governing the biosynthesis of concanamycin A has been cloned fromStreptomyces neyagawaensisand shown to span a region of over 100 kbp of contiguous DNA. An efficient transformation system has been developed forS. neyagawaensisand used to demonstrate the role of the cloned locus in the formation of concanamycin A. Sequence analysis of the 28 ORFs in the region has revealed key features of the biosynthetic pathway, in particular the biosynthetic origin of portions of the backbone, which arise from the unusual polyketide building blocks ethylmalonyl-CoA and methoxymalonyl-ACP, and the origin of the pendant deoxysugar moiety 4′-O-carbamoyl-2′-deoxyrhamnose, as well as the presence of a modular polyketide synthase (PKS) encoded by six giant ORFs. Examination of the methoxymalonyl-specific acyltransferase (AT) domains has led to recognition of an amino acid sequence motif which can be used to distinguish methylmalonyl-CoA- from methoxymalonyl-ACP-specific AT domains in natural PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Haydock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Anthony N Appleyard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Tatiana Mironenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - John Lester
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Natasha Scott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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11
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Haydock SF, Mironenko T, Ghoorahoo HI, Leadlay PF. The putative elaiophylin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. DSM4137 is adjacent to genes encoding adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl CoA mutase and to genes for synthesis of cobalamin. J Biotechnol 2004; 113:55-68. [PMID: 15380647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A type I PKS gene probe obtained from RAPB of the rapamycin producer Streptomyces hygroscopicus, strongly hybridised to 92 out of 1120 cosmids from a genomic library of the elaiophylin-producing strain Streptomyces sp. DSM4137. Partial cosmid sequencing suggested the presence of 10 separate sequences encoding type I PKS genes. One entire DNA sequence was obtained and found exactly to match the gene organisation expected for the biosynthesis of the unusual macrodiolide polyketide elaiophylin. The putative elaiophylin gene cluster contains five large open-reading frames encoding typical modular polyketide synthases, which together catalyse the synthesis of the octaketide monomer of elaiophylin. Other genes were identified that would be required for provision of the ethylmalonate extender unit, for the synthesis and attachment of 2-deoxy-L-fucose and in regulation, or in export of the product. Immediately adjacent to the putative elaiophylin biosynthetic gene cluster is a 30-kbp region containing the gene for adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl CoA mutase and also genes involved in the biosynthesis of the cobalamin cofactor. Analysis of the latter gene set confirms the view that cbiD of the anaerobic pathway and cobF in the aerobic pathway catalyse the same methylation of precorrin-5. The proximity of these genes to the putative elaiophylin gene cluster can best be rationalised if in this organism succinyl-CoA is a significant source of the methylmalonate units for complex polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Haydock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1TN, UK.
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12
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Abstract
The enantioselective total synthesis of the cytotoxic plecomacrolide natural product formamicin (1) is described. Key aspects of this synthesis include the efficient transacetalation reactions of MOM ethers 28 and 38 to form the seven-membered formyl acetals 29 and 39, a late-stage Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of the highly functionalized vinyl boronic acid 6 and vinyl iodide 7, a highly beta-selective glycosidation reaction of beta-hydroxy ketone 4 with 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodoglucopyranosyl fluoride 3, and the global desilylation of penultimate intermediate 77 mediated by in situ generated Et(3)N.2HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Durham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Quéron E, Lett R. Synthetic studies on bafilomycin A1: first formation of the 16-membered macrolide via an intramolecular Stille reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Cassady JM, Chan KK, Floss HG, Leistner E. Recent Developments in the Maytansinoid Antitumor Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1-26. [PMID: 14709862 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maytansine and its congeners have been isolated from higher plants, mosses and from an Actinomycete, Actinosynnema pretiosum. Many of these compounds are antitumor agents of extraordinary potency, yet phase II clinical trials with maytansine proved disappointing. The chemistry and biology of maytansinoids has been reviewed repeatedly in the late 1970s and early 1980s; the present review covers new developments in this field during the last two decades. These include the use of maytansinoids as "warheads" in tumor-specific antibodies, preliminary metabolism studies, investigations of their biosynthesis at the biochemical and genetic level, and ecological issues related to the occurrence of such typical microbial metabolites in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Cassady
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The total synthesis of formamicinone (2), the aglycone of formamicin (1), has been accomplished via the late-stage Suzuki cross-coupling of fragments 5 and 6, the macrolactonization of seco ester 14, and the Mukaiyama aldol reaction of aldehyde 3 and methyl ketone 4. An efficient and highly stereoselective second generation synthesis of vinyl iodide 6 is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Savall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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16
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Yu TW, Bai L, Clade D, Hoffmann D, Toelzer S, Trinh KQ, Xu J, Moss SJ, Leistner E, Floss HG. The biosynthetic gene cluster of the maytansinoid antitumor agent ansamitocin from Actinosynnema pretiosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7968-73. [PMID: 12060743 PMCID: PMC123004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092697199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maytansinoids are potent antitumor agents found in plants and microorganisms. To elucidate their biosynthesis at the biochemical and genetic level and to set the stage for their structure modification through genetic engineering, we have cloned two gene clusters required for the biosynthesis of the maytansinoid, ansamitocin, from a cosmid library of Actinosynnema pretiosum ssp. auranticum ATCC 31565. This is a rare case in which the genes involved in the formation of a secondary metabolite are dispersed in separate regions in an Actinomycete. A set of genes, asm22-24, asm43-45, and asm47, was identified for the biosynthesis of the starter unit, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA). Remarkably, there are two AHBA synthase gene homologues, which may have different functions in AHBA formation. Four type I polyketide synthase genes, asmA-D, followed by the downloading asm9, together encode eight homologous sets of enzyme activities (modules), each catalyzing a specific round of chain initiation, elongation, or termination steps, which assemble the ansamitocin polyketide backbone. Another set of genes, asm13-17, encodes the formation of an unusual "methoxymalonate" polyketide chain extension unit that, notably, seems to be synthesized on a dedicated acyl carrier protein rather than as a CoA thioester. Additional ORFs are involved in postsynthetic modifications of the initial polyketide synthase product, which include methylations, an epoxidation, an aromatic chlorination, and the introduction of acyl and carbamoyl groups. Tentative functions of several asm genes were confirmed by inactivation and heterologous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Wein Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA.
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17
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Ingenhorst G, Bindseil K, Boddien C, Dröse S, Gaßel M, Altendorf K, Zeeck A. Synthesis of a Doubly Labelled Concanamycin Derivative for ATPase Binding Studies. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200112)2001:23<4525::aid-ejoc4525>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, UK.
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19
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