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Jianu C, Itu-Mureşan C, Drugan C, Filipescu I, Topan AV, Jianu ME, Morar II, Bolboacă SD. Evaluation of several serum interleukins as markers for treatment effectiveness in naïve HIV infected patients: A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260007. [PMID: 34784398 PMCID: PMC8594820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this observational pilot study, we investigated the impact of Dolutegravir, Raltegravir, Elvitegravir (Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors, INSTIs), or boosted Darunavir (a Protease Inhibitor, PI) in combination with two nucleoside reverstranscriptase inhibitors (Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil or Lamivudine/Tenofovir disoproxil, NRTI) on four interleukins (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-21) as immune activation markers in naïve HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)-infected patients during the first six months of combined standard-of-care antiretroviral therapy (cART). Newly diagnosed with HIV-infected subjects and without any disease that could affect the immune activation markers were evaluated. The patients’ physicians recommended the cART as standard-of-care and the ILs were measured before cART and six months of cART. The levels of CD4+ T-cells count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased at six months (P-value<0.02) regardless of the drugs, INSTIs or PI. However, a CD4+/CD8+ >1 was observed in 25% of patients treated with Raltegravir and half of those treated with Dolutegravir. At six months of cART, viral load was detectable in only 6/31 individuals. IL-21 had an undetectable level in 30/31 patients after six months of cART. Our results suggest the potency in restoring immune markers in HIV-infected patients with all investigated drugs. Dolutegravir showed a tendency to statistically significant changes in IL-4 and IL-10. A clinical trial with random allocation of medication and an extensive follow-up is needed to replicate this research and validate the usefulness of evaluated ILs as markers of cART effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Jianu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Itu-Mureşan
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Drugan
- Department of Biochemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Filipescu
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Violeta Topan
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Elena Jianu
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * E-mail: (MEJ); (SDB)
| | - Ioana Iulia Morar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana D. Bolboacă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * E-mail: (MEJ); (SDB)
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Kruize Z, Cobos Jiménez V, Martinez FO, Di Vincenzo R, van Dort KA, van Nuenen AC, Booiman T, Kootstra NA. CD9 and ITGA3 are regulated during HIV-1 infection in macrophages to support viral replication. Virology 2021; 562:9-18. [PMID: 34242748 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are important target cells for HIV-1. Here, we investigated whether HIV-1 induces changes in the macrophage gene expression profile to support viral replication. We observed that the macrophage gene expression profiles dramatically changed upon HIV-1 infection. The majority of the HIV-1 regulated genes were also differentially expressed in M2a macrophages. The biological functions associated with the HIV-1 induced gene expression profile in macrophages were mainly related to inflammatory responses. CD9 and ITGA3 were among the top genes upregulated upon HIV-1 infection. We showed that these genes support viral replication and that downregulation of these genes decreased HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Here we showed that HIV-1 infection of macrophages induces a gene expression profile that may dampen inflammatory responses. CD9 and ITGA3 were among the top genes regulated by HIV-1 and were shown to support viral production most likely at the level of viral budding and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Kennedy Rheumatology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karel A van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ad C van Nuenen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Booiman T, Cobos Jiménez V, van Dort KA, van 't Wout AB, Kootstra NA. Phosphodiesterase 8a supports HIV-1 replication in macrophages at the level of reverse transcription. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109673. [PMID: 25295610 PMCID: PMC4190361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infected macrophages play a key role in HIV-1 infection. Even during anti-retroviral treatment, macrophages keep producing virus due to suboptimal tissue penetration and reduced efficacy of antiretrovirals. It is therefore of major importance to understand which host factors are involved in HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Previously, we have shown that genetic polymorphisms in phosphodiesterase 8a (PDE8A) are strongly associated with HIV-1 replication in these cells. Here we analyzed the mechanism and regulation of PDE8A in HIV-1 replication in macrophages. RESULTS PDE8A mRNA expression strongly increases upon differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which corresponds to the increased susceptibility of mature macrophages to HIV-1. In parallel, expression of microRNA miR-145-5p, predicted to target PDE8A mRNA, strongly decreased. The interaction of miR-145-5p with the 3' UTR of PDE8A mRNA could be experimentally validated, suggesting that indeed miR-145-5p can regulate PDE8A expression levels. Knockdown of PDE8A in macrophages resulted in a decrease in total HIV-1 replication and proviral DNA levels. These observations confirm that PDE8A regulates HIV-1 replication in macrophages and that this effect is mediated through early steps in the viral replication cycle. CONCLUSIONS PDE8A is highly expressed in macrophages, and its expression is regulated by miR-145-5p. Our findings strongly suggest that PDE8A supports HIV-1 replication in macrophages and that this effect is mediated at the level of reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angélique B. van 't Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Salgame P, Yap GS, Gause WC. Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1118-1126. [PMID: 24145791 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections are ubiquitous worldwide and can trigger potent immune responses that differ from and potentially antagonize host protective responses to microbial pathogens. In this Review we focus on the three main killers in infectious disease-AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria-and critically assesses whether helminths adversely influence host control of these diseases. We also discuss emerging concepts for how M2 macrophages and helminth-modulated dendritic cells can potentially influence the protective immune response to concurrent infections. Finally, we present evidence advocating for more efforts to determine how and to what extent helminths interfere with the successful control of specific concurrent coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - William C Gause
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Cobos Jiménez V, Booiman T, de Taeye SW, van Dort KA, Rits MAN, Hamann J, Kootstra NA. Differential expression of HIV-1 interfering factors in monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with polarizing cytokines or interferons. Sci Rep 2012; 2:763. [PMID: 23094138 PMCID: PMC3478582 DOI: 10.1038/srep00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in macrophages can be regulated by cytokines and infection is restricted in macrophages activated by type I interferons and polarizing cytokines. Here, we observed that the expression levels of the cellular factors Trim5α, CypA, APOBEC3G, SAMHD-1, Trim22, tetherin and TREX-1, and the anti-HIV miRNAs miR-28, miR-150, miR-223 and miR-382 was upregulated by IFN-α and IFN-β in macrophages, which may account for the inhibiting effect on viral replication and the antiviral state of these cells. Expression of these factors was also increased by IFN-γ +/− TNF-α, albeit to a lesser extent; yet, HIV-1 replication in these cells was not restricted at the level of proviral synthesis, indicating that these cellular factors only partially contribute to the observed restriction. IL-4, IL-10 or IL-32 polarization did not affect the expression of cellular factors and miRNAs, suggesting only a limited role for these cellular factors in restricting HIV-1 replication in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam-CINIMA at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are natural target cells for HIV-1, and both cell types contribute to the establishment of the viral reservoir that is responsible for continuous residual virus replication during antiretroviral therapy and viral load rebound upon treatment interruption. Scientific findings that support a critical role for the infected monocyte/macrophage in HIV-1-associated diseases, such as neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease, are accumulating. To prevent or treat these HIV-1-related diseases, we need to halt HIV-1 replication in the macrophage reservoir. This article describes our current knowledge of how monocytes and certain macrophage subsets are able to restrict HIV-1 infection, in addition to what makes macrophages respond less well to current antiretroviral drugs as compared with CD4+ T cells. These insights will help to find novel approaches that can be used to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M Bol
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos-Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Herbein G, Varin A. The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation? Retrovirology 2010; 7:33. [PMID: 20380696 PMCID: PMC2859752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the heterogeneity of the macrophage population has been highlighted. Classically activated or type 1 macrophages (M1) induced in particular by IFN-γ display a pro-inflammatory profile. The alternatively activated or type 2 macrophages (M2) induced by Th-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13 express anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties. Finally IL-10 has been described as the prototypic cytokine involved in the deactivation of macrophages (dM). Since the capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be modulated by cytokines, this review shows how modulation of macrophage activation by cytokines impacts the capacity to support productive HIV-1 infection. Based on the activation status of macrophages we propose a model starting with M1 classically activated macrophages with accelerated formation of viral reservoirs in a context of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Then IL-4/IL-13 alternatively activated M2 macrophages will enter into the game that will stop the expansion of the HIV-1 reservoir. Finally IL-10 deactivation of macrophages will lead to immune failure observed at the very late stages of the HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA 4266 Pathogens and Inflammation, IFR 133 INSERM, Franche-Comte University, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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HIV-1 Tat dysregulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine responses: microbial interactions in HIV infection. AIDS 2009; 23:1473-84. [PMID: 19622906 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32832d7abe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the HIV-1 Tat protein impairs the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine responses. DESIGN Concurrent infections with pathogens including bacteria and viruses are common in AIDS patients. However, cytokine and interferon responses during infection with or translocation from the gut of these pathogens in HIV-infected patients are not well studied. As HIV-1 Tat contributes partly to the HIV-induced immune dysregulation, we investigated whether the protein may play a role in perturbing the LPS-induced cytokine responses. METHODS Expression levels of cytokines in human primary blood monocytes/macrophages were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression level of the cell surface Toll-like receptor 4 was examined by flow cytometry. Activations of signaling molecules were assayed by western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat downregulated the LPS-induction of IFN-beta and concomitantly upregulated IL-6 expression in primary blood monocytes/macrophages, whereas the viral protein had no significant effects on TNF-alpha expression. To delineate the underlying mechanism, we showed that Tat inhibited the LPS-activation of ERK1/2 but not the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. The viral protein suppressed the LPS-induced activation of NFkappaB p65 via its induction of IkappaBalpha expression, which resulted in retention of NFkappaB p65 in the cytosol. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Tat may play a role in modulating the immune responses triggered by other coinfecting pathogens and thus providing a permissive environment for both HIV and other opportunistic microbes.
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González OA, Ebersole JL, Huang CB. Oral infectious diseases: a potential risk factor for HIV virus recrudescence? Oral Dis 2009; 15:313-27. [PMID: 19364391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transitioned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a 'chronic disease' management strategy, there is growing evidence that infection with non-HIV pathogens in HIV+ patients may have important public health implications in undermining HAART success and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome progression. Several bacterial and host cell products during infections with non-HIV pathogens have shown the capacity to regulate HIV replication in latently infected cells. A high prevalence of oral infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi has been described in HIV+ patients, including periodontal disease. The oral cavity appears to be a site of HIV pathogenesis and potential reservoir for the disease as HIV RNA and DNA forms are present in saliva as well as in gingival crevicular fluid, and oral epithelial cells are susceptible to either cell free or cell-associated HIV infection. The clinical and biological bases of potential associations between chronic oral inflammatory disorders, such as periodontal disease, and exacerbation of HIV viraemia have received little attention. This review attempts to evaluate the current understanding of HIV reactivation as a result of co-infection and/or inflammation induced by non-HIV pathogens in HIV-infected patients, and presents a hypothetic model about the potential role of periodontitis as a global oral infection that potentially contributes to HIV recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A González
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Maneglier B, Rogez-Kreuz C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Martal J, Devillier P, Dormont D, Clayette P. [Anti-HIV effects of IFN-tau in human macrophages: role of cellular antiviral factors and interleukin-6]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:492-503. [PMID: 18842358 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tau interferon (IFN-tau) was shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro more strongly than human IFN-alpha, particularly in human macrophages. IFN-tau efficiently inhibited the early steps of HIV biological cycle, decreasing intracellular HIV RNA and inhibiting the initiation of the reverse transcription of viral RNA into proviral DNA. In this study, the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of IFN-tau were explored in human macrophages. We found that IFN-tau increased the synthesis of the cellular antiviral factors, such as 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L and MxA protein. These results suggested that IFN-tau induces the same antiviral pathways in macrophages as other type I IFNs. We found that IFN-tau increased the production of interleukins (IL)-10 and IL-6, but not of IL-1ss or TNF-alpha, in not infected and in in vitro HIV-1/Ba-L-infected macrophages. We also found that the neutralization of IL-6 biological activity in the cell culture supernatants of IFN-tau-treated macrophages led to a decrease in the antiretroviral effects of IFN-tau towards HIV RNA. In conclusion, anti-HIV effects of IFN-tau are mediated by several modes of action, mediated either directly by IFN-tau or via other cytokines, such as IL-6, also known to be induced by IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maneglier
- UPRES EA 220, faculté de médecine Paris Ile-de-France-Ouest, université Versailles St-Quentin, Suresnes, France.
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Creery D, Weiss W, Graziani-Bowering G, Kumar R, Aziz Z, Angel JB, Kumar A. Differential Regulation of CXCR4 and CCR5 Expression by Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Is Associated with Inhibition of Chemotaxis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Replication But Not HIV Entry into Human Monocytes. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:409-23. [PMID: 16987060 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 play a key role in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) entry into CD4+ monocytic cells. Alteration in the expression levels of these receptors by immunoregulatory cytokines may influence viral entry and hence susceptibility to HIV infection, viral tropism, and disease progression. Helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which share a subunit of their receptor components and exhibit similar biological effects, have been shown to play a key role in HIV infection and disease progression. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on the expression of CXCR4 and CCR5, and the biological implications of alteration of CXCR4 and CCR5 regulation on monocytic cells with respect to their migration in response to chemokines, HIV entry, and its replication. The results suggest that both IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited the expression of CXCR4, in contrast to CCR5, which was inhibited by IL-13 alone. The downregulation of CXCR4 and CCR5 was correspondingly associated with the inhibition of their respective ligand-induced chemotaxis. Although IL-13 inhibited the expression of both CXCR4 and CCR5, this downregulation of chemokine receptor expression was not sufficient to prevent virus entry. Furthermore, both IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited viral replication in monocytic cells, suggesting that inhibition of chemokine receptor expression per se by these cytokines may not be sufficient to prevent virus entry, and indicating these cytokines may be inhibiting viral replication by targeting pathways subsequent to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Creery
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cassol E, Alfano M, Biswas P, Poli G. Monocyte-derived macrophages and myeloid cell lines as targets of HIV-1 replication and persistence. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1018-30. [PMID: 16946020 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection of mononuclear phagocytes (MP), mostly as tissue macrophages, is a dominant feature in the pathogenesis of HIV disease and its progression to AIDS. Although the general mechanism of infection is not dissimilar to that of CD4+ T lymphocytes occurring via interaction of the viral envelope with CD4 and a chemokine receptor (usually CCR5), other features are peculiar to MP infection. Among others, the long-term persistence of productive infection, sustained by the absence of substantial cell death, and the capacity of the virions to bud and accumulate in intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVB), has conferred to MP the role of "Trojan horses" perpetuating the chronic state of infection. Because the investigation of tissue macrophages is often very difficult for both ethical and practical reasons of accessibility, most studies of in vitro infection rely upon monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), a methodology hampered by inter-patient variability and lack of uniformity of experimental protocols. A number of cell lines, mostly Mono Mac, THP-1, U937, HL-60, and their derivative chronically infected counterparts (such as U1 and OM-10.1 cell lines) have complemented the MDM system of infection providing useful information on the features of HIV replication in MP. This article describes and compares the most salient features of these different cellular models of MP infection by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edana Cassol
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
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Rogez-Kreuz C, Manéglier B, Martin M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Martal J, Dormont D, Clayette P. Involvement of IL-6 in the anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of IFN-tau in human macrophages. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1047-57. [PMID: 15976033 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-tau is a non-cytotoxic type I IFN responsible for maternal recognition of the foetus in ruminants. IFN-tau has been found to inhibit HIV replication more strongly than human IFN-alpha, particularly in human monocyte-derived macrophages, without associated toxicity. Ovine IFN-tau uses the same anti-viral cellular pathways as human IFN-alpha in human macrophages, principally inhibiting the early steps of the biological cycle of HIV, preventing the integration of HIV DNA into the host-cell genome. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of IFN-tau in human macrophages. We found that IFN-tau increased the production of IL-10 and IL-6, but not of IL-1beta or tumour necrosis factor alpha, in unstimulated, LPS-stimulated and HIV-1/Ba-L-infected macrophages. We also found that treatment with IL-6 inhibited HIV replication. Moreover, the neutralization of IL-6 activity in the cell culture supernatants of IFN-tau-treated macrophages led to a decrease in the anti-retroviral effects of IFN-tau, suggesting that IL-6 was involved in the anti-viral activity induced by IFN-tau. By focusing on the very early steps of the biological cycle of HIV, we showed that IL-6 co-operated with IFN-tau to decrease intracellular HIV RNA levels 2 h after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rogez-Kreuz
- Service de Neurovirologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, CRSSA, EPHE, IPSC, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Kedzierska K, Crowe SM, Turville S, Cunningham AL. The influence of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors on HIV-1 replication in monocytes and macrophages. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:39-56. [PMID: 12516061 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells play an important role in the initial infection and contribute to its pathogenesis throughout the course of infection. Myeloid cells express CD4 and chemokine receptors known for HIV-1 fusion and entry. The beta-chemokine receptor, CCR5, is the major co-receptor in conjunction with CD4 for macrophage (M)-tropic or (R5) isolates of HIV-1, whereas the alpha-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, facilitates entry of T-tropic or (X4) HIV-1 strains. Cells of myeloid lineage may be infected predominantly with R5- strains, although infection with dual-tropic isolates of HIV-1 (exhibiting the capacity to use CCR-5 and/or CXCR-4 for entry) or some strains of X4- isolates has also been reported. The expression of chemokine receptors, HIV-1 infection and replication is under continuous regulation by a complex cytokine network produced by a variety of cells. The effects of cytokines/chemokines on HIV-1 replication in cells of myeloid lineage can be inhibitory (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-16 and beta-chemokines), stimulatory (M-CSF, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-1, IL-6) or bifunction al, that is both inhibitory and stimulatory (IL-4). This review focuses on the overall expression of chemokine receptors on cells of myeloid lineage and considers the mechanisms of entry of R5-, X4- and dual-tropic strains of HIV-1 into these cells. The effects of cytokines/chemokines on viral entry and productive HIV-1 infection are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Goletti D, Kinter AL, Coccia EM, Battistini A, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G, Poli G. Interleukin (IL)-4 inhibits phorbol-ester induced HIV-1 expression in chronically infected U1 cells independently from the autocrine effect of endogenous tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Cytokine 2002; 17:28-35. [PMID: 11886168 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) has shown both inductive and inhibitory effects on the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in primary CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, IL-4 did not induce virus production, but inhibited phorbol esters (PMA)-stimulated HIV expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells. This effect, however, was not accounted for by a decreased secretion of endogenous TNF-alpha induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We also observed that PMA upregulated the production of both IL-1beta and of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). IL-4 inhibited the secretion of IL-1beta and strongly increased that of IL-1ra; however, these effects were not responsible of IL-4-mediated inhibition of PMA-induced HIV expression since anti-IL-1ra antibodies did not revert IL-4 mediated suppression. U1 cells were transiently transfected with both wild-type (WT) long terminal repeat (LTR) constructs, or with LTR plasmids containing deletions of either the NF-kappaB or the Sp-1 binding sites. IL-4 inhibited LTR-driven transcription triggered by PMA stimulation of U1 cells, and this effect was dependent upon intact NF-kappaB but not Sp-1 binding sites. Thus, IL-4 may favour a state of microbiological quiescence in infected monocytic cells bypassing the induction of HIV expression mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Italian National Institute of Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Roma, Italy.
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Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homoeostasis of the immune system. Infection with HIV results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile in vivo and in vitro. During the course of HIV-1 infection secretion of T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, and antiviral interferon (IFN)-gamma, is generally decreased, whereas production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, is increased. Such abnormal cytokine production contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease by impairing cell-mediated immunity. A number of cytokines have been shown to modulate in vitro HIV-1 infection and replication in both CD4 T lymphocytes and cells of macrophage lineage. HIV-inductive cytokines include: TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-1 and IL-6, which stimulate HIV-1 replication in T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15, which upregulate HIV-1 in T cells, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor, which stimulates HIV-1 in MDM. HIV-suppressive cytokines include: IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-16, which inhibit HIV-1 replication in T cells and MDM, and IL-10 and IL-13, which inhibit HIV-1 in MDM. Bifunctional cytokines such as IFN-gamma, IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor have been shown to have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on HIV-1. The beta-chemokines, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES are important inhibitors of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1, whereas the alpha-chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 suppresses infection of T-tropic strains of HIV-1. This review outlines the interactions between cytokines and HIV-1, and presents clinical applications of cytokine therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kedzierska
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Australia
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Naif HM, Chang J, Ho-Shon M, Li S, Cunningham AL. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication in differentiating monocytes by interleukin 10 occurs in parallel with inhibition of cellular RNA expression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1237-45. [PMID: 8870845 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of inhibition of HIVBa-L replication by interleukin 10 (IL-10) in primary monocytes and macrophages at various stages of maturation was investigated using semiquantitative PCR for reverse-transcribed HIV DNA, and Northern hybridization for HIV mRNA expression in comparison with extracellular p24 antigen. Pretreatment of monocytes with IL-10 markedly inhibited expression of both unspliced and spliced HIV RNA, reaching a nadir at 7 days and recovering to normal levels by 10 days after a single application. The optimum inhibitory concentration was 25 ng/ml. Less inhibition of HIV RNA expression was observed when IL-10 was added after HIV infection of monocytes and the inhibitory effect progressively declined to negligible levels as monocytes matured into macrophages over 10 days. IL-10 also downregulated the expression of cellular genes, including the transferrin receptor, 28S rRNA, and GAPDH. The kinetics of the inhibition of cellular mRNAs correlated with the inhibition of HIV RNA and also declined as monocytes matured into macrophages. In contrast, IL-10 did not inhibit cellular mRNA expression in the macrophage cell line THP-1. Neutralizing polyclonal antibody to IL-10 reversed all its inhibitory effects. Interaction of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in combination were generally antagonistic in their effects on HIV transcription. IL-10 prevented stimulation of HIV RNA expression by TNF-alpha after preincubation with monocytes for 48 hr. IL-10 had no effect on the levels of HIV cDNA or the process of initiation and completion of reverse transcription. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 on HIV replication in maturing monocytes was probably mediated mainly by inhibition of cellular gene expression and inhibition of maturation of monocytes into macrophages and their activation, with consequent downregulation of HIV mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Naif
- Department of Virology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia
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