1
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Martini S, Poli G. Editorial: New frontiers in HIV antiretroviral treatment: from the management of metabolic complications and chronic inflammation to new long-acting regimens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1402565. [PMID: 38633309 PMCID: PMC11021761 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1402565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Martini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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2
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Pagani I, Ottoboni L, Panina-Bordignon P, Martino G, Poli G, Taylor S, Turnbull JE, Yates E, Vicenzi E. Heparin Precursors with Reduced Anticoagulant Properties Retain Antiviral and Protective Effects That Potentiate the Efficacy of Sofosbuvir against Zika Virus Infection in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1385. [PMID: 37895856 PMCID: PMC10609960 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in severe birth defects, such as microcephaly, as well as a range of other related health complications. Heparin, a clinical-grade anticoagulant, is shown to protect neural progenitor cells from death following ZIKV infection. Although heparin can be safely used during pregnancy, it retains off-target anticoagulant effects if directly employed against ZIKV infection. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemically modified heparin derivatives with reduced anticoagulant activities. These derivatives were used as experimental probes to explore the structure-activity relationships. Precursor fractions of porcine heparin, obtained during the manufacture of conventional pharmaceutical heparin with decreased anticoagulant activities, were also explored. Interestingly, these modified heparin derivatives and precursor fractions not only prevented cell death but also inhibited the ZIKV replication of infected neural progenitor cells grown as neurospheres. These effects were observed regardless of the specific sulfation position or overall charge. Furthermore, the combination of heparin with Sofosbuvir, an antiviral licensed for the treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) that also belongs to the same Flaviviridae family as ZIKV, showed a synergistic effect. This suggested that a combination therapy approach involving heparin precursors and Sofosbuvir could be a potential strategy for the prevention or treatment of ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Edwin Yates
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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3
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McLaren PJ, Porreca I, Iaconis G, Mok HP, Mukhopadhyay S, Karakoc E, Cristinelli S, Pomilla C, Bartha I, Thorball CW, Tough RH, Angelino P, Kiar CS, Carstensen T, Fatumo S, Porter T, Jarvis I, Skarnes WC, Bassett A, DeGorter MK, Sathya Moorthy MP, Tuff JF, Kim EY, Walter M, Simons LM, Bashirova A, Buchbinder S, Carrington M, Cossarizza A, De Luca A, Goedert JJ, Goldstein DB, Haas DW, Herbeck JT, Johnson EO, Kaleebu P, Kilembe W, Kirk GD, Kootstra NA, Kral AH, Lambotte O, Luo M, Mallal S, Martinez-Picado J, Meyer L, Miro JM, Moodley P, Motala AA, Mullins JI, Nam K, Obel N, Pirie F, Plummer FA, Poli G, Price MA, Rauch A, Theodorou I, Trkola A, Walker BD, Winkler CA, Zagury JF, Montgomery SB, Ciuffi A, Hultquist JF, Wolinsky SM, Dougan G, Lever AML, Gurdasani D, Groom H, Sandhu MS, Fellay J. Author Correction: Africa-specific human genetic variation near CHD1L associates with HIV-1 load. Nature 2023; 621:E42. [PMID: 37670157 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McLaren
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Gennaro Iaconis
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Cristinelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - István Bartha
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Thorball
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riley H Tough
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cher S Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tommy Carstensen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Isobel Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Marianne K DeGorter
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohana Prasad Sathya Moorthy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Tuff
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam Walter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arman Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- University Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - James J Goedert
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua T Herbeck
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- GenOmics and Translational Research Center and Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H Kral
- Community Health Research Division, RTI International, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris Saclay, Inserm UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Department of Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Vaccine and Therapeutics Laboratory, Medical and Scientific Affairs, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Département d'Épidémiologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - José M Miro
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pravi Moodley
- National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kireem Nam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fraser Pirie
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew A Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Cancer Innovative Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, Paris, France
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet Groom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Omnigen Biodata, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Mancino M, Lai G, De Grossi F, Cuomo A, Manganaro L, Butta GM, Ferrari I, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Pesce E, Oliveto S, Biffo S, Manfrini N. FAM46C Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Inhibits Lentiviral Particle Production by Modulating Autophagy. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0521122. [PMID: 37358411 PMCID: PMC10434054 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05211-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM46C is a multiple myeloma (MM) tumor suppressor whose function is only starting to be elucidated. We recently showed that in MM cells FAM46C triggers apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy and altering intracellular trafficking and protein secretion. To date, both a physiological characterization of FAM46C role and an assessment of FAM46C-induced phenotypes outside of MM are lacking. Preliminary reports suggested an involvement of FAM46C with regulation of viral replication, but this was never confirmed. Here, we show that FAM46C is an interferon-stimulated gene and that the expression of wild-type FAM46C in HEK-293T cells, but not of its most frequently found mutant variants, inhibits the production of both HIV-1-derived and HIV-1 lentiviruses. We demonstrate that this effect does not require transcriptional regulation and does not depend on inhibition of either global or virus-specific translation but rather mostly relies on FAM46C-induced deregulation of autophagy, a pathway that we show to be required for efficient lentiviral particle production. These studies not only provide new insights on the physiological role of the FAM46C protein but also could help in implementing more efficient antiviral strategies on one side and lentiviral particle production approaches on the other. IMPORTANCE FAM46C role has been thoroughly investigated in MM, but studies characterizing its role outside of the tumoral environment are still lacking. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy in suppressing HIV load to undetectable levels, there is currently no HIV cure, and treatment is lifelong. Indeed, HIV continues to be a major global public health issue. Here, we show that FAM46C expression in HEK-293T cells inhibits the production of both HIV and HIV-derived lentiviruses. We also demonstrate that such inhibitory effect relies, at least in part, on the well-established regulatory role that FAM46C exerts on autophagy. Deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation will not only facilitate the understanding of FAM46C physiological role but also give new insights on the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Mancino
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Lai
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo M. Butta
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Ferrari
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Manfrini
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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5
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McLaren PJ, Porreca I, Iaconis G, Mok HP, Mukhopadhyay S, Karakoc E, Cristinelli S, Pomilla C, Bartha I, Thorball CW, Tough RH, Angelino P, Kiar CS, Carstensen T, Fatumo S, Porter T, Jarvis I, Skarnes WC, Bassett A, DeGorter MK, Sathya Moorthy MP, Tuff JF, Kim EY, Walter M, Simons LM, Bashirova A, Buchbinder S, Carrington M, Cossarizza A, De Luca A, Goedert JJ, Goldstein DB, Haas DW, Herbeck JT, Johnson EO, Kaleebu P, Kilembe W, Kirk GD, Kootstra NA, Kral AH, Lambotte O, Luo M, Mallal S, Martinez-Picado J, Meyer L, Miro JM, Moodley P, Motala AA, Mullins JI, Nam K, Obel N, Pirie F, Plummer FA, Poli G, Price MA, Rauch A, Theodorou I, Trkola A, Walker BD, Winkler CA, Zagury JF, Montgomery SB, Ciuffi A, Hultquist JF, Wolinsky SM, Dougan G, Lever AML, Gurdasani D, Groom H, Sandhu MS, Fellay J. Africa-specific human genetic variation near CHD1L associates with HIV-1 load. Nature 2023; 620:1025-1030. [PMID: 37532928 PMCID: PMC10848312 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 remains a global health crisis1, highlighting the need to identify new targets for therapies. Here, given the disproportionate HIV-1 burden and marked human genome diversity in Africa2, we assessed the genetic determinants of control of set-point viral load in 3,879 people of African ancestries living with HIV-1 participating in the international collaboration for the genomics of HIV3. We identify a previously undescribed association signal on chromosome 1 where the peak variant associates with an approximately 0.3 log10-transformed copies per ml lower set-point viral load per minor allele copy and is specific to populations of African descent. The top associated variant is intergenic and lies between a long intergenic non-coding RNA (LINC00624) and the coding gene CHD1L, which encodes a helicase that is involved in DNA repair4. Infection assays in iPS cell-derived macrophages and other immortalized cell lines showed increased HIV-1 replication in CHD1L-knockdown and CHD1L-knockout cells. We provide evidence from population genetic studies that Africa-specific genetic variation near CHD1L associates with HIV replication in vivo. Although experimental studies suggest that CHD1L is able to limit HIV infection in some cell types in vitro, further investigation is required to understand the mechanisms underlying our observations, including any potential indirect effects of CHD1L on HIV spread in vivo that our cell-based assays cannot recapitulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McLaren
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Gennaro Iaconis
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Cristinelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - István Bartha
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Thorball
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riley H Tough
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cher S Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tommy Carstensen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Isobel Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Marianne K DeGorter
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohana Prasad Sathya Moorthy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Tuff
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections Division at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam Walter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arman Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- University Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - James J Goedert
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua T Herbeck
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- GenOmics and Translational Research Center and Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H Kral
- Community Health Research Division, RTI International, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris Saclay, Inserm UMR1184, CEA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Department of Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Vaccine and Therapeutics Laboratory, Medical and Scientific Affairs, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Département d'Épidémiologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - José M Miro
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pravi Moodley
- National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kireem Nam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fraser Pirie
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew A Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Cancer Innovative Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, Paris, France
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet Groom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Omnigen Biodata, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in China at the end of 2019 causing the severe disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2, as to the previously highly pathogenic human coronaviruses named SARS-CoV, the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a zoonotic origin, although SARS-CoV-2 precise chain of animal-to-human transmission remains undefined. Unlike the 2002-2003 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV whose extinction from the human population was achieved in eight months, SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading globally in an immunologically naïve population in an unprecedented manner. The efficient infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the emergence of viral variants that have become predominant posing concerns about their containment as they are more infectious with variable pathogenicity in respect to the original virus. Although vaccine availability is limiting severe disease and death caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, its extinction is far to be close and predictable. In this regard, the emersion of the Omicron viral variant in November 2021 was characterized by humoral immune escape and it has reinforced the importance of the global monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Given the importance of the SARS-CoV-2 zoonotic origin, it will also be crucial to monitor the animal-human interface to be better prepared to cope with future infections of pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Alberti
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology (H.I.V.) Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, Italy
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7
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Pagani I, Demela P, Ghezzi S, Vicenzi E, Pizzato M, Poli G. Host Restriction Factors Modulating HIV Latency and Replication in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063021. [PMID: 35328442 PMCID: PMC8951319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and, particularly, differentiated macrophages are targets of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection via the interaction of gp120Env with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Both T cells and macrophages support virus replication, although with substantial differences. In contrast to activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-1 replication in macrophages occurs in nondividing cells and it is characterized by the virtual absence of cytopathicity both in vitro and in vivo. These general features should be considered in evaluating the role of cell-associated restriction factors aiming at preventing or curtailing virus replication in macrophages and T cells, particularly in the context of designing strategies to tackle the viral reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, we will here also discuss a model of reversible HIV-1 latency in primary human macrophages and the role of host factors determining the restriction or reactivation of virus replication in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Pietro Demela
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2643-4909
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8
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Fronza F, Groff N, Martinelli A, Passerini BZ, Rensi N, Cortelletti I, Vivori N, Adami V, Helander A, Bridi S, Pancher M, Greco V, Garritano SI, Piffer E, Stefani L, De Sanctis V, Bertorelli R, Pancheri S, Collini L, Dassi E, Quattrone A, Capobianchi MR, Icardi G, Poli G, Caciagli P, Ferro A, Pizzato M. A Community Study of SARS-CoV-2 Detection by RT-PCR in Saliva: A Reliable and Effective Method. Viruses 2022; 14:313. [PMID: 35215902 PMCID: PMC8878650 DOI: 10.3390/v14020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient, wide-scale testing for SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for monitoring the incidence of the infection in the community. The gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis is the molecular analysis of epithelial secretions from the upper respiratory system captured by nasopharyngeal (NP) or oropharyngeal swabs. Given the ease of collection, saliva has been proposed as a possible substitute to support testing at the population level. Here, we used a novel saliva collection device designed to favour the safe and correct acquisition of the sample, as well as the processivity of the downstream molecular analysis. We tested 1003 nasopharyngeal swabs and paired saliva samples self-collected by individuals recruited at a public drive-through testing facility. An overall moderate concordance (68%) between the two tests was found, with evidence that neither system can diagnose the infection in 100% of the cases. While the two methods performed equally well in symptomatic individuals, their discordance was mainly restricted to samples from convalescent subjects. The saliva test was at least as effective as NP swabs in asymptomatic individuals recruited for contact tracing. Our study describes a testing strategy of self-collected saliva samples, which is reliable for wide-scale COVID-19 screening in the community and is particularly effective for contact tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fronza
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Nelli Groff
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Angela Martinelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Beatrice Zita Passerini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Irene Cortelletti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Nicolò Vivori
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Adami
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Anna Helander
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Simone Bridi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Michael Pancher
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Sonia Iolanda Garritano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Elena Piffer
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Lara Stefani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Veronica De Sanctis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Roberto Bertorelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Serena Pancheri
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.P.); (L.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Lucia Collini
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.P.); (L.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Erik Dassi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Patrizio Caciagli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.P.); (L.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Ferro
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.P.); (L.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.F.); (N.G.); (A.M.); (B.Z.P.); (N.R.); (I.C.); (N.V.); (V.A.); (A.H.); (S.B.); (M.P.); (V.G.); (S.I.G.); (E.P.); (L.S.); (V.D.S.); (R.B.); (E.D.); (A.Q.); (P.C.)
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9
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Abstract
As already discussed for T cell lines, also myeloid cell lines as served as the earliest models of chronic HIV infection. They were particularly relevant in the late 1980s and early 1990s when most experimental in vitro infections were based on laboratory-adapted "T-cell tropic" strains of HIV-1, such as LAI/IIIB or others, that later were found to rely upon CXCR4 as coreceptor for viral entry in addition to CD4 as primary receptor. Although primary macrophages do express CXCR4 together with CD4, virus replication is much less efficient than that observed with CCR5-using "macrophage-tropic" strains, as discussed separately in this book. Although different myeloid cell lines have been used to generate models of chronic HIV-1 infection that could be used to investigate features of proviral reactivation, as reviewed in (Cassol et al. J Leukoc Biol 80:1018-1030, 2006), two cell lines in particular have been broadly used and will be here discussed: the U937-derived U1 and HL-60-derived OM-10.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology (H.I.V.) Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
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10
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Pagani I, Ghezzi S, Vicenzi E, Poli G. The Long and Winding Road Towards an HIV Cure. New Microbiol 2022; 45:1-8. [PMID: 35403842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 1981, a new deadly disease suddenly emerged targeting young men having sexwith men (MSM); three years later, a new virus, an exogenous human retrovirus, later named humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV), was demonstrated to be the causative agent of the new disease, theAcquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), affecting, in addition to MSM, also intravenousdrug users, hemophiliacs, heterosexual individuals and children born to infected mothers. AIDSremained a dead sentence for >95% infected individuals until 1996 when the first combinationantiretroviral therapy (cART) was shown to be effective saving the lives of countless people. Sincethen, cART has become extremely powerful and simpler to adhere (now down to one or two pillsa day). However, virus eradication ("Cure") has been achieved thus far only in two individuals asa result of stem cell transplantation by an immunologically compatible donor homozygote for theCCR5Δ32 mutation; CCR5 is indeed the major entry coreceptor for the virus together with theprimary receptor CD4. This represents the exception to the rule that none of the many experimentalattempts of eliminating or silencing the virus reservoir unaffected by cART has achieved a significantproof of concept. In this article we will describe the essential aspects of the viral reservoirs and thecurrent strategies to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Units, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
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11
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (MDM): Model 2. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:97-101. [PMID: 34985661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T cells, tissue-resident macrophages are target of productive HIV-1 infection. Unlike CD4+ T lymphocytes they are characterized by a substantial resistance to the cytopathic effects triggered by viral infection. This feature, in addition to their homeostatic self-renewal capacity, strongly support the hypothesis that macrophages could serve as an additional reservoir of persistently infected cells in individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).In order to study the peculiar aspects of HIV-1 infection of macrophages, human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) represent the most exploited model given the difficulty to obtain and maintain in culture for significant periods of time macrophages from different organs and tissues. Here we present a model of MDM differentiation achieved in the absence of addition of exogenous cytokines (such as GM-CSF, discussed in the previous chapter), that could be further investigated in term of cell polarization toward classic, proinflammatory "M1", or alternatively activated "M2" cells before or after infection. We will also discuss how to reinforce the M1-polarization protocol to obtain a reliable model of reversible latency of infectious HIV-1 in primary M1-MDM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Rodari A, Poli G, Van Lint C. Jurkat-Derived (J-Lat, J1.1, and Jurkat E4) and CEM-Derived T Cell Lines (8E5 and ACH-2) as Models of Reversible Proviral Latency. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:3-15. [PMID: 34985653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has switched HIV-1 infection from a lethal disease to a chronic one. Indeed, cART is a lifelong treatment since its interruption is always followed by a rapid rebound of viremia from both cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs where the integrated HIV-1 provirus remains transcriptionally silent or maintains low-levels of viral replication, thereby preventing HIV-1 eradication. As therapeutic approach, the "shock and kill" strategy has emerged with the main objective to reactivate HIV-1 transcription from latency by using latency reversing agents (LRAs) prior to kill the reactivated infected cells by improving host immune responses. In this context, the development of tools such as HIV-1 latently infected cell lines have drastically increased our knowledge about HIV-1 latency and how to counteract this highly heterogeneous phenomenon. In this chapter, we will describe several chronically HIV-1 infected T-lymphocytic cell lines as useful surrogate models to study reversible HIV-1 proviral latency in CD4+ T cells in vitro before approaching more complex and expensive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rodari
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Guido Poli
- Viral Pathogenesis Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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13
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Fabi C, Poli G, Illiano E, Trama F, Brancorsini S, Costantini E. Effect of resveratrol on inflammasome-related micrornas in a urologic “in vitro” model of nitrosative stress. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(21)00874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
Viral invasion of target cells triggers an immediate intracellular host defense system aimed at preventing further propagation of the virus. Viral genomes or early products of viral replication are sensed by a number of pattern recognition receptors, leading to the synthesis and production of type I interferons (IFNs) that, in turn, activate a cascade of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral functions. Among these, several members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family are antiviral executors. This article will focus, in particular, on TRIM22 as an example of a multitarget antiviral member of the TRIM family. The antiviral activities of TRIM22 against different DNA and RNA viruses, particularly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV), will be discussed. TRIM22 restriction of virus replication can involve either direct interaction of TRIM22 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity with viral proteins, or indirect protein–protein interactions resulting in control of viral gene transcription, but also epigenetic effects exerted at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Risso D, Leoni V, Fania C, Arveda M, Falchero L, Barattero M, Civra A, Lembo D, Poli G, Menta R. Effect of industrial processing and storage procedures on oxysterols in milk and milk products. Food Funct 2021; 12:771-780. [PMID: 33393572 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are products of enzymatic and/or chemical cholesterol oxidation. While some of the former possess broad antiviral activities, the latter mostly originate from the deterioration of the nutritional value of foodstuff after exposure to heat, light, radiation and oxygen, raising questions about their potential health risks. We evaluated the presence of selected oxysterols in bovine colostrum and monitored the evolution of their cholesterol ratio throughout an entire industrial-scale milk production chain and after industrially employed storage procedures of milk powders. We report here for the first time the presence of high levels of the enzymatic oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in concentrations of antiviral interest in bovine colostrum (87.04 ng mL-1) that decreased during the first postpartum days (56.35 ng mL-1). Of note, this oxysterol is also observed in milk and milk products and is not negatively affected by industrial processing or storage. We further highlight an exponential increase of the non-enzymatic oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC) and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) in both whole (WMPs) and skimmed milk powders (SMPs) during prolonged storage, confirming their role as reliable biomarkers of cholesterol oxidation over time: after 12 months, 7βOHC reached in both SMPs and WMPs amounts that have been found to be potentially toxic in vitro (265.46 ng g-1 and 569.83 ng g-1, respectively). Interestingly, industrial processes appeared to affect the generation of 7βOHC and 7KC differently, depending on the presence of fat in the product: while their ratios increased significantly after skimming and processing of skimmed milk and milk products, this was not observed after processing whole milk and milk cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba, CN, Italy.
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16
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Rovere-Querini P, Tresoldi C, Conte C, Ruggeri A, Ghezzi S, De Lorenzo R, Di Filippo L, Farina N, Ramirez GA, Ripa M, Mancini N, Cantarelli E, Galli L, Poli A, De Cobelli F, Bonini C, Manfredi AA, Franchini S, Spessot M, Carlucci M, Dagna L, Scarpellini P, Ambrosio A, Di Napoli D, Bosi E, Tresoldi M, Lazzarin A, Landoni G, Martino G, Zangrillo A, Poli G, Castagna A, Vicenzi E, Clementi M, Ciceri F. Biobanking for COVID-19 research. Panminerva Med 2020; 64:244-252. [PMID: 33073557 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.04168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biobanks are imperative infrastructures, particularly during outbreaks, when there is an obligation to acquire and share knowledge as quick as possible to allow for implementation of science-based preventive, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. METHODS We established a COVID-19 biobank with the aim of collecting high-quality and well-annotated human biospecimens, in the effort to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying COVID-19 and identify therapeutic targets (COVID-BioB, NCT04318366). Here we describe our experience and briefly review the characteristics of the biobanks for COVID-19 that have been so far established. RESULTS A total of 46,677 samples have been collected from 913 participants (63.3% males, median [IQR] age 62.2 [51.2 - 74.0] years) since the beginning of the program. Most patients (66.9%) had been admitted to hospital for COVID-19, with a median length of stay of 15.0 (9.0 - 27.0) days. A minority of patients (13.3% of the total) had been admitted for other reasons and subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The remainder were managed at home after being seen at the Emergency Department. CONCLUSIONS Having a solid research infrastructure already in place, along with flexibility and adaptability to new requirements, allowed for the quick building of a COVID-19 biobank that will help expand and share the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy - .,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy -
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Conte
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ruggeri
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ripa
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cantarelli
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Galli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco De Cobelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, Radiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Franchini
- Emergency Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Spessot
- Emergency Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carlucci
- Emergency Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpellini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Ambrosio
- Clinical Governance Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Di Napoli
- Clinical Governance Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Moreno Tresoldi
- Unit of General Medicine and Advanced Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zangrillo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Psomas CK, Salzwedel K, Stevenson M, Poli G, Routy JP, Margolis D, Chomont N, Lafeuillade A. Highlights of the 9th edition of the Conference on HIV Persistence During Therapy, 10-13 December 2019, Miami, USA. J Virus Erad 2020; 6:85-95. [PMID: 32405427 PMCID: PMC7213071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Salzwedel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | | | - David Margolis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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La Manna MP, Orlando V, Prezzemolo T, Di Carlo P, Cascio A, Delogu G, Poli G, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG, Dieli F, Caccamo N. HLA-E-restricted CD8 + T Lymphocytes Efficiently Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 Coinfection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:430-439. [PMID: 31697586 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0261oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2) and HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) coinfection. HIV-1 downregulates HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules in infected cells, thus influencing recognition by HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T cells but not by HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells, owing to the inability of the virus to downmodulate their expression. Therefore, antigen-specific HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells could play a protective role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 coinfection. HLA-E- and HLA-A2-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells were tested in vitro for cytotoxic and microbicidal activities, and their frequencies and phenotypes were evaluated ex vivo in patients with active tuberculosis and concomitant HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection caused downmodulation of HLA-A2 expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages associated with resistance to lysis by HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cells and failure to restrict the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conversely, HLA-E surface expression and HLA-E-restricted cytolytic and microbicidal CD8 responses were not affected. HLA-E-restricted and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells were expanded in the circulation of patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV-1 coinfection, as measured by tetramer staining, but displayed a terminally differentiated and exhausted phenotype that was rescued in vitro by anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) monoclonal antibody. Together, these results indicate that HLA-E-restricted and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV-1 coinfection have an exhausted phenotype and fail to expand in vitro in response to antigen stimulation, which can be restored by blocking the PD-1 pathway using the specific monoclonal antibody nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, and
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, and
| | - Teresa Prezzemolo
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, and
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Foundation Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, Institute for Scientific-based Care and Research (IRCCS) Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, and
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, and
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19
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Cosola S, Giammarinaro E, Genovesi AM, Pisante R, Poli G, Covani U, Marconcini S. A short-term study of the effects of ozone irrigation in an orthodontic population with fixed appliances. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20:15-18. [PMID: 30919638 DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2019.20.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of chlorhexidine and ozonised water in the oral hygiene maintenance of orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: This is a prospective clinical study. Thirty patients with orthodontic brackets were selected at the Versilia General Hospital (Lido di Camaiore, Italy). Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: standard oral hygiene session followed by prescription of either chlorhexidine mouth-rinse or ozonated water. At each moment of the follow-up, the following parameters were recorded: pocket probing depth (PPD), full-mouth plaque index (FMPI), and full mouth bleeding score (FMBS). STATISTICS Sample size was computed according to previously published data. Significance level was set at 0.05 for all analyses, and non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for comparisons. RESULTS At baseline, mean PPD was 1.89 ± 0.13 mm for the control group and 1.95 ± 0.10 mm for the test group. Mean FMPI was 63.9 ± 16.5% and 68.7 ± 10.33% respectively. Mean FMBS was 31.5 ± 15.6% and 32.8 ± 8.85 respectively. One month after treatment (T2), both groups showed a significant improvement of FMPI and FMBS. Mean FMPI was 42.8 ± 14.3% and 24.3 ± 6.41% respectively. Mean FMBS was 19.5 ±12.6% and 4.70 ± 3.56% respectively. The test group treated with ozone exhibited a greater improvement of FMPI and FMBS. CONCLUSIONS Ozone yielded better outcomes than chlorhexidine in the management of gingivitis in orthodontic patients. Ozone should be further investigated in longitudinal studies with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cosola
- University-Hospital at Pisa, Dept. of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy - Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy - University of Valencia, Department of Stomatology, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Giammarinaro
- University-Hospital at Pisa, Dept. of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy - Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy - University of Valencia, Department of Stomatology, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - R Pisante
- Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy
| | - G Poli
- Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy
| | - U Covani
- University-Hospital at Pisa, Dept. of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy - Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy
| | - S Marconcini
- University-Hospital at Pisa, Dept. of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy - Istituto Stomatologico Toscano, Foundation for Dental Clinic, Research and Continuing Education, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy
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20
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Rossin D, Dias IHK, Solej M, Milic I, Pitt AR, Iaia N, Scoppapietra L, Devitt A, Nano M, Degiuli M, Volante M, Caccia C, Leoni V, Griffiths HR, Spickett CM, Poli G, Biasi F. Increased production of 27-hydroxycholesterol in human colorectal cancer advanced stage: Possible contribution to cancer cell survival and infiltration. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 136:35-44. [PMID: 30910555 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
So far, the investigation in cancer cell lines of the modulation of cancer growth and progression by oxysterols, in particular 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), has yielded controversial results. The primary aim of this study was the quantitative evaluation of possible changes in 27HC levels during the different steps of colorectal cancer (CRC) progression in humans. A consistent increase in this oxysterol in CRC mass compared to the tumor-adjacent tissue was indeed observed, but only in advanced stages of progression (TNM stage III), a phase in which cancer has spread to nearby sites. To investigate possible pro-tumor properties of 27HC, its effects were studied in vitro in differentiated CaCo-2 cells. Relatively high concentrations of this oxysterol markedly increased the release of pro-inflammatory interleukins 6 and 8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. The up-regulation of all these molecules, which are potentially able to favor cancer progression, appeared to be dependent upon a net stimulation of Akt signaling exerted by supra-physiological amounts of 27HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rossin
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - I H K Dias
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - M Solej
- Dept. of Oncology, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - I Milic
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A R Pitt
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - N Iaia
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - L Scoppapietra
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - A Devitt
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - M Nano
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - M Degiuli
- Dept. of Oncology, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - M Volante
- Dept. of Oncology, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - C Caccia
- Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Dept. of Applied Diagnostic, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - V Leoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio, Milan, Italy.
| | - H R Griffiths
- Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - C M Spickett
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - G Poli
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - F Biasi
- Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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21
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Georges G, Luo Z, Ciurlia G, Guller P, Girardello L, Mariotti F, Poli G. Pharmacokinetics of the Extrafine Fixed-Dose Combination of Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Formoterol Fumarate, Glycopyrronium Bromide Delivered Via a Pressurized-Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) in Chinese Subjects. C32. COPD: TRANSLATIONAL AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Georges
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi, USA, Cary, NC, United States
| | - Z. Luo
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - G. Ciurlia
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - P. Guller
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | | | - F. Mariotti
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - G. Poli
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, S.p.A., Parma, Italy
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22
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. The ATP/P2X7 axis in human immunodeficiency virus infection of macrophages. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:46-52. [PMID: 30901736 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infects CD4+ T lymphocytes with a 'helper' function and myeloid cells, mostly tissue-resident macrophages. While infection of CD4 T lymphocytes in the absence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) leads to their depletion and to a profound immunodeficiency, macrophages are resistant to virus-induced cytopathicity and are a source of infectious virus, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). Infected macrophages are characterized by accumulating newly formed viral particles (virions) in subcellular vacuoles defined as 'virus-containing compartments (VCC)', derived from invaginations of the plasma membrane, that are poorly accessible to antiretroviral agents and anti-HIV antibodies. Several factors favor the accumulation of HIV-1 virions in VCC in vitro, whereas extracellular ATP, via binding to its receptor P2X7, is the only agent described thus far as capable of triggering the rapid release of VCC-sequestered virions without simultaneously causing the death of infected macrophages. Thus, the eATP/P2X7 axis could be exploited to achieve a pharmacological control of VCC-associated viral reservoir in individuals under effective cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Institute Curie Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer, INSERM U932 Equipe Benaroch, Transport Intracellulaire et Immunité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy.
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23
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Graziano F, Aimola G, Forlani G, Turrini F, Accolla RS, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Reversible Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Latency in Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Induced by Sustained M1 Polarization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14249. [PMID: 30250078 PMCID: PMC6155284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that short-term stimulation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), i.e. M1 polarization, leads to a significant containment of virus replication. Here we show that M1-MDM restimulation with these cytokines 7 days after infection (M12 MDM) promoted an increased restriction of HIV-1 replication characterized by very low levels of virus production near to undetectable levels. In comparison to control and M1-MDM that were not restimulated, M12 MDM showed a stronger reduction of both total and integrated HIV DNA as well as of viral mRNA expression. M12 MDM were characterized by an upregulated expression of restriction factors acting at the level of reverse transcription (RT), including apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A (APOBEC3A) and APOBEC3G, but not SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). M12 MDM also showed an increased expression of Class II Transactivator (CIITA) and Tripartite Motif22 (TRIM22), two negative regulators of proviral transcription, whereas expression and phosphorylation of transcriptional inducers of HIV-1, such as nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), were not impaired in these cells. The almost quiescent state of the infection in M12 MDM was promptly reversed by coculture with mitogen-stimulated leukocytes or cell incubation with their filtered culture supernatant. M12 MDM harbored replication-competent HIV-1 as virus spreading following cell stimulation was fully prevented by the RT inhibitor lamivudine/3TC. Selective reactivation of proviral expression in M12 MDM, but not in control or in M1-MDM that were not restimulated, was confirmed in cells infected with single round Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-G-pseudotyped HIV-1. Thus, M12 MDM represent an in vitro model of reversible, almost quiescent HIV-1 infection of primary human macrophages that could be further exploited for “Cure” related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Institute Curie Laboratoire Immunité et Cancer - INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Aimola
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Forlani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Turrini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milano, Italy.
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24
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Armignacco R, Cantini G, Canu L, Poli G, Ercolino T, Mannelli M, Luconi M. Adrenocortical carcinoma: the dawn of a new era of genomic and molecular biology analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:499-507. [PMID: 29080966 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of novel and high penetrance genomic approaches to analyze biological samples has provided very new insights in the comprehension of the molecular biology and genetics of tumors. The use of these techniques, consisting of exome sequencing, transcriptome, miRNome, chromosome alteration, genome, and epigenome analysis, has also been successfully applied to adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). In fact, the analysis of large cohorts of patients allowed the stratification of ACC with different patterns of molecular alterations, associated with different outcomes, thus providing a novel molecular classification of the malignancy to be associated with the classical pathological analysis. Improving our knowledge about ACC molecular features will result not only in a better diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, but also in the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for the development of more effective pharmacological anti-cancer approaches. In particular, the specific molecular alteration profiles identified in ACC may represent targetable events by the use of already developed or newly designed drugs enabling a better and more efficacious management of the ACC patient in the context of new frontiers of personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Armignacco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Poli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - T Ercolino
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Mannelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
Infection of target cells by the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is hampered by constitutively expressed host cell proteins preventing or curtailing virus replication and therefore defined as "restriction factors". Among them, members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family have emerged as important players endowed with both antiviral effects and modulatory capacity of the innate immune response. TRIM5α and TRIM19 (i.e. promyelocytic leukemia, PML) are among the best-characterized family members; however, in this review we will focus on the potential role of another family member, i.e. TRIM22, a factor strongly induced by interferon stimulation, in HIV infection in vivo and in vitro in the context of its broader antiviral effects. We will also focus on the potential role of TRIM22 in HIV-1-infected individuals speculating on its dual role in controlling virus replication and more complex role in chronic infection. At the molecular levels, we will review the evidence in favor of a relevant role of TRIM22 as epigenetic inhibitor of HIV-1 transcription acting by preventing the binding of the host cell transcription factor Sp1 to the viral promoter. These evidences suggest that TRIM22 should be considered a potential new player in either the establishment or maintenance of HIV-1 reservoirs of latently infected cells unaffected by combination antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, P2-P3 Laboratories, DIBIT, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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26
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Psomas CK, Lafeuillade A, Margolis D, Salzwedel K, Stevenson M, Chomont N, Poli G, Routy JP. Highlights from the 8 th International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, 12-15 December 2017, Miami, FL, USA. J Virus Erad 2018; 4:132-142. [PMID: 29682308 PMCID: PMC5892681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 4 days, more than 500 scientists involved in HIV persistence research shared their new unpublished data and designed future perspectives towards ART-free HIV remission. This 8th International Workshop on HIV Persistence followed the format of past conferences but further focused on encouraging participation of young investigators, especially through submission of oral and poster presentations. The topic of the workshop was HIV persistence. Consequently, issues of HIV reservoirs and HIV cure were also addressed. In this article, we report the discussions as closely as possible; however, all the workshop abstracts can be found online at www.viruseradication.com.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karl Salzwedel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Bethesda,
USA
| | | | | | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute,
Milano,
Italy
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27
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Cesana D, Santoni de Sio FR, Rudilosso L, Gallina P, Calabria A, Beretta S, Merelli I, Bruzzesi E, Passerini L, Nozza S, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Gregori S, Tambussi G, Montini E. HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of STAT5B and BACH2 trigger viral reservoir in T regulatory cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28887441 PMCID: PMC5591266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 insertions targeting BACH2 or MLK2 are enriched and persist for decades in hematopoietic cells from patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. However, it is unclear how these insertions provide such selective advantage to infected cell clones. Here, we show that in 30/87 (34%) patients under combination antiretroviral therapy, BACH2, and STAT5B are activated by insertions triggering the formation of mRNAs that contain viral sequences fused by splicing to their first protein-coding exon. These chimeric mRNAs, predicted to express full-length proteins, are enriched in T regulatory and T central memory cells, but not in other T lymphocyte subsets or monocytes. Overexpression of BACH2 or STAT5B in primary T regulatory cells increases their proliferation and survival without compromising their function. Hence, we provide evidence that HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of BACH2 and STAT5B favor the persistence of a viral reservoir in T regulatory cells in patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV insertions in hematopoietic cells are enriched in BACH2 or MLK2 genes, but the selective advantages conferred are unknown. Here, the authors show that BACH2 and additionally STAT5B are activated by viral insertions, generating chimeric mRNAs specifically enriched in T regulatory cells favoring their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| | - Francesca R Santoni de Sio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Rudilosso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, Milan, 20126, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Elena Bruzzesi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
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28
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Forlani G, Tosi G, Turrini F, Poli G, Vicenzi E, Accolla RS. Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 22 Interacts with Class II Transactivator and Orchestrates Its Recruitment in Nuclear Bodies Containing TRIM19/PML and Cyclin T1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 28555140 PMCID: PMC5430032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Among interferon (IFN) inducible antiviral factors both tripartite motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22) and class II transactivator (CIITA) share the capacity of repressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral transcription. TRIM22 is constitutively expressed in a subset of U937 cell clones poorly permissive to HIV-1 replication, whereas CIITA has been shown to inhibit virus multiplication in both T lymphocytic and myeloid cells, including poorly HIV-1 permissive U937 cells, by suppressing Tat-mediated transactivation of HIV-1 transcription. Therefore, we tested whether TRIM22 and CIITA could form a nuclear complex potentially endowed with HIV-1 repressive functions. Indeed, we observed that TRIM22, independent of its E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, interacts with CIITA and promotes its recruitment into nuclear bodies. Importantly, TRIM19/promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, another repressor of HIV-1 transcription also acting before proviral integration, colocalize in these nuclear bodies upon TRIM22 expression induced by IFN-γ. Finally, tTRIM22 nuclear bodies also contained CyclinT1, a crucial elongation factor of HIV-1 primary transcripts. These findings show that TRIM22 nuclear bodies are a site of recruitment of factors crucial for the regulation of HIV-1 transcription and highlight the potential existence of a concerted action between TRIM22, CIITA, and TRIM19/PML to maintain a state of proviral latency, at least in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tosi
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Turrini
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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29
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Saba E, Panina-Bordignon P, Pagani I, Origoni M, Candiani M, Doglioni C, Taccagni G, Ghezzi S, Alcami J, Vicenzi E, Poli G. 5-Hydroxytyrosol inhibits HIV-1 replication in primary cells of the lower and upper female reproductive tract. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:16-20. [PMID: 28286236 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential anti-HIV-1 activity of the candidate microbicide 5-hydroxytyrosol (5-HT) both in primary human cervical tissue explants (CTE), established from tissues of women undergoing histerectomy, and in endometrium-associated leukocytes (EAL). CTE were exposed to either the laboratory-adapted HIV-1BaL or to primary viral isolates in the presence or absence of 5-HT or 3TC/lamivudine as control and were then monitored for 12 days in terms of HIV-1 p24 Gag antigen production in culture supernatants. HIV-1BaL replication was also evaluated in EAL by reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. The highest nontoxic concentrations of 5-HT (200 and 100 μM for CTE and EAL, respectively) exerted a significant inhibitory effect on virus replication in both primary cell systems. 5-HT did not cause significant alterations of the activation profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in terms of CD4, CCR5, CD25, CD69 and HLA-DR expression, although it decreased the percentage of CD38+CD8+ T cells. Thus, 5-HT deserves consideration as a potential candidate microbicide for preventing HIV-1 transmission or curtailing its replication in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Saba
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimo Origoni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy; Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Taccagni
- Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - José Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Cra Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Malnati MS, Ugolotti E, Monti MC, Battista DD, Vanni I, Bordo D, Sironi F, Larghero P, Marco ED, Biswas P, Poli G, Vicenzi E, Riva A, Tarkowski M, Tambussi G, Nozza S, Tripodi G, Marras F, Maria AD, Pistorio A, Biassoni R. Activating Killer Immunoglobulin Receptors and HLA-C: a successful combination providing HIV-1 control. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42470. [PMID: 28211903 PMCID: PMC5304173 DOI: 10.1038/srep42470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated a relevant role of polymorphisms located within the HLA-B and -C loci and the Killer Immunoglobulin Receptors (KIRs) 3DL1 and 3DS1 in controlling HIV-1 replication. KIRs are regulatory receptors expressed at the surface of NK and CD8+ T-cells that specifically bind HLA-A and -B alleles belonging to the Bw4 supratype and all the -C alleles expressing the C1 or C2 supratype. We here disclose a novel signature associated with the Elite Controller but not with the long-term nonprogressor status concerning 2DS activating KIRs and HLA-C2 alleles insensitive to miRNA148a regulation. Overall, our findings support a crucial role of NK cells in the control of HIV-1 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro S. Malnati
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health Unit of biostatistics and clinical epidemiology University of Pavia, Pavia Italy
| | - Davide De Battista
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Sironi
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Priscilla Biswas
- Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Unit of Viral Pathogens and Biosafety, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Clinical Sciences Chair of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University of Milan,“L. Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Clinical Sciences Chair of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University of Milan,“L. Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea De Maria
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Science, DISSAL and Center for excellence in Biomedical Research CEBR University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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31
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Turrini F, Poli G, Vicenzi E. 10 The interferon-inducible restriction factor TRIM22 contributes to HIV-1 latency. J Virus Erad 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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32
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Plastic restriction of HIV-1 replication in human macrophages derived from M1/M2 polarized monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1147-1153. [PMID: 27365533 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ab0316-158r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
M1/M2 cytokine-dependent polarization of primary human MDMs has been shown to contain CCR5-dependent (R5) HIV-1 replication. In this study, a similar effect was achieved when monocytes were first polarized toward M1 or M2 and were infected 7 d after their differentiation into MDMs, regardless of whether the cytokines were removed 18 h after cell stimulation or were left in culture. Unlike polarized MDMs, no significant down-regulation of CD4 from the cell surface was observed in MDMs derived from M1/M2-polarized monocytes. A second stimulation of MDMs differentiated from M1/M2 monocytes with the opposite polarizing cytokines converted the virus replication profile according to the new stimuli. The expression of M1 and M2 markers (i.e., APOBEC3A and DC-SIGN, respectively) was induced by MDM stimulation with the opposite cytokines, although it also persisted in cells according to their first stimulatory condition. Thus, stimulation of monocytes with M1- and M2-inducing cytokines leads to a restriction of HIV-1 replication when these cells are infected several days later as differentiated MDMs. These observations imply that activation of circulating monocytes significantly influences their capacity to either support or restrict HIV-1 replication, once extravasated, and eventually to become infected as tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; .,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy; and.,Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cavalieri B, Mosca M, Ramadori P, Perrelli MG, De Simone L, Colotta F, Bertini R, Poli G, Cutrìn JC. Neutrophil Recruitment in the Reperfused-Injured Rat Liver was Effectively Attenuated by Repertaxin, a Novel Allosteric Noncompetitive Inhibitor of Cxcl8 Receptors: A Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Post-Ischemic Hepatic Syndromes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:475-86. [PMID: 16164828 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic reperfusion injury represents a crucial problem in several clinical situations including liver transplantation, extensive hepatectomy and hypovolemic shock with resuscitation. Repertaxin is a new non-competive allosteric blocker of interleukin-8 (CXCL8) receptors, which by locking CXCR1/R2 in an inactive conformation, prevents receptor signaling and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) Chemotaxis. The present study shows that repertaxin dramatically prevents rat post-ischemic hepatocellular necrosis (80% of inhibition) and PMN infiltration (96% of inhibition) at a clinically-relevant time (24 h) of reperfusion. Treatment with repertaxin by continuous infusion is demonstrated to be the optimal route of administration of the compound especially in view of its clinical threrapeutic use. Because repertaxin has proven to be safe and well tolerated in different animal studies and in phase I studies in human volunteers, it is in fact a candidate novel therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of hepatic post-ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cavalieri
- Laboratory of Experimental Liver Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, L'Aquila, Italy
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Kesner A, Poli G, Beykan S, Lassman M. SU-F-J-100: Standardized Biodistribution Template for Nuclear Medicine Dosimetry Collection and Reporting. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Cesana D, de Sio FRS, Rudilosso L, Gallina P, Calabria A, Passerini L, Nozza S, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Gregori S, Tambussi G, Montini E. 681. HIV-1 Mediated Insertional Activation of STAT5B and BACH2 Promotes the Formation of a Viral Reservoir in T Regulatory Cells. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Forlani G, Turrini F, Ghezzi S, Tedeschi A, Poli G, Accolla RS, Tosi G. The MHC-II transactivator CIITA inhibits Tat function and HIV-1 replication in human myeloid cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:94. [PMID: 27089879 PMCID: PMC4835826 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that the HLA class II transactivator CIITA inhibits HIV-1 replication in T cells by competing with the viral transactivator Tat for the binding to Cyclin T1 subunit of the P-TEFb complex. Here, we analyzed the anti-viral function of CIITA in myeloid cells, another relevant HIV-1 target cell type. We sinvestigated clones of the U937 promonocytic cell line, either permissive (Plus) or non-permissive (Minus) to HIV-1 replication. This different phenotype has been associated with the expression of TRIM22 in U937 Minus but not in Plus cells. Methods U937 Plus cells stably expressing CIITA were generated and HLA-II positive clones were selected by cell sorting and cloning. HLA and CIITA proteins were analyzed by cytofluorometry and western blotting, respectively. HLA-II DR and CIITA mRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR. Tat-dependent transactivation was assessed by performing the HIV-1 LTR luciferase gene reporter assay. Cells were infected with HIV-1 and viral replication was evaluated by measuring the RT activity in culture supernatants. Results CIITA was expressed only in HLA-II-positive U937 Minus cells, and this was strictly correlated with inhibition of Tat-dependent HIV-1 LTR transactivation in Minus but not in Plus cells. Overexpression of CIITA in Plus cells restored the suppression of Tat transactivation, confirming the inhibitory role of CIITA. Importantly, HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced in Plus-CIITA cells with respect to Plus parental cells. This effect was independent of TRIM22 as CIITA did not induce TRIM22 expression in Plus-CIITA cells. Conclusions U937 Plus and Minus cells represent an interesting model to study the role of CIITA in HIV-1 restriction in the monocytic/macrophage cell lineage. The differential expression of CIITA in CIITA-negative Plus and CIITA-positive Minus cells correlated with their capacity to support or not HIV-1 replication, respectively. In Minus cells CIITA targeted the viral transactivator Tat to inhibit HIV-1 replication. The generation of Plus-CIITA cells was instrumental to demonstrate the specific contribution of CIITA in terms of inhibition of Tat activity and HIV-1 restriction, independently from other cellular factors, including TRIM22. Thus, CIITA acts as a general restriction factor against HIV-1 not only in T cells but also in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Turrini
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tedeschi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tosi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Turrini F, Ghezzi S, Pagani I, Poli G, Vicenzi E. Zika Virus: a re-emerging pathogen with rapidly evolving public health implications. New Microbiol 2016; 39:86-90. [PMID: 27196545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
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Graziano F, Vicenzi E, Poli G. Immuno-Pharmacological Targeting of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:558-567. [PMID: 27012511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In addition to CD4 T lymphocytes, HIV-1 infects tissue macrophages that can actively accumulate infectious virions in vacuolar subcellular structures mostly connected to the plasma membrane and recently termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs). The VCC-associated HIV-1 reservoir of infected macrophages can be either increased or depleted by immunologic and pharmacologic agents, at least in vitro, thus suggesting that these factors (or related molecules) could be effective in curtailing the macrophage-associated HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we review evidence on the pathogenic role of tissue macrophages as long-term viral reservoirs in vivo and upon in vitro infection with a particular emphasis on the immuno-pharmacological modulation of VCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Poli G, Solero GP, Picheth G, Guidi GC. Brand of dipotassium EDTA vacuum tube as a new source of pre-analytical variability in routine haematology testing. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 70:6-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2013.11669922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lima-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | - G. Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Academic Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - G. L. Salvagno
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - M. Montagnana
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - G. Poli
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - G. P. Solero
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | - G. Picheth
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | - G. C. Guidi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
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Margolis DM, Salzwedel K, Chomont N, Psomas C, Routy JP, Poli G, Lafeuillade A. Highlights from the Seventh International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, 8–11 December 2015, Miami, Florida, USA. J Virus Erad 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Margolis DM, Salzwedel K, Chomont N, Psomas C, Routy JP, Poli G, Lafeuillade A. Highlights from the Seventh International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, 8-11 December 2015, Miami, Florida, USA. J Virus Erad 2016; 2:57-65. [PMID: 27482437 PMCID: PMC4946700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 4 days, more than 270 scientists involved in HIV persistence research convened to share their data and discuss future avenues to control HIV without continuous antiretroviral therapy. This 7(th) International Workshop on HIV Persistence followed the format of the preceding conferences but more time was given for discussing abstracts submitted by the participants and selected by the Steering and Scientific Committees. The topic of the workshop is HIV persistence: consequently, issues of HIV reservoirs and HIV cure are also addressed. In this article we report as closely as possible what was discussed. However, owing to length constraints, not everything is reported here but all the Workshop abstracts can be found online (www.viruseradication.com).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Salzwedel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Poli G, Lipworth B. P291 Relationship of in vitroparticle size to in vivolung deposition and exhaled fraction. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Poli G, Graziano F, Vicenzi E. Towards achieving a state of reversible HIV-1 latency in primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) by M1 polarization. J Virus Erad 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Cesana D, de Sio FS, Rudilosso L, Gallina P, Calabria A, Passerini L, Nozza S, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Tambussi G, Montini E. HIV-1 mediated insertional activation of STAT5B promotes the formation of a viral reservoir in T regulatory cells. J Virus Erad 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Pollera C, Lucchini B, Formentin E, Bareggi S, Poli G, Ponti W. Evaluation of Anti-Prionic Activity of Clioquinol in an in vivo Model (Mesocricetus auratus). Vet Res Commun 2015; 29 Suppl 2:253-5. [PMID: 16244968 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Pollera
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Italy.
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Luger D, Poli G, Wieder M, Stadler M, Ke S, Ernst M, Hohaus A, Linder T, Seidel T, Langer T, Khom S, Hering S. Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5403-13. [PMID: 26375408 PMCID: PMC4988470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose β2/3‐subunit‐selective modulation of GABAA receptors by valerenic acid (VA) is determined by the presence of transmembrane residue β2/3N265. Currently, it is not known whether β2/3N265 is part of VA's binding pocket or is involved in the transduction pathway of VA's action. The aim of this study was to clarify the localization of VA's binding pocket on GABAA receptors. Experimental Approach Docking and a structure‐based three‐dimensional pharmacophore were employed to identify candidate amino acid residues that are likely to interact with VA. Selected amino acid residues were mutated, and VA‐induced modulation of the resulting GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes was analysed. Key Results A binding pocket for VA at the β+/α− interface encompassing amino acid β3N265 was predicted. Mutational analysis of suggested amino acid residues revealed a complete loss of VA's activity on β3M286W channels as well as significantly decreased efficacy and potency of VA on β3N265S and β3F289S receptors. In addition, reduced efficacy of VA‐induced IGABA enhancement was also observed for α1M235W, β3R269A and β3M286A constructs. Conclusions and Implications Our data suggest that amino acid residues β3N265, β3F289, β3M286, β3R269 in the β3 subunit, at or near the etomidate/propofol binding site(s), form part of a VA binding pocket. The identification of the binding pocket for VA is essential for elucidating its pharmacological effects and might also help to develop new selective GABAA receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Stadler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Ke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center of Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Hohaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Khom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cassol E, Rossouw T, Malfeld S, Mahasha P, Slavik T, Seebregts C, Bond R, du Plessis J, Janssen C, Roskams T, Nevens F, Alfano M, Poli G, van der Merwe SW. CD14(+) macrophages that accumulate in the colon of African AIDS patients express pro-inflammatory cytokines and are responsive to lipopolysaccharide. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:430. [PMID: 26475133 PMCID: PMC4609115 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal macrophages are key regulators of inflammatory responses to the gut microbiome and play a central role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and epithelial integrity. However, little is known about the role of these cells in HIV infection, a disease fuelled by intestinal inflammation, a loss of epithelial barrier function and increased microbial translocation (MT). Methods Phenotypic and functional characterization of intestinal macrophages was performed for 23 African AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea and/or weight loss and 11 HIV-negative Africans with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIDS patients were treated with cotrimoxazole for the prevention of opportunistic infections (OIs). Macrophage phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and immuno-histochemistry (IHC); production of proinflammatory mediators by IHC and Qiagen PCR Arrays; in vitro secretion of cytokines by the Bio-Plex Suspension Array System. Statistical analyses were performed using Spearman’s correlation and Wilcoxon matched-pair tests. Results between groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-test and the Mann–Whitney U tests. Results None of the study participants had evidence of enteric co-infections as assessed by stool analysis and histology. Compared to healthy HIV-negative controls, the colon of AIDS patients was highly inflamed with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-18), chemokines (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2 and chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand (CXCL)10) and transcription factors (TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)6 and T-box (TXB)21). IHC revealed significant co-localization of TNF-α and IL-1β with CD68+ cells. As in IBD, HIV was associated with a marked increase in macrophages expressing innate response receptors including CD14, the co-receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The frequency of CD14+ macrophages correlated positively with plasma LPS, a marker of MT. Total unfractionated mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC) isolated from the colon of AIDS patients, but not MMC depleted of CD14+ cells, secreted increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines ex vivo in response to LPS. Conclusions Intestinal macrophages, in the absence of overt OIs, play an important role in driving persistent inflammation in HIV patients with late-stage disease and diarrhea. These results suggest intensified treatment strategies that target inflammatory processes in intestinal macrophages may be highly beneficial in restoring the epithelial barrier and limiting MT in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edana Cassol
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 5433 Herzberg Laboratories, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Theresa Rossouw
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Susan Malfeld
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Phetole Mahasha
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tomas Slavik
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Pretoria and Ampath Pathology Laboratories, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Chris Seebregts
- Jembi Health Systems NPC, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Robert Bond
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Johannie du Plessis
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Carl Janssen
- Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Hepatology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Massimo Alfano
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Present Address: Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy. .,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Schalk W van der Merwe
- MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology and the Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Zerbinati C, Galli F, Regolanti R, Poli G, Iuliano L. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry microanalysis of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in plasma and whole blood. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:156-62. [PMID: 25916693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing vitamin E status in humans is critical for nutritional evaluation and verification of clinical and biological compliance of supplemented subjects. An accurate analytical method for measuring the two main vitamin E isoforms, i.e. α- and γ-tocopherol (α- and γ-TOH) in small volumes of plasma can facilitate the application of this analysis to clinical trials and in situations where a limited amount of sample is available. METHODS We have developed a micro method, which uses only 5 μL plasma, based on isotope dilution, trimethylsilation and GC-MS. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization of analytical procedures. The method was also applied to 5 μL of whole blood for the potential use in conditions were the availability of specimens is limited. RESULTS Accurate quantitation of α-TOH and γ-TOH was achieved at levels ≥ 0.417 μM and ≥ 0.007 μM, respectively. Within-day coefficient of variation was 1.31% and 4.70% for α-TOH and γ-TOH, respectively. Between-day coefficient of variation was 1.32% and 2.88% for α-TOH and γ-TOH, respectively. Recovery, assessed at three concentration levels, ranged 98-103% and 100-102% for α-TOH and γ-TOH, respectively. The method allowed the detection of α-TOH and γ-TOH in 5 μL whole blood and in membranes of red blood cells washed from 5 μL of blood as well. The analytical performance was assessed in plasma from a cohort of Italian healthy subjects (n = 205). The mean plasma concentrations were 28.01 ± 6.31 and 0.68 ± 0.48 μM (mean ± SD) for α-TOH and γ-TOH, respectively. Alpha-TOH correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.617, p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (r = 0.420, p < 0.0001) while γ-TOH correlated modestly with total cholesterol (r = 0.213, p < 0.0001) but not with triglycerides. γ-TOH, but not α-TOH, was significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers (0.72 ± 0.50 vs. 0.56 ± 0.37, μM, mean ± SD, p = 0.017). Given the high sensitivity, the method allowed to be applied to 5 μM whole blood without specific modification. CONCLUSIONS This micro-method represents an analytical advancement in α- and γ-TOH assay that is available to accurately verify the nutritional status and compliance after supplementation in large-scale settings, and to measure the two vitamers in conditions where sample availability is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - F Galli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - R Regolanti
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - G Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - L Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
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Poli G, Chiarpotto E, Albano E, Biasi F, Cecchini G, Dianzani MU. Iron Overload: Experimental Approach Using Rat Hepatocytes in Single Cell Suspension. Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Research 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000412219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Poli G, Martinelli A, Tuccinardi T. Computational approaches for the identification and optimization of Src family kinases inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:3281-93. [PMID: 25005179 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666140706144419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are a group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases whose activity is involved in the regulation of cellular morphology, motility, proliferation and survival. An aberrant activation and expression of these kinases contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of a broad range of diseases, such as a large number of solid tumors, various hematological malignancies and some neuronal pathologies. The search for SFK inhibitors is therefore a promising research topic in medicinal chemistry. Computational studies such as receptor-based and/or ligand-based virtual screening, docking, and molecular modeling proved to be a powerful tool for identifying new SFKs inhibitors. In this review we report and analyze the main examples of computational approaches that allowed the identification of new SFKs ligands and the optimization of either activity and pharmacokinetic profile of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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