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Bennett SJ, Davila CA, Reyes Z, Valentín-Acevedo A, Carrasco KG, Abadie R, Marlin MC, Beel M, Chapple AG, Fernando S, Guthridge JM, Chiou KS, Dombrowski K, West JT, Wood C. Immune profiling in Puerto Rican injection drug users with and without HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:142-153. [PMID: 37042743 PMCID: PMC10776106 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has been effective in suppressing HIV viral load and enabling people living with HIV to experience longer, more conventional lives. However, as people living with HIV are living longer, they are developing aging-related diseases prematurely and are more susceptible to comorbidities that have been linked to chronic inflammation. Coincident with HIV infection and aging, drug abuse has also been independently associated with gut dysbiosis, microbial translocation, and inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that injection drug use would exacerbate HIV-induced immune activation and inflammation, thereby intensifying immune dysfunction. We recruited 50 individuals not using injection drugs (36/50 HIV+) and 47 people who inject drugs (PWID, 12/47 HIV+). All but 3 of the HIV+ subjects were on antiretroviral therapy. Plasma immune profiles were characterized by immunoproteomics, and cellular immunophenotypes were assessed using mass cytometry. The immune profiles of HIV+/PWID-, HIV-/PWID+, and HIV+/PWID+ were each significantly different from controls; however, few differences between these groups were detected, and only 3 inflammatory mediators and 2 immune cell populations demonstrated a combinatorial effect of injection drug use and HIV infection. In conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of inflammatory mediators and cell immunophenotypes revealed remarkably similar patterns of immune dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals and in people who inject drugs with and without HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney J. Bennett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1104 T St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Carmen Ana Davila
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 660 N 12th St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Zahiraliz Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00960, United States
| | - Aníbal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00960, United States
| | - Kim Gocchi Carrasco
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 660 N 12th St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Roberto Abadie
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 660 N 12th St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - M. Caleb Marlin
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Marci Beel
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Andrew G. Chapple
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Samodha Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 3940 Fair St, Lincoln, NE 68503, United States
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Kathy S. Chiou
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1220 T St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Kirk Dombrowski
- University of Vermont, 5 South Prospect St, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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Where to Next? Research Directions after the First Hepatitis C Vaccine Efficacy Trial. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071351. [PMID: 34372558 PMCID: PMC8310243 DOI: 10.3390/v13071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. Given that many countries continue to experience high rates of transmission despite the availability of potent antiviral therapies, an effective vaccine is seen as critical for the elimination of HCV. The recent failure of the first vaccine efficacy trial for the prevention of chronic HCV confirmed suspicions that this virus will be a challenging vaccine target. Here, we examine the published data from this first efficacy trial along with the earlier clinical and pre-clinical studies of the vaccine candidate and then discuss three key research directions expected to be important in ongoing and future HCV vaccine development. These include the following: 1. design of novel immunogens that generate immune responses to genetically diverse HCV genotypes and subtypes, 2. strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against envelope glycoproteins in addition to cytotoxic and helper T cell responses, and 3. consideration of the unique immunological status of individuals most at risk for HCV infection, including those who inject drugs, in vaccine platform development and early immunogenicity trials.
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