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An LL, Zhao X, Gong XY, Li YL, Qu ZL, Sun HY, Guo WH, Dan C, Gui JF, Zhang YB. Promoter Binding and Nuclear Retention Features of Zebrafish IRF Family Members in IFN Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861262. [PMID: 35464458 PMCID: PMC9019167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) constitute a family of transcription factors that synchronize interferon (IFN) antiviral response through translocating to nucleus and binding to the promoters of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Fish contain 11 IRF members; however, whether or how fish IRF family genes function in IFN response remains limited. Herein, we determine the regulatory roles of 11 zebrafish IRF family members in IFN response relevant to their subcellular localization and promoter binding. Zebrafish IRF family members display three patterns of constitutive localization, only in nucleus (IRF1/2/9/11), only in cytoplasm (IRF3/5/7), and largely in nucleus with small amounts in cytoplasm (IRF4b/6/8/10). DNA pull-down assays confirm that all zebrafish IRF proteins are capable to bind fish IFN promoters, albeit to various degrees, thus regulating IFN gene transcription as activators (IRF1/3/5/6/7/8/9/11) or repressors (IRF2/4b/10). Further characterization of distinct IFN gene activation reveals that IRF1/3/5/6/7/8/9/11 efficiently stimulate zebrafish IFNφ1 expression, and IRF1/7/11 are responsible for zebrafish IFNφ3 expression. Two conserved basic residues within the helix α3 of DNA binding domains (DBDs) contribute to constitutive or inducible nuclear import for all zebrafish IRF family members and DNA binding for most members, thereby enabling them to function as transcription factors. Our results reveal a conserved and general mechanism that specifies zebrafish IRF family proteins to nuclear import and DNA binding, thereby regulating fish IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li An
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ling Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Two Interferon-Stimulated Response Elements Cooperatively Regulate Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in West Nile Virus-Infected IFNAR -/- Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts. J Virol 2021; 95:e0104021. [PMID: 34495694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01040-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) upregulated by West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) after viral proteins had inhibited type I interferon (IFN)-mediated JAK-STAT signaling and also in WNV-infected RIG-I-/-, MDA5-/-, STAT1-/-, STAT2-/-, IFNAR-/-, IRF3-/-, IRF7-/-, and IRF3/7-/- MEFs. In this study, ISG upregulation by WNV infection in IFNAR-/- MEFs was confirmed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). ISG upregulation by WNV infection was inhibited in RIG-I/MDA5-/- MEFs. ISGs were upregulated in IRF1-/- and IRF5-/- MEFs but only minimally upregulated in IRF3/5/7-/- MEFs, suggesting redundant IRF involvement. We previously showed that a single proximal interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the Oas1a and Oas1b promoters bound the ISGF3 complex after type I IFN treatment. In this study, we used wild-type and mutant promoter luciferase reporter constructs to identify critical regions in the Oas1b and Ifit1 promoters for gene activation in infected IFNAR-/- MEFs. Two ISREs were required in both promoters. Mutation of these ISREs in an Ifit1 promoter DNA probe reduced in vitro complex formation with infected nuclear extracts. An NF-κB inhibitor decreased Ifit1 promoter activity in cells and in vitro complex formation. IRF3 and p50 promoter binding was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for upregulated ISGs with two proximal ISREs. The data indicate that ISREs function cooperatively to upregulate the expression of some ISGs when type I IFN signaling is absent, with the binding complex consisting of IRF3, IRF5, and/or IRF7 and an NF-κB component(s) as well as other, as-yet-unknown factors. IMPORTANCE Type I IFN signaling in mammalian cells induces formation of the ISGF3 transcription factor complex, which binds to interferon stimulated response elements (ISREs) in the promoters of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the cell nucleus. Flavivirus proteins counteract type I IFN signaling by preventing either the formation or nuclear localization of ISGF3. A subset of ISRE-regulated ISGs was still induced in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), indicating that cells have an alternative mechanism for activating these ISGs. In this study, cellular components involved in this ISG upregulation mechanism were identified using gene knockout MEFs and ChIP, and critical promoter regions for gene activation were mapped using reporter assays. The data indicate a cooperative function between two ISREs and required binding of IRF3, IRF5, and/or IRF7 and an NF-κB component(s). Moreover, type I IFN signaling-independent ISG activation requires different additional promoter activation regions than type I IFN-dependent activation.
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Audsley KM, McDonnell AM, Waithman J. Cross-Presenting XCR1 + Dendritic Cells as Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030565. [PMID: 32121071 PMCID: PMC7140519 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) to generate effective anti-tumor T cell immunity has garnered much attention over the last thirty-plus years. Despite this, limited clinical benefit has been demonstrated thus far. There has been a revival of interest in DC-based treatment strategies following the remarkable patient responses observed with novel checkpoint blockade therapies, due to the potential for synergistic treatment. Cross-presenting DCs are recognized for their ability to prime CD8+ T cell responses to directly induce tumor death. Consequently, they are an attractive target for next-generation DC-based strategies. In this review, we define the universal classification system for cross-presenting DCs, and the vital role of this subset in mediating anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we will detail methods of targeting these DCs both ex vivo and in vivo to boost their function and drive effective anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
| | - Alison M. McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.); (A.M.M.); (J.W.); Tel.: +61-08-6319-1198 (K.M.A); +61-08-6319-1744 (J.W.)
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Csumita M, Csermely A, Horvath A, Nagy G, Monori F, Göczi L, Orbea HA, Reith W, Széles L. Specific enhancer selection by IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 is determined by ISRE half-sites, 5' and 3' flanking bases, collaborating transcription factors and the chromatin environment in a combinatorial fashion. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:589-604. [PMID: 31799619 PMCID: PMC6954429 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 are transcription factors, which play distinct roles in the regulation of antiviral and inflammatory responses. The determinants that mediate IRF-specific enhancer selection are not fully understood. To uncover regions occupied predominantly by IRF3, IRF5 or IRF9, we performed ChIP-seq experiments in activated murine dendritic cells. The identified regions were analysed with respect to the enrichment of DNA motifs, the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and ISRE half-site variants, and chromatin accessibility. Using a machine learning method, we investigated the predictability of IRF-dominance. We found that IRF5-dominant regions differed fundamentally from the IRF3- and IRF9-dominant regions: ISREs were rare, while the NFKB motif and special ISRE half-sites, such as 5'-GAGA-3' and 5'-GACA-3', were enriched. IRF3- and IRF9-dominant regions were characterized by the enriched ISRE motif and lower frequency of accessible chromatin. Enrichment analysis and the machine learning method uncovered the features that favour IRF3 or IRF9 dominancy (e.g. a tripartite form of ISRE and motifs for NF-κB for IRF3, and the GAS motif and certain ISRE variants for IRF9). This study contributes to our understanding of how IRF members, which bind overlapping sets of DNA sequences, can initiate signal-dependent responses without activating superfluous or harmful programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csumita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Csermely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Fanny Monori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Loránd Göczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Hans-Acha Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lajos Széles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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Bai F, Thompson EA, Vig PJS, Leis AA. Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040193. [PMID: 31623175 PMCID: PMC6963678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - E Ashley Thompson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Parminder J S Vig
- Departments of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - A Arturo Leis
- Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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