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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Szőlősi G, Fülöp F. Harnessing the Versatility of Continuous-Flow Processes: Selective and Efficient Reactions. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1018-33. [PMID: 26997251 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for effective transformations and a broad range of novel chemical entities. Continuous-flow (CF) approaches are of considerable current interest: highly efficient and selective reactions can be performed in CF reactors. The reaction setup of CF reactors offers a wide variety of possible points where versatility can be introduced. This article presents a number of selective and highly efficient gas-liquid-solid and liquid-solid reactions involving a range of reagents and immobilized catalysts. Enantioselective transformations through catalytic hydrogenation and organocatalytic reactions are included, and isotopically labelled compounds and pharmaceutically relevant 1,2,3-triazoles are synthesized in CF reactors. Importantly, the catalyst bed can be changed to a solid-phase peptide synthesis resin, with which peptide synthesis can be performed with the utilization of only 1.5 equivalents of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - György Szőlősi
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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2
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Pohjoispää M, Wähälä K. Electrophilic Aromatic Deuteration of Lignans: Mostly Reliable but Occasionally Aberrant Selectivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7595-7605. [PMID: 25817303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignans are a ubiquitous group of natural products of plant or mammalian origin. In the human diet, especially in fiber-rich foods, there are measurable amounts of lignans. Lignan intake is associated with a reduced risk of a range of chronic Western diseases, and in studying these compounds and their biological activity, authentic stable isotope labeled analogues are needed. This review summarizes the reported labeling methods and discusses the selectivity and reactivity in the electrophilic aromatic deuteration of lignans where recently a number of unexpected selectivities or nonselectivities have been encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pohjoispää
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Leeming MG, Isaac AP, Pope BJ, Cranswick N, Wright CE, Ziogas J, O'Hair RAJ, Donald WA. High-resolution twin-ion metabolite extraction (HiTIME) mass spectrometry: nontargeted detection of unknown drug metabolites by isotope labeling, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and automated high-performance computing. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4104-9. [PMID: 25818563 DOI: 10.1021/ac504767d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of a compound can often determine the success of a new drug lead. Thus, significant effort is directed toward identifying the metabolites formed from a given molecule. Here, an automated and nontargeted procedure is introduced for detecting drug metabolites without authentic metabolite standards via the use of stable isotope labeling, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and high-performance computing. LC/MS of blood plasma extracts from rats that were administered a 1:1 mixture of acetaminophen (APAP) and (13)C6-APAP resulted in mass spectra that contained "twin" ions for drug metabolites that were not detected in control spectra (i.e., no APAP administered). Because of the development of a program (high-resolution twin-ion metabolite extraction; HiTIME) that can identify twin-ions in high-resolution mass spectra without centroiding (i.e., reduction of mass spectral peaks to single data points), 9 doublets corresponding to APAP metabolites were identified. This is nearly twice that obtained by use of existing programs that make use of centroiding to reduce computational cost under these conditions with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. By a manual search for all reported APAP metabolite ions, no additional twin-ion signals were assigned. These data indicate that all the major metabolites of APAP and multiple low-abundance metabolites (e.g., acetaminophen hydroxy- and methoxysulfate) that are rarely reported were detected. This methodology can be used to detect drug metabolites without prior knowledge of their identity. HiTIME is freely available from https://github.com/bjpop/HiTIME .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Leeming
- †School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew P Isaac
- ‡Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, 187 Grattan Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bernard J Pope
- ‡Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, 187 Grattan Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia.,§Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Noel Cranswick
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,¶Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christine E Wright
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James Ziogas
- ∥Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- †School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,⊥ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William A Donald
- #School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Hoi KK, Daborn PJ, Battlay P, Robin C, Batterham P, O’Hair RAJ, Donald WA. Dissecting the Insect Metabolic Machinery Using Twin Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Single P450 Enzyme Metabolizing the Insecticide Imidacloprid in Vivo. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3525-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404188g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Kuan Hoi
- School
of Chemistry, ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry
and Biotechnology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Daborn
- Department
of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Battlay
- Department
of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles Robin
- Department
of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- Department
of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School
of Chemistry, ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry
and Biotechnology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William A. Donald
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Zhou R, Li L. Quantitative metabolomic profiling using dansylation isotope labeling and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1198:127-136. [PMID: 25270927 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1258-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Differential chemical isotopic labeling (CIL) LC-MS has been used for quantifying a targeted metabolite in biological samples with high precision and accuracy. Herein we describe a high-performance CIL LC-MS method for generating quantitative and comprehensive profiles of the metabolome for metabolomics applications. After mixing two comparative samples separately labeled by light or heavy isotopic tags through chemical reactions, the peak intensity ratio of the labeled analyte pair can provide relative or absolute quantitative information on the metabolites. We describe the use of (12)C2- and (13)C2-dansyl chloride (DnsCl) as the isotope reagents to profile the metabolites containing amine and phenolic hydroxyl functional groups by LC-MS. This method can be used to compare the relative concentration changes of hundreds or thousands of amine- and phenol-containing metabolites among many comparative samples and generate absolute concentration information on metabolites for which the standards are available. Combined with statistical analysis and metabolite identification tools, this method can be used to identify key metabolites involved in differentiating comparative samples such as disease cases vs. healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruokun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry Centre W3-39, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2G2
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6
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Peptide and protein drug analysis by MS: challenges and opportunities for the discovery environment. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:645-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Straightforward assay development using MS has become commonplace in most modern pharmaceutical laboratories. In particular, MS is an invaluable tool in the discovery environment of this industry, making it possible to characterize the structures of target drugs and to screen large numbers of potential drug candidates in metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies, and much more. Furthermore, as drug portfolios expand to include biotherapeutic species, such as peptides and proteins, MS is there to meet any analytical challenges. In this article, general aspects of MS in the discovery environment are discussed, as well as what the future might hold.
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Critical topics in ensuring data quality in bioanalytical LC–MS method development. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1051-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of LC–MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals is entering its third decade and may be considered to be a mature technology. In many respects this is true, considering the advances made in such areas as instrument performance, electronics, software and automation of use. However, there remain instrumental and noninstrumental areas that require significant attention to ensure data quality. Increasing regulatory focus on analytical method performance and unaddressed method issues require the bioanalyst to understand those areas that most greatly impact data quality. This review will focus on instrumental and noninstrumental areas that can influence data quality, including reference standard and internal standard quality and physicochemical properties, matrix effects, stability in matrix, sample preparation, LC and MS.
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Boisvert MR, Koski KG, Skinner CD. Increased Oxidative Modifications of Amniotic Fluid Albumin in Pregnancies Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1133-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902322w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Boisvert
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Montreal, Canada H9X 3V9, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Kristine G. Koski
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Montreal, Canada H9X 3V9, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Cameron D. Skinner
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Montreal, Canada H9X 3V9, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
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9
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Rozze SJ, Fray MJ. Unusual base-catalyzed exchange in the synthesis of deuterated PF-2413873. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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HIRABAYASHI A, FURUKAWA M, UMEDA M, BANDO T, ORII Y. Probe for Label-free Quantitative Analysis in Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:67-71. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masafumi FURUKAWA
- Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics Research Laboratory, Hitachi High-Tech Manufacturing & Service Co
| | - Mitsuhiro UMEDA
- Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics Research Laboratory, Hitachi High-Tech Manufacturing & Service Co
| | - Tomomi BANDO
- Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics Research Laboratory, Hitachi High-Tech Manufacturing & Service Co
| | - Yoshimitsu ORII
- Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics Research Laboratory, Hitachi High-Tech Manufacturing & Service Co
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11
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Interferences and contaminants encountered in modern mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:71-81. [PMID: 18790129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Mutlib AE. Application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in metabolism and in metabolism-mediated toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1672-89. [PMID: 18702535 DOI: 10.1021/tx800139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope-labeled compounds have been synthesized and utilized by scientists from various areas of biomedical research during the last several decades. Compounds labeled with stable isotopes, such as deuterium and carbon-13, have been used effectively by drug metabolism scientists and toxicologists to gain better understanding of drugs' disposition and their potential role in target organ toxicities. The combination of stable isotope-labeling techniques with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows rapid acquisition and interpretation of data, has promoted greater use of these stable isotope-labeled compounds in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies. Examples of the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in elucidating structures of metabolites and delineating complex metabolic pathways are presented in this review. The application of labeled compounds in mechanistic toxicity studies will be discussed by providing an example of how strategic placement of a deuterium atom in a drug molecule mitigated specific-specific renal toxicity. Other examples from the literature demonstrating the application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in understanding metabolism-mediated toxicities are presented. Furthermore, an example of how a stable isotope-labeled compound was utilized to better understand some of the gene changes in toxicogenomic studies is discussed. The interpretation of large sets of data produced from toxicogenomics studies can be a challenge. One approach that could be used to simplify interpretation of the data, especially from studies designed to link gene changes with the formation of reactive metabolites thought to be responsible for toxicities, is through the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds. This is a relatively unexplored territory and needs to be further investigated. The employment of analytical techniques, especially mass spectrometry and NMR, used in conjunction with stable isotope-labeled compounds to establish and understand mechanistic link between reactive metabolite formation, genomic, and proteomic changes and onset of toxicity is proposed. The use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in early human ADME studies as a way of identifying and possibly quantifying all drug-related components present in systemic circulation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul E Mutlib
- Biotransformation Department, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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