1
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Menzel F, Cotton J, Ziegler T, Maurer A, Neumaier JM. Open-source flow setup for rapid and efficient [ 18 F]fluoride drying for automation of PET tracer syntheses. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:40-58. [PMID: 38155110 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the key strategies for radiochemical research facilities is the automation of synthesis processes. Unnecessary manual operations increase the radiation exposure of personnel, while simultaneously threatening the reliability of syntheses. We have previously reported an affordable open-source system comprising 3D-printed continuous flow reactors, a custom syringe pump, and a pressure regulator that can be used to perform radiofluorinations. In this paper, we address additional essential processes that are needed for radiotracer development and synthesis, with the aim of making laboratory work safer and research more efficient. We have designed and evaluated a fully automated system for rapidly and effectively processing and drying aqueous [18 F]fluoride that can be directly connected to the cyclotron. This process relies on triflyl fluoride gas generation and allows nucleophilic [18 F]fluoride to be prepared safely in a hotcell within 10 min and an activity recovery of 91.7 ± 1.6% (n = 5). Owing to the need for convenient radiofluorinated prosthetic ligands, we have adapted our continuous flow system to produce [18 F]fluoroethyl tosylate (FEOTs) and [18 F]fluoroethyl triflate (FEOTf), prosthetic groups that are widely used for late-stage fluoroethylation of PET tracers. The processes as well as the radiolabeling of different groups are compared and comprehensively discussed. Having a method providing [18 F]fluoroethyl tosylate (FEOTs) as well as [18 F]fluoroethyl triflate (FEOTf) quickly and highly efficiently is beneficial for radiochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies" (EXC 2180), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies" (EXC 2180), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jochen M Neumaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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2
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Radiosynthesis of 18F-fluoroethylated tracers via a simplified one-pot 18F-fluoroethylation method using [ 18F]fluoroethyl tosylate. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 169:109571. [PMID: 33412382 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a straightforward one-pot method for 18F-fluoroethylation without azeotropic drying of cyclotron-produced [18F]F- was developed. In this study, we have attempted to simplify the automated radiosynthesis of two [18F]fluoroethylated tracers, [18F]FEDAC and [18F]FET, using a desmethyl labeling precursor and [18F]fluoroethyl tosylate, based on the above-mentioned method. The radiochemical yields of [18F]FEDAC and [18F]FET were 26 ± 3.7% (n = 5) and 14 ± 2.2% (n = 4), respectively, based on total [18F]F- at the end of irradiation.
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3
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Reichel M, Karaghiosoff K. Reagents for Selective Fluoromethylation: A Challenge in Organofluorine Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12268-12281. [PMID: 32022357 PMCID: PMC7383490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a monofluoromethyl moiety has undoubtedly become a very important area of research in recent years. Owing to the beneficial properties of organofluorine compounds, such as their metabolic stability, the incorporation of the CH2 F group as a bioisosteric substitute for various functional groups is an attractive strategy for the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the monofluoromethyl unit is also widely used in agrochemistry, in pharmaceutical chemistry, and in fine chemicals. The problems associated with climate change and the growing need for environmentally friendly industrial processes mean that alternatives to the frequently used CFC and HFBC fluoromethylating agents (CH2 FCl and CH2 FBr) are urgently needed and also required by the Montreal Protocol. This has recently prompted many researchers to develop alternative fluoromethylation agents. This Minireview summarizes both the classical and new generation of fluoromethylating agents. Reagents that act via electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical pathways are discussed, in addition to their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilian UniversityButenandstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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4
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Reichel M, Karaghiosoff K. Reagenzien für die selektive Fluormethylierung: Herausforderungen der Organofluorchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reichel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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5
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Stimson DHR, Qiao Z, Reutens DC, Venkatachalam TK, Bhalla R. Investigation on the impact of three different quaternary methyl ammonium cartridges on the radiosynthetic yields of [ 18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:588-595. [PMID: 31236995 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our recent investigations for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate have highlighted that choice of quaternary methyl ammonium (QMA) cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can significantly impact the radiochemical yields. Often the details of the QMA cartridge used in fluourine-18 syntheses are not fully described. However, our studies demonstrate that the type, the size, and nature (method by which it has been conditioned) of the QMA cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can make a significant impact in the labelling efficiency. This paper investigates the use of three QMA cartridges and demonstrates that radiochemical yield (decay corrected) of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate can increase from 46% to 60% by simply changing the QMA cartridge (and leaving all other reagents and labelling conditions exactly the same). These learnings may be applied to improve the radiochemical yields of a number of [18 F]-fluorinated tracers (and synthons), where the labelling step is base-sensitive to increase the radiochemical yield, thereby significantly benefiting the radiochemistry and nuclear medicine community. This paper also highlights the necessity of the radiochemistry community to ensure the details of QMA cartridges used in fluorine-18 chemistry are fully and accurately described, since this will improve the translation of radiochemical methods from one laboratory to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damion H R Stimson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Fjellaksel R, Oteiza A, Martin-Armas M, Riss PJ, Hjelstuen OK, Kuttner S, Hansen JH, Sundset R. First in vivo evaluation of a potential SPECT brain radiotracer for the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:811. [PMID: 30442192 PMCID: PMC6238273 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo evaluations of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-receptor single photon emission computed tomography radiotracer for non-invasive detection of gonadotropin releasing homone-receptors in brain. RESULTS We have used a simple, robust and high-yielding procedure to radiolabel an alpha-halogenated bioactive compound with high radiochemical yield. Literature findings showed similar alpha-halogenated compounds suitable for in vivo evaluations. The compound was found to possess nano molar affinity for the gonadotropin releasing hormone-receptor in a competition dependent inhibition study. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in saline, human and rat serum resulted in 46%, 52% and 44% stability after incubation for 1 h respectively. In addition, rat brain single photon emission computed tomography and biodistribution studies gave further insight into the nature of the compound as a radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fjellaksel
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Montserrat Martin-Armas
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Hjelstuen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Samuel Kuttner
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørn H. Hansen
- Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Sundset
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Venkatachalam TK, Stimson DHR, Pierens GK, Bhalla R, Reutens DC. Challenges in the automated synthesis of [ 18F]-1-fluoroethyl tryptophan: Formation of both O- and N-alkylated products. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 131:41-48. [PMID: 29112889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[18F]Fluoroethyl tosylate was synthesized using an automated "Synthra" module using ethylene di-tosylate and [18F]fluoride/K222/K2CO3 in acetonitrile. [18F]Fluoroethyl tosylate was purified by semi-preparative HPLC followed by reformulation using a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge and eluted with DMF. Using this [18F]fluoroethyl tosylate, we attempted to alkylate protected tryptophan aiming to obtain the N-[18F]fluoroethyl-t-Boc-tryptophan methyl ester. Initial attempts resulted in the formation of the O-alkylated, rather than N-alkylated product. Manual removal of the cartridge from the automated module, followed by an extended drying of the cartridge under high flow nitrogen, was required to form the desired N-alkylated product. This demonstrates that the drying process in automated modules requires modification for sensitive N-alkylation of compounds and may be essential for compounds like tryptophan methyl ester that have multiple potential sites of alkylation in their chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Building 57, Research Road, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - D H R Stimson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Building 57, Research Road, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - G K Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Building 57, Research Road, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - R Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Building 57, Research Road, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - D C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Building 57, Research Road, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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8
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Kniess T, Laube M, Steinbach J. “Hydrous 18 F-fluoroethylation” – Leaving off the azeotropic drying. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 127:260-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Schirrmacher R, Wängler B, Bailey J, Bernard-Gauthier V, Schirrmacher E, Wängler C. Small Prosthetic Groups in 18F-Radiochemistry: Useful Auxiliaries for the Design of 18F-PET Tracers. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:474-492. [PMID: 28826522 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic group (PG) applications in 18F-radiochemistry play a pivotal role among current 18F-labeling techniques for the development and availability of 18F-labeled imaging probes for PET (Wahl, 2002) (1). The introduction and popularization of PGs in the mid-80s by pioneers in 18F-radiochemistry has profoundly changed the landscape of available tracers for PET and has led to a multitude of new imaging agents based on simple and efficiently synthesized PGs. Because of the chemical nature of anionic 18F- (apart from electrophilic low specific activity 18F-fluorine), radiochemistry before the introduction of PGs was limited to simple nucleophilic substitutions of leaving group containing precursor molecules. These precursors were not always available, and some target compounds were either hard to synthesize or not obtainable at all. Even with the advent of recently introduced "late-stage fluorination" techniques for the 18F-fluorination of deactivated aromatic systems, PGs will continue to play a central role in 18F-radiochemistry because of their robust and almost universal usability. The importance of PGs in radiochemistry is shown by its current significance in tracer development and exemplified by an overview of selected methodologies for PG attachment to PET tracer molecules. Especially, click-chemistry approaches to PG conjugation, while furthering the historical evolution of PGs in PET tracer design, play a most influential role in modern PG utilization. All earlier and recent multifaceted approaches in PG development have significantly enriched the contingent of modern 18F-radiochemistry procedures and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schirrmacher
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Justin Bailey
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Esther Schirrmacher
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Germany
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10
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Iwata R, Pascali C, Terasaki K, Ishikawa Y, Furumoto S, Yanai K. Minimization of the amount of Kryptofix 222 - KHCO 3 for applications to microscale 18 F-radiolabeling. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 125:113-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Stößel A, Brox R, Purkayastha N, Hübner H, Hocke C, Prante O, Gmeiner P. Development of molecular tools based on the dopamine D 3 receptor ligand FAUC 329 showing inhibiting effects on drug and food maintained behavior. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3491-3499. [PMID: 28495386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor-mediated networks have been associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric diseases, drug addiction and food maintained behavior, which makes D3 a highly promising biological target. The previously described dopamine D3 receptor ligand FAUC 329 (1) showed protective effects against dopamine depletion in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We used the radioligand [18F]2, a [18F]fluoroethoxy substituted analog of the lead compound 1 as a molecular tool for visualization of D3-rich brain regions including the islands of Calleja. Furthermore, structural modifications are reported leading to the pyrimidylpiperazine derivatives 3 and 9 displaying superior subtype selectivity and preference over serotonergic receptors. Evaluation of the lead compound 1 on cocaine-seeking behavior in non-human primates showed a substantial reduction in cocaine self-administration behavior and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Stößel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nirupam Purkayastha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulmenweg 18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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12
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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13
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Bernard-Gauthier V, Aliaga A, Aliaga A, Boudjemeline M, Hopewell R, Kostikov A, Rosa-Neto P, Thiel A, Schirrmacher R. Syntheses and evaluation of carbon-11- and fluorine-18-radiolabeled pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) inhibitors: exploration of the 4-aza-2-oxindole scaffold as Trk PET imaging agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:260-76. [PMID: 25350780 DOI: 10.1021/cn500193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA/B/C) are critically involved in the development of the nervous system, in neurological disorders as well as in multiple neoplasms of both neural and non-neural origins. The development of Trk radiopharmaceuticals would offer unique opportunities toward a more complete understanding of this emerging therapeutic target. To that end, we first developed [(11)C]GW441756 ([(11)C]9), a high affinity photoisomerizable pan-Trk inhibitor, as a lead radiotracer for our positron emission tomography (PET) program. Efficient carbon-11 radiolabeling afforded [(11)C]9 in high radiochemical yields (isolated RCY, 25.9% ± 5.7%). In vitro autoradiographic studies in rat brain and TrkB-expressing human neuroblastoma cryosections confirmed that [(11)C]9 specifically binds to Trk receptors in vitro. MicroPET studies revealed that binding of [(11)C]9 in the rodent brain was mostly nonspecific despite initial high brain uptake (SUVmax = 2.0). Modeling studies of the 4-aza-2-oxindole scaffold led to the successful identification of a small series of high affinity fluorinated and methoxy derivatized pan-Trk inhibitors based on our lead compound 9. Out of this series, the fluorinated compound 10 was selected for initial evaluation and radiolabeled with fluorine-18 (isolated RCY, 2.5% ± 0.6%). Compound [(18)F]10 demonstrated excellent Trk selectivity in a panel of cancer relevant kinase targets and a promising in vitro profile in tumors and brain sections but high oxidative metabolic susceptibility leading to nonspecific brain distribution in vivo. The information gained in this study will guide further exploration of the 4-aza-2-oxindole scaffold as a lead for Trk PET ligand development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Experimental
Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1110 Pine
Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department
of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Arturo Aliaga
- Translational
Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Antonio Aliaga
- McConnell
Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Boudjemeline
- McConnell
Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert Hopewell
- McConnell
Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexey Kostikov
- McConnell
Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational
Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Alexander Thiel
- Department
of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote St. Catherine Rd., Montreal, Quebec H2T 1E2, Canada
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department
of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
- McConnell
Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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14
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Kniess T, Laube M, Brust P, Steinbach J. 2-[18F]Fluoroethyl tosylate – a versatile tool for building18F-based radiotracers for positron emission tomography. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The review highlights the role of 2-[18F]fluoroethyltosylate ([18F]FETs) in PET radiotracer design since it is a preferred labeling reagent according to its high reactivity to phenolic, amine, thiophenolic and carboxylic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
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15
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Radiosynthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Two PET Radioligands for Imaging α-Synuclein. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2014; 4:66-78. [PMID: 25642331 PMCID: PMC4310556 DOI: 10.3390/app4010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two α-synuclein ligands, 3-methoxy-7-nitro-10H-phenothiazine (2a, Ki = 32.1 ± 1.3 nM) and 3-(2-fluoroethoxy)-7-nitro-10H-phenothiazine (2b, Ki = 49.0 ± 4.9 nM), were radiolabeled as potential PET imaging agents by respectively introducing 11C and 18F. The syntheses of [11C]2a and [18F]2b were accomplished in a good yield with high specific activity. Ex vivo biodistribution studies in rats revealed that both [11C]2a and [18F]2b crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and demonstrated good brain uptake 5 min post-injection. MicroPET imaging of [11C]2a in a non-human primate (NHP) confirmed that the tracer was able to cross the BBB with rapid washout kinetics from brain regions of a healthy macaque. The initial studies suggested that further structural optimization of [11C]2a and [18F]2b is necessary in order to identify a highly specific positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for in vivo imaging of α-synuclein aggregation in the central nervous system (CNS).
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16
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Pijarowska-Kruszyna J, Jaron AW, Kachniarz A, Kasprzak K, Kowalska A, Malkowski B, Demphel S, Dollé F, Mikolajczak R. Synthesis of novel halo and tosyloxy nortropane derivatives as efficient precursors for the one-step synthesis of the dopamine transporter PET ligand [(18)F]FECNT. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:148-57. [PMID: 24497079 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fluorine-18 labeled nortropane derivative 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)-nortropane (FECNT) is a dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand. Currently, it is considered as reference for positron emission tomography imaging. Herein, the synthesis of novel precursors (N-tosyloxy-, chloro-, and bromo- analogues) for one-step radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FECNT is reported. Using the N-mesyloxy- precursor in a one-step radiosynthesis, the crude [(18)F]FECNT was obtained with the radiolabeling yield of 45 ± 10%, confirming the practical efficiency of this approach in the design of novel precursors for labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pijarowska-Kruszyna
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, Otwock, Poland
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17
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Schoultz BW, Reed BJ, Marton J, Willoch F, Henriksen G. A fully automated radiosynthesis of [18F]fluoroethyl-diprenorphine on a single module by use of SPE cartridges for preparation of high quality 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate. Molecules 2013; 18:7271-8. [PMID: 23787515 PMCID: PMC6270389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new method for automated production of 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate ([18F]FETos) that enables 18F-alkylation to provide PET tracers with high chemical purity. The method is based on the removal of excess ethylene glycol bistosylate precursor by precipitation and subsequent filtration and purification of the filtrate by means of solid phase extraction cartridges (SPE). The method is integrated to a single synthesis module and thereby provides the advantage over previous methods of not requiring HPLC purification, as demonstrated by the full radiosynthesis of the potent opioid receptor PET tracer [18F]fluoroethyldiprenorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent W. Schoultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-2285-5705
| | - Brian J. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1110 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (F.W.); (G.H.)
| | - János Marton
- ABX GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Frode Willoch
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1110 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (F.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Gjermund Henriksen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1110 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: (F.W.); (G.H.)
- Norwegian Medical Cyclotron Centre, P.O Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Beyerlein F, Piel M, Höhnemann S, Rösch F. Automated synthesis and purification of [18F]fluoro-[di-deutero]methyl tosylate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:360-3. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Beyerlein
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Markus Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sabine Höhnemann
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
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19
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Riss PJ, Hoehnemann S, Piel M, Roesch F. Two-step radiosynthesis of [18F]FE-β-CIT and [18F]PR04.MZ. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:356-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Hoehnemann
- Institut für Kernchemie; Universität Mainz; Fritz Strassmann Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Markus Piel
- Institut für Kernchemie; Universität Mainz; Fritz Strassmann Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Frank Roesch
- Institut für Kernchemie; Universität Mainz; Fritz Strassmann Weg 2; 55128; Mainz; Germany
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20
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Rötering S, Scheunemann M, Fischer S, Hiller A, Peters D, Deuther-Conrad W, Brust P. Radiosynthesis and first evaluation in mice of [(18)F]NS14490 for molecular imaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2635-42. [PMID: 23507153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]NS14490, a new potential radiotracer for neuroimaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs), was synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Radioligand binding studies using [(3)H]methyllycaconitine and NS14490 as competitor showed a good target affinity (K(i,α7) = 2.5 nM) and a high selectivity towards other nAChRs. Radiosynthesis of [(18)F]NS14490 was performed by two different labelling procedures: a two-step synthesis using a prosthetic group, which led to 7% labelling yield, and the convenient direct nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding tosylate precursor, which resulted in 70% labelling yield. After optimisation of the isolation, purification and formulation process, biodistribution studies were performed in CD-1 mice. The brain uptake of [(18)F]NS14490 was comparably low (0.16% ID g(-1) wet weight at 5 min p.i.). The radiotracer showed a high metabolic stability in plasma and brain. Also, the target specificity was proven by pre-administration of a highly affine α7 ligand providing a rationale basis for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rötering
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Site Leipzig, Dept. of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Radiosynthesis and Radiotracer Properties of a 7-(2-[18F]Fluoroethoxy)-6-methoxypyrrolidinylquinazoline for Imaging of Phosphodiesterase 10A with PET. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:169-88. [PMID: 24288087 PMCID: PMC3763632 DOI: 10.3390/ph5020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a key enzyme of intracellular signal transduction which is involved in the regulation of neurotransmission. The molecular imaging of PDE10A by PET is expected to allow a better understanding of physiological and pathological processes related to PDE10A expression and function in the brain. The aim of this study was to develop a new 18F-labeled PDE10A ligand based on a 6,7-dimethoxy-4-pyrrolidinylquinazoline and to evaluate its properties in biodistribution studies. Nucleophilic substitution of the 7-tosyloxy-analogue led to the 7-[18F]fluoroethoxy-derivative [18F]IV with radiochemical yields of 25% ± 9% (n = 9), high radiochemical purity of ≥99% and specific activities of 110–1,100 GBq/μmol. [18F]IV showed moderate PDE10A affinity (KD,PDE10A = 14 nM) and high metabolic stability in the brain of female CD-1 mice, wherein the radioligand entered rapidly with a peak uptake of 2.3% ID/g in striatum at 5 min p.i. However, ex vivo autoradiographic and in vivo blocking studies revealed no target specific accumulation and demonstrated [18F]IV to be inapplicable for imaging PDE10A with PET.
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22
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Kiesewetter DO, Finn RD. [18F]fluoroethyl triflate: Preparation and reactions with amines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580260108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Pisaneschi F, Nguyen QD, Shamsaei E, Glaser M, Robins E, Kaliszczak M, Smith G, Spivey AC, Aboagye EO. Development of a new epidermal growth factor receptor positron emission tomography imaging agent based on the 3-cyanoquinoline core: synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6634-45. [PMID: 20797871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/c-ErbB1/HER1) is overexpressed in many cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, and non-small cell lung cancer. An EGFR specific imaging agent could facilitate clinical evaluation of primary tumors and/or metastases. To achieve this goal we designed and synthesized a small array of fluorine containing compounds based on a 3-cyanoquinoline core. A lead compound, 16, incorporating 2'-fluoroethyl-1,2,3-triazole was selected for evaluation as a radioligand based on its high affinity for EGFR kinase (IC50=1.81+/-0.18 nM), good cellular potency (IC50=21.97+/-9.06 nM), low lipophilicity and good metabolic stability. 'Click' labeling afforded [18F]16 in 37.0+/-3.6% decay corrected radiochemical yield based on azide [18F]14 and 7% end of synthesis (EOS) yield from aqueous fluoride. Compound [18F]16 was obtained with >99% radiochemical purity in a total synthesis time of 3 h. The compound showed good stability in vivo and a fourfold higher uptake in high EGFR expressing A431 tumor xenografts compared to low EGFR expressing HCT116 tumor xenografts. Furthermore, the radiotracer could be visualized in A431 tumor bearing mice by small animal PET imaging. Compound [18F]16 therefore constitutes a promising radiotracer for further evaluation for imaging of EGFR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pisaneschi
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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24
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Pascali G, Mazzone G, Saccomanni G, Manera C, Salvadori PA. Microfluidic approach for fast labeling optimization and dose-on-demand implementation. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Mach RH, Schwarz SW. Challenges for Developing PET Tracers: Isotopes, Chemistry, and Regulatory Aspects. PET Clin 2010; 5:131-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Synthesis and evaluation of l-5-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)tryptophan as a new PET tracer. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:303-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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18F- and 11C-labelling of quantum dots with n.c.a. [18F]fluoroethyltosylate and [11C]methyliodide: a feasibility study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Automated synthesis of an 18F-labelled pyridine-based alkylating agent for high yield oligonucleotide conjugation. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:1670-5. [PMID: 19446463 PMCID: PMC3087498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents have been shown to be very promising for the radiolabelling of oligonucleotides with fluorine-18. In this report we describe the fully automated synthesis of 2-bromo-N-[3-(2-[(18)F]fluoropyridin-3-yloxy)propyl]acetamide ([(18)F]FPyBrA) utilizing a modular synthesis unit. Reaction conditions for the coupling of this pyridine-based alkylating agent at the 5' end of a fully phosphorothioated random 20-mer DNA sequence were optimized to achieve very high radiochemical yields (>90%) and a maximum specific activity of 5-6 GBq/micromoL. The potential for rapid purification by solid phase extraction without need of chromatographic isolation of the radiolabelled oligonucleotide presents an overall benefit for the application of oligonucleotides in preclinical studies and potential clinical applications.
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29
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Chemistry of Radiohalogens (F, Br. and I). Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76735-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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30
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Hocke C, Prante O, Salama I, Hübner H, Löber S, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. 18F-Labeled FAUC 346 and BP 897 derivatives as subtype-selective potential PET radioligands for the dopamine D3 receptor. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:788-93. [PMID: 18306190 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of neutrotransmission at the dopamine D3 receptor are related to several neuropsychiatric diseases and in particular to drug addiction. Herein, we report the computer-assisted prediction of D3 selectivities of new fluoroalkoxy-substituted receptor ligands by means of 3D-QSAR analysis. As close analogues of the D3-selective lead compound FAUC 346 and BP 879, the (19)F-substituted test compounds 4 a-d were synthesized and evaluated. In vitro investigation of their binding characteristics in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells led to excellent K(i) values between 0.12 and 0.69 nM at the dopamine D3 subtype. The benzothiophene-substituted carboxamide 4 a (K(i)=0.12 nM) displayed 133 and 283-fold selectivity over the structurally related D2(Long) and D4 subtypes, respectively. Mitogenesis assays showed the behavior of partial agonists. Based on these data, we synthesized the [(18)F]fluoroethoxy-substituted radioligands [(18)F]4 a-d. The N-[4-[4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-2-carboxamides 3 a-d were prepared and labeled with 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyltosylate in a two-step procedure. Optimization of the (18)F-labeling conditions led to radiochemical yields between 24 and 65 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hocke
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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31
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Funke U, Fischer S, Hiller A, Scheunemann M, Deuther-Conrad W, Brust P, Steinbach J. 3-(4-(6-Fluoroalkoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-yl)cyclohexyl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitriles for SERT imaging: chemical synthesis, evaluation in vitro and radiofluorination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4727-30. [PMID: 18644726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aminocyclohexyl indoles bind with high affinity and specificity toward the serotonin transporter (SERT). Based on this structural lead, we designed fluoroalkoxydihydroisoquinoline-cyclohexyl indole carbonitriles for future application as (18)F-labeled tracers for SERT imaging by PET. Six compounds, three pairs of cis- and trans-isomer derivatives, respectively, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. The chemistry of the new compounds, their affinity and specificity data, the general route to the phenolic precursor for labeling, and the successful (18)F-fluoroalkylation of one pair of compounds are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Funke
- Institut für Interdisziplinäre Isotopenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892‐1003, USA, Fax: +1‐301‐480‐5112
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33
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Prante O, Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Synthesis, Radiofluorination, and In Vitro Evaluation of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-Based Dopamine D4 Receptor Ligands: Discovery of an Inverse Agonist Radioligand for PET. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1800-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701375u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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34
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Vallabhajosula S. (18)F-labeled positron emission tomographic radiopharmaceuticals in oncology: an overview of radiochemistry and mechanisms of tumor localization. Semin Nucl Med 2008; 37:400-19. [PMID: 17920348 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in a living system. At present, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is one the most rapidly growing areas of medical imaging, with many applications in the clinical management of patients with cancer. Although [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT imaging provides high specificity and sensitivity in several kinds of cancer and has many applications, it is important to recognize that FDG is not a "specific" radiotracer for imaging malignant disease. Highly "tumor-specific" and "tumor cell signal-specific" PET radiopharmaceuticals are essential to meet the growing demand of radioisotope-based molecular imaging technology. In the last 15 years, many alternative PET tracers have been proposed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies to characterize the tumor biology more appropriately. The potential clinical utility of several (18)F-labeled radiotracers (eg, fluoride, FDOPA, FLT, FMISO, FES, and FCH) is being reviewed by several investigators in this issue. An overview of design and development of (18)F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals, radiochemistry, and mechanism(s) of tumor cell uptake and localization of radiotracers are presented here. The approval of clinical indications for FDG-PET in the year 2000 by the Food and Drug Administration, based on a review of literature, was a major breakthrough to the rapid incorporation of PET into nuclear medicine practice, particularly in oncology. Approval of a radiopharmaceutical typically involves submission of a "New Drug Application" by a manufacturer or a company clearly documenting 2 major aspects of the drug: (1) manufacturing of PET drug using current good manufacturing practices and (2) the safety and effectiveness of a drug with specific indications. The potential routine clinical utility of (18)F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals depends also on regulatory compliance in addition to documentation of potential safety and efficacy by various investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology,New York Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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35
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Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy. Clin Nucl Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-28026-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Erlandsson M, Karimi F, Takahashi K, Långström B. 18F-Labelled vorozole analogues as PET tracer for aromatase. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Li Z, Lang L, Ma Y, Kiesewetter DO. [18F]Fluoropropylsulfonyl chloride: a new reagent for radiolabeling primary and secondary amines for PET imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Wadsak W, Mien LK, Ettlinger DE, Eidherr H, Haeusler D, Sindelar KM, Keppler BK, Dudczak R, Kletter K, Mitterhauser M. 18F fluoroethylations: different strategies for the rapid translation of 11C-methylated radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Veach DR, Namavari M, Pillarsetty N, Santos EB, Beresten-Kochetkov T, Lambek C, Punzalan BJ, Antczak C, Smith-Jones PM, Djaballah H, Clarkson B, Larson SM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorine-18 derivative of dasatinib. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5853-7. [PMID: 17956080 DOI: 10.1021/jm070342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases often play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of cancer and are good candidates for therapeutic intervention and targeted molecular imaging. The precursor synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological characterization of a fluorine-18 analog of dasatinib, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, are reported. Compound 5 potently inhibits Abl, Src, and Kit kinases and inhibits K562 and M07e/p210bcr-abl human leukemic cell growth. Using positron emission tomography, we visualized K562 tumor xenografts in mice with [18F]-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Veach
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Ermert J, Ludwig T, Gail R, Coenen HH. [18F]Fluorophenyl organometallics as intermediates of no-carrier-added 18F-fluoroarylation reactions. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Miniaturization of PET radiosynthesis devices (micro-reactors or microfluidic systems) is an emerging area that has the potential to deliver many advantages, such as more efficient use of hot-cell space for production of multiple radiotracers; use of less non-radioactive precursor for saving precious material and a reduced separation challenge; highly controlled, reproducible and reliable radiotracer production; and cheap, interchangeable, disposable and quality-assured radiochemistry processors. Several 'proof of principle' examples along with basics of micro-reactor flow control, mixing principle and design, and device fabrication are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lu
- PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA.
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One-step radiosynthesis of [18F]LBT-999: a selective radioligand for the visualization of the dopamine transporter with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coenen HH. Fluorine-18 labeling methods: Features and possibilities of basic reactions. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2007:15-50. [PMID: 17172151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49527-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many experimental and established tracers make fluorine- 18 the most widely used radionuclide in positron emission tomography with an increasing demand for new or simpler 18F-labeling procedures. After a brief summary of the advantages of the nuclide and its major production routes, the basic features of the principal radiofluorination methods are described. These comprise direct electrophilic and nucleophilic processes, or in case of more complex molecules, the labeling of synthons and prosthetic groups for indirect built-up syntheses. While addressing the progress of no-carrier-added 18F-labeling procedures, the following chapters on more specific topics in this book are introduced. Emphasis is given to radiofluorination of arenes--especially with iodonium leaving groups. Examples of radiopharmaceutical syntheses are mentioned in order to illustrate strategic concepts of labeling with fluorine-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Coenen
- Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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Johnström P, Stone-Elander S. The 18F-labelled alkylating agent 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl triflate: Synthesis and specific activity. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580360605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mulholland GK, Jung YW, Wieland DM, Kilbourn MR, Kuhl DE. Synthesis of [18F]fluoroethoxy-benzovesamicol, a radiotracer for cholinergic neurons. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580330704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Syntheses and radiofluorination of two derivatives of 5-cyano-indole as selective ligands for the dopamine subtype-4 receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dollé F, Hinnen F, Emond P, Mavel S, Mincheva Z, Saba W, Schöllhorn-Peyronneau MA, Valette H, Garreau L, Chalon S, Halldin C, Helfenbein J, Legaillard J, Madelmont JC, Deloye JB, Bottlaender M, Guilloteau D. Radiosynthesis of [18F]LBT-999, a selective radioligand for the visualization of the dopamine transporter with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chin FT, Morse CL, Shetty HU, Pike VW. Automated radiosynthesis of [18F]SPA-RQ for imaging human brain NK1 receptors with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin KS, Ding YS, Kim SW, Kil KE. Synthesis, enantiomeric resolution, F-18 labeling and biodistribution of reboxetine analogs: promising radioligands for imaging the norepinephrine transporter with positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:415-22. [PMID: 15878511 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Racemic and enantiomerically pure ((S,S) and (R,R)) 2-[alpha-(2-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy)phenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ([(18)F]FRB) and its tetradeuterated form [(18)F]FRB-D(4), analogs of the highly selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine (2-[alpha-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine, RB), have been synthesized for studies of norepinephrine transporter (NET) system with positron emission tomography (PET). The [(18)F]fluorinated precursor, (S,S)/(R,R)-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-2-[alpha-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ((S,S)/(R,R)-N-Boc-desethylRB), was prepared by the N-protection of (S,S)/(R,R)-2-[alpha-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ((S,S)/(R,R)-desethylRB) with a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) group followed by enantiomeric resolution with chiral HPLC to provide both (S,S) and (R,R) enantiomers with >99% enantiomeric purity. These compounds were then used for radiosynthesis to prepare enantiomerically pure [(18)F]FRB and [(18)F]FRB-D(4) via the following three-step procedure: (1) formation of 1-bromo-2-[(18)F]fluoroethane ([(18)F]BFE or [(18)F]BFE-D(4)) by nucleophilic displacement of 2-bromoethyl triflate (or D(4) analog) with no-carrier added [(18)F]F(-) in THF; (2) reaction of [(18)F]BFE (or [(18)F]BFE-D(4)) with N-Boc-desethylRB in DMF in the presence of excess base; and (3) deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The racemates, (S,S) and (R,R) enantiomers of [(18)F]FRB and [(18)F]FRB-D(4) were obtained in 11-27% (decay corrected to the end of bombardment, EOB) in 120-min synthesis time with a radiochemical purity of >98% and specific activities of 21-48 GBq/micromol (EOB). The results of the whole-body biodistribution studies with (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB-D(4) were similar to those with (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB but showed relatively faster blood clearance and no significant in vivo defluorination. Positron emission tomography studies in baboon brain also showed that (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB-D(4) may be a potentially useful ligand for imaging NET with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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