1
|
Alquraishi AS, Rayees S. Sitosterolemia With Two Heterozygous Variants Including a Novel Mutation c.1800T>A in the ABCG5 Gene: A Case Report of a Rare Condition in a Young Saudi Girl. Cureus 2024; 16:e63088. [PMID: 39055399 PMCID: PMC11270141 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid disorder characterized by an accumulation and deposition of phytosterols in various tissues with decreased biliary excretion leading to various complications. We report a case of a three-year-old Saudi girl who exhibited xanthomas and elevated cholesterol levels. Initially, she was misdiagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, but subsequent testing of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene by next-generation sequencing ruled out this condition. Two heterozygous variants were identified in the ABCG5 gene through a whole exome sequencing study. These variants, namely c.1336C>T and c.1800T>A, have been characterized as pathogenic and likely pathogenic, respectively, with the latter being a novel mutation associated with sitosterolemia. The patient responded positively to treatment with ezetimibe, resulting in controlled cholesterol levels and decreased xanthoma size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alquraishi
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, SAU
| | - Syed Rayees
- Pediatrics, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Khamis Mushait, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foamy Cell Histiocytosis Is a Diagnostic Pitfall: A Case Report of Xanthomatosis Secondary to Sitosterolemia Mimicking Progressive Nodular Histiocytosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:753-755. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
Xia Y, Duan Y, Zheng W, Liang L, Zhang H, Luo X, Gu X, Sun Y, Xiao B, Qiu W. Clinical, genetic profile and therapy evaluation of 55 children and 5 adults with sitosterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 16:40-51. [PMID: 34969652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by phytosterol accumulation in the blood and tissues. However, the detailed clinical and genetic spectra are lacking. OBJECTIVE To describe and compare the clinical, biochemical, genetic, therapeutic, and follow-up characteristics of 55 pediatric and five adult sitosterolemia patients. METHODS Clinical, genetic and therapeutic data from 60 patients at Xinhua Hospital from January 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Pediatric patients' manifestations included xanthomas(93%), hematological disorders(30%), arthralgia(24%), splenomegaly(11%), atherosclerosis(10%). Adult patients had symptoms such as atherosclerosis(5/5), xanthomas(4/5), hematological disorders(3/5), arthralgia(3/5), splenomegaly(3/5). Elevated total cholesterol(TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were observed in 96% patients (pediatric 98%, adult 3/4), and phytosterol levels in 100% patients. The age of onset was also negatively correlated with blood TC (P < 0.0001, r = -0.5548) and LDL-C (P = 0.0001, r = -0.4859) levels. Targeted treatments resulted in symptomatic remission(pediatric 96%, adult 4/5), and significantly decreased lipid and phytosterol levels(all P<0.05). In the dietary-therapy cohort(n=34), blood lipid levels decreased(all P<0.05). In the 13 pediatric patients from the dietary-therapy cohort who switched from dietary to combination therapy with ezetimibe, dietary therapy decreased TC and LDL-C levels by 54% and 52%, and ezetimibe further decreased them by 18% and 20%, respectively. Further, we identified 15 novel ABCG5/ABCG8 variants. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the clinical and genetic spectra of sitosterolemia. The low-phytosterol diet is the cornerstone of sitosterolemia treatment. Ezetimibe can further decrease blood lipid levels and increase daily dietary phytosterol tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Duan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wanqi Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lili Liang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefan Gu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wenjuan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frederiksen TC, Mortensen MB, Kanstrup HL. Seventeen years of misdiagnosis in rare dyslipidaemia: a case report of sitosterolaemia in a young female. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2021; 5:ytab188. [PMID: 34268478 PMCID: PMC8276620 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Sitosterolaemia is a rare, autosomal recessive dyslipidaemia with increased absorption
of dietary plant sterol and often presents with hypercholesterolaemia, xanthomas, and
haematologic manifestations. If left untreated, sitosterolaemia can lead to high
symptomatic burden and coronary artery disease (CAD). Case summary We describe a case of a young female who initially presented at 4 years of age with
classic manifestations of sitosterolaemia. She was misdiagnosed and treated for both
juvenile arthritis and later familial hypercholesterolaemia until adulthood, when venous
blood samples showed significantly elevated concentrations of plant sterols. DNA
analyses showed that the patient was homozygous for a mutation in the ABCG5 gene,
[c.1336C>T, p.(Arg446*)], which is known to be associated with sitosterolaemia. Discussion Sitosterolaemia presents with multiple manifestations, which can initially be
misinterpreted leading to prolonged misdiagnosis. Early diagnosis is key in order to
relieve symptoms and prevent CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bødtker Mortensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Lynge Kanstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize the genetics and mechanisms of sitosterolemia and sterol trafficking, and provide an update on the understanding of the prevalence of ABCG5 and ABCG8 variants and their role in human disease. RECENT FINDINGS Defects in ABCG5/G8 result in the accumulation of xenosterols. It had been previously thought that near total LoF of one of the proteins was required to cause pathology. However, recently there was the first report of a patient with Sitosterolemia who was heterozygous for mutations in both genes. Moreover, large population studies have demonstrated the even simple heterozygous carriers are associated with altered lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk. Broader screening has added to the rapidly growing list of gene variants indicating that the prevalence of ABCG5/G8 variants is higher than previous thought, especially in patients with hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY These findings support a strategy of measuring xenosterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia to screen for ABCG5/G8 variants, and then tailoring treatment with a sterol absorption inhibitor, like ezetimibe, where indicated. Xenosterol trafficking affects remnant clearance and maybe pathogenically linked to the increased risk of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakano Y, Komiya C, Shimizu H, Mishima H, Shiba K, Tsujimoto K, Ikeda K, Kashimada K, Dateki S, Yoshiura KI, Ogawa Y, Yamada T. A case of ezetimibe-effective hypercholesterolemia with a novel heterozygous variant in ABCG5. Endocr J 2020; 67:1099-1105. [PMID: 32641618 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous gene mutations in either ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5) or 8 (ABCG8). Since ABCG5 and ABCG8 play pivotal roles in the excretion of neutral sterols into feces and bile, patients with sitosterolemia present elevated levels of serum plant sterols and in some cases also hypercholesterolemia. A 48-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for hypercholesterolemia. She had been misdiagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia at the age of 20 and her serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels had remained about 200-300 mg/dL at the former clinic. Although the treatment of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors was ineffective, her serum LDL-C levels were normalized by ezetimibe, a cholesterol transporter inhibitor. We noticed that her serum sitosterol and campesterol levels were relatively high. Targeted analysis sequencing identified a novel heterozygous ABCG5 variant (c.203A>T; p.Ile68Asn) in the patient, whereas no mutations were found in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), or Niemann-Pick C1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1L1). While sitosterolemia is a rare disease, a recent study has reported that the incidence of loss-of-function mutation in the ABCG5 or ABCG8 gene is higher than we thought at 1 in 220 individuals. The present case suggests that serum plant sterol levels should be examined and ezetimibe treatment should be considered in patients with hypercholesterolemia who are resistant to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nakano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Chikara Komiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hitomi Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaski 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tsujimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sumito Dateki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaski 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis and trafficking are critical to the maintenance of the asymmetric plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Disruption or dysfunction of cholesterol trafficking leads to numerous human diseases. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play several critical roles in this process, and mutations in these sterol transporters lead to disorders such as Tangier disease and sitosterolemia. Biochemical and structural information on ABC sterol transporters is beginning to emerge, with published structures of ABCA1 and ABCG5/G8; these two proteins function in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and mediate the efflux of cholesterol and xenosterols to high-density lipoprotein and bile salt micelles, respectively. Although both of these transporters belong to the ABC family and mediate the efflux of a sterol substrate, they have many distinct differences. Here, we summarize the current understanding of sterol transport driven by ABC transporters, with an emphasis on these two extensively characterized transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M Plummer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Alan T Culbertson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Maofu Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiss S, Lee JY, Pitt J, MacGregor D, Wallace J, Marty M, Brown NJ. Dig deeper when it does not make sense: Juvenile xanthomas due to sitosterolemia. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:34-39. [PMID: 33204594 PMCID: PMC7653237 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8, which encode for a sterol efflux transporter (sterolin) that pumps sterols out into the intestinal lumen or into bile. This leads to progressive accumulation of plant sterols in blood and tissues. Clinical presentation is variable and may include xanthoma, arthritis, thyroid dysfunction, premature atherosclerotic disease, splenomegaly, and hematologic manifestations. We report a child presented with multiple xanthomas at age 5.5 years, located on the elbow, knee, and toe. Juvenile xanthogranuloma was considered based on histopathologic findings. At 8 years of age, a lipid profile showed markedly elevated total cholesterol (9.4 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, 7.4 mmol/L). Simvastatin therapy was initiated, however, the lipid profile was persistently abnormal. At age 8.5 years, genetic testing identified two novel variants: (NM_022437.3[ABCG8]:c.1444del;p.Leu482Trpfs*40) and (NM_022437.3[ABCG8]:c.1640T>C;p.Leu547Pro) in the ABCG8 gene. Plasma sitosterol was subsequently found to be very high, confirming the diagnosis. She was started on a low plant sterol and cholesterol diet for 6 weeks with insignificant response and therefore ezetimibe (10 mg daily) was added. This resulted in significant reduction of cholesterol, LDL, sitosterol levels, and no further increase in the size of the xanthomas. This case emphasizes the diagnostic odyssey, the benefits of genomic testing and importance of a correct diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate therapy. It also illustrates the importance of considering rare conditions, such as sitosterolemia, as a differential diagnosis in patients with hypercholesterolemia and increased LDL-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Kiss
- Department of Metabolic MedicineThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joy Yaplito Lee
- Department of Metabolic MedicineThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Duncan MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical PathologyThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jane Wallace
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melanie Marty
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Natasha J. Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|