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Miedema F, Klein N, Blackburn DG, Sander PM, Maxwell EE, Griebeler EM, Scheyer TM. Heads or tails first? Evolution of fetal orientation in ichthyosaurs, with a scrutiny of the prevailing hypothesis. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:12. [PMID: 37072698 PMCID: PMC10114408 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
According to a longstanding paradigm, aquatic amniotes, including the Mesozoic marine reptile group Ichthyopterygia, give birth tail-first because head-first birth leads to increased asphyxiation risk of the fetus in the aquatic environment. Here, we draw upon published and original evidence to test two hypotheses: (1) Ichthyosaurs inherited viviparity from a terrestrial ancestor. (2) Asphyxiation risk is the main reason aquatic amniotes give birth tail-first. From the fossil evidence, we conclude that head-first birth is more prevalent in Ichthyopterygia than previously recognized and that a preference for tail-first birth likely arose in derived forms. This weakens the support for the terrestrial ancestry of viviparity in Ichthyopterygia. Our survey of extant viviparous amniotes indicates that fetal orientation at birth reflects a broad diversity of factors unrelated to aquatic vs. terrestrial habitat, further undermining the asphyxiation hypothesis. We propose that birth preference is based on parturitional mechanics or carrying efficiency rather than habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Miedema
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Paläontologie, Hohenheim University, Wollgrasweg 23, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nicole Klein
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zurich, CH-8006, Switzerland
- Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel G Blackburn
- Dept. of Biology and Electron Microscopy Facility, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - P Martin Sander
- Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Erin E Maxwell
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva M Griebeler
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolution, Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter- Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zurich, CH-8006, Switzerland
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2
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Vázquez-García E, Villagrán-SantaCruz M. Placentation in the Mexican scincid lizard Plestiodon brevirostris (Squamata: Scincidae). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21563. [PMID: 36719277 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viviparity is the reproductive pattern in which females gestate eggs within their reproductive tract to complete their development and give birth to live offspring. Within extant sauropsids, only the Squamata (e.g., snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians) evolved viviparity, representing 20% of the existing species. The genus Plestiodon is represented by 43 species and is one of the most widely distributed genera of the Scincidae in Mexico. The goal of this research has been to determine the placental morphology and ontogeny during gestation in the lizard Plestiodon brevirostris. Specimens were dissected to obtain the embryonic chambers and the embryos were categorized to carry out the correlation between the development stage and the placenta development. The embryonic chambers were processed using the conventional histological technique for light microscopy. The identified embryonic stages were 4, 29, 34, 36, and 39. A thin eggshell surrounds the egg in early developmental stages; however, this structure is already absent in the embryonic hemisphere during the developmental stage 29. The results revealed that P. brevirostris is a lecithotrophic species, but a close maternal-fetal relationship is established by tissue apposition. Ontogenically, the placental types that form in the embryonic hemisphere are the chorioplacenta, choriovitelline placenta, and chorioallantoic placenta; whereas the omphaloplacenta is formed in the abembryonic hemisphere. The structure of the chorioallantoic placenta in P. brevirostris suggests that it may play a role during gas exchange between the mother and the embryo, due to the characteristics of the epithelia that comprise it. The structure of embryonic and maternal epithelia of the omphaloplacenta suggests a role in the absorption of the eggshell during gestation and possibly in the transport or diffusion of some nutrients. In general, it is evident that ontogeny and placental characteristics of P. brevirostris match those of other species of viviparous lecithotrophic scincids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Vázquez-García
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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3
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Whittington CM, Buddle AL, Griffith OW, Carter AM. Embryonic specializations for vertebrate placentation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210261. [PMID: 36252220 PMCID: PMC9574634 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate placenta, a close association of fetal and parental tissue for physiological exchange, has evolved independently in sharks, teleost fishes, coelacanths, amphibians, squamate reptiles and mammals. This transient organ forms during pregnancy and is an important contributor to embryonic development in both viviparous and oviparous, brooding species. Placentae may be involved in transport of respiratory gases, wastes, immune molecules, hormones and nutrients. Depending on the taxon, the embryonic portion of the placenta is comprised of either extraembryonic membranes (yolk sac or chorioallantois) or temporary embryonic tissues derived via hypertrophy of pericardium, gill epithelium, gut, tails or fins. These membranes and tissues have been recruited convergently into placentae in several lineages. Here, we highlight the diversity and common features of embryonic tissues involved in vertebrate placentation and suggest future studies that will provide new knowledge about the evolution of pregnancy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M. Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence A08, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alice L. Buddle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence A08, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver W. Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsloews Vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Watson CM, Cox CL. Elevation, oxygen, and the origins of viviparity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:457-469. [PMID: 34254734 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research focused on understanding the evolutionary factors that shape parity mode evolution among vertebrates have long focused on squamate reptiles (snakes and lizards), which contain all but one of the evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity among extant amniotes. While most hypotheses have focused on the role of cool temperatures in favoring viviparity in thermoregulating snakes and lizards, there is a growing appreciation in the biogeographic literature for the importance of lower oxygen concentrations at high elevations for the evolution of parity mode. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying how hypoxia might reduce fitness, and how viviparity can alleviate this fitness decrement, has not been systematically evaluated. We qualitatively evaluated previous research on reproductive and developmental physiology, and found that (1) hypoxia can negatively affect fitness of squamate embryos, (2) oxygen availability in the circulatory system of adult lizards can be similar or greater than an egg, and (3) gravid females can possess adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to hypoxia. These findings suggest that the impact of hypoxia on the development and physiology of oviparous and viviparous squamates would be a fruitful area of research for understanding the evolution of viviparity. To that end, we propose an integrative research program for studying hypoxia and the evolution of viviparity in squamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Watson
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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5
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Nekliudova UA, Schwaha TF, Kotenko ON, Gruber D, Cyran N, Ostrovsky AN. Three in one: evolution of viviparity, coenocytic placenta and polyembryony in cyclostome bryozoans. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33845757 PMCID: PMC8042935 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentation has evolved multiple times among both chordates and invertebrates. Although they are structurally less complex, invertebrate placentae are much more diverse in their origin, development and position. Aquatic colonial suspension-feeders from the phylum Bryozoa acquired placental analogues multiple times, representing an outstanding example of their structural diversity and evolution. Among them, the clade Cyclostomata is the only one in which placentation is associated with viviparity and polyembryony-a unique combination not present in any other invertebrate group. RESULTS The histological and ultrastructural study of the sexual polymorphic zooids (gonozooids) in two cyclostome species, Crisia eburnea and Crisiella producta, revealed embryos embedded in a placental analogue (nutritive tissue) with a unique structure-comprising coenocytes and solitary cells-previously unknown in animals. Coenocytes originate via nuclear multiplication and cytoplasmic growth among the cells surrounding the early embryo. This process also affects cells of the membranous sac, which initially serves as a hydrostatic system but later becomes main part of the placenta. The nutritive tissue is both highly dynamic, permanently rearranging its structure, and highly integrated with its coenocytic 'elements' being interconnected via cytoplasmic bridges and various cell contacts. This tissue shows evidence of both nutrient synthesis and transport (bidirectional transcytosis), supporting the enclosed multiple progeny. Growing primary embryo produces secondary embryos (via fission) that develop into larvae; both the secondary embyos and larvae show signs of endocytosis. Interzooidal communication pores are occupied by 1‒2 specialized pore-cells probably involved in the transport of nutrients between zooids. CONCLUSIONS Cyclostome nutritive tissue is currently the only known example of a coenocytic placental analogue, although syncytial 'elements' could potentially be formed in them too. Structurally and functionally (but not developmentally) the nutritive tissue can be compared with the syncytial placental analogues of certain invertebrates and chordates. Evolution of the cyclostome placenta, involving transformation of the hydrostatic apparatus (membranous sac) and change of its function to embryonic nourishment, is an example of exaptation that is rather widespread among matrotrophic bryozoans. We speculate that the acquisition of a highly advanced placenta providing massive nourishment might support the evolution of polyembryony in cyclostomes. In turn, massive and continuous embryonic production led to the evolution of enlarged incubating polymorphic gonozooids hosting multiple progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Nekliudova
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T F Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - O N Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Cyran
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - A N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Blackburn DG, Stewart JR. Morphological research on amniote eggs and embryos: An introduction and historical retrospective. J Morphol 2021; 282:1024-1046. [PMID: 33393149 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the terrestrial egg of amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) is often considered to be one of the most significant events in vertebrate history. Presence of an eggshell, fetal membranes, and a sizeable yolk allowed this egg to develop on land and hatch out well-developed, terrestrial offspring. For centuries, morphologically-based studies have provided valuable information about the eggs of amniotes and the embryos that develop from them. This review explores the history of such investigations, as a contribution to this special issue of Journal of Morphology, titled Developmental Morphology and Evolution of Amniote Eggs and Embryos. Anatomically-based investigations are surveyed from the ancient Greeks through the Scientific Revolution, followed by the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on major findings of historical figures who have contributed significantly to our knowledge. Recent research on various aspects of amniote eggs is summarized, including gastrulation, egg shape and eggshell morphology, eggs of Mesozoic dinosaurs, sauropsid yolk sacs, squamate placentation, embryogenesis, and the phylotypic phase of embryonic development. As documented in this review, studies on amniote eggs and embryos have relied heavily on morphological approaches in order to answer functional and evolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blackburn
- Department of Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Ortiz MA, Boretto JM, Ibargüengoytía NR. Reproductive biology of a viviparous lizard (Mabuya dorsivittata) from the subtropical Wet Chaco of Argentina: geographical variations in response to local environmental pressures. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20170817. [PMID: 30916147 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920170817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we studied the reproductive biology of a viviparous lizard (Mabuya dorsivittata) from the Wet Chaco region (northeastern Argentina) and compared the results with other populations from the Espinal (central Argentina) and the Atlantic Forest (southeastern Brazil), and with other Neotropical species of Mabuya to better understand the possible causes of its reproductive phenotype variation. Males and females of M. dorsivittata from the Wet Chaco exhibited associated, seasonal, and annual reproductive cycles. Spermatogenic activity related positively to a lengthening photoperiod reaching maximum activity in late spring (December). Females displayed an extended gestation period of 11 months, from mid-summer (February) to late spring or early summer (December) when births occur. Embryonic development was associated with temperature and historical rainfall. Litter size ranged from 3 to 8 (mean = 5.3 ± 1.3 SD) and increased with body size and body mass of females. Fat-body mass varied seasonally and was inversely correlated with spermatogenesis and to embryonic development. Females were larger in body size and interlimb length, and smaller in head length than males. We observed interpopulational differences in minimum body size, litter size, and timing of birth, probably as a result of phenotypic plasticity, genetic divergence or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín A Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad, 5470, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina M Boretto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente/INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Nora R Ibargüengoytía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente/INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina
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8
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Duarte-Méndez M, Quintero-Silva J, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Immunohistochemical localization of 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and progesterone receptors in the ovary and placenta during gestation of the placentotrophic lizard Mabuya sp (Squamata: Scincidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:136-147. [PMID: 29477457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In squamates, progesterone (P) plays a key role in the inhibition of uterine mobility during egg retention in oviparous species, and during gestation in viviparous species. The corpus luteum (CL) is the main organ responsible for the production of P; however, in some species, the CL degenerates early and the P needed for gestation maintenance should be produced in other tissues. Mabuya sp (Scincidae) is a viviparous lizard with a prolonged gestation, it produces microlecithal eggs and, consequently, has an obligate placentotrophy related with a highly complex placenta. Its CL degenerates at early stages of gestation and therefore, other sources of P should exist. The aim of this study was to determine and localize by immunohistochemistry the production of P by detection of the enzyme 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and P receptors (PR) during gestation in the ovary and placenta of Mabuya sp. Positive and negative control sections were used. The ovary of this species localizes 3β-HSD and PR in the same tissues. The CL of the ovaries of females at early stages of gestation were positive for both molecules, whereas they did not localize from mid gestation to the end of pregnancy. Previtellogenic and vitellogenic follicles labelled for both molecules in the follicular epithelium and thecae. The placenta of Mabuya sp. demonstrated the potential for P production from mid gestation to the end of gestation in the uterine and chorionic tissues. PR were located in the uterine tissues throughout gestation, with a decrease towards its completion. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of 3β-HSD mainly in the ovary of early pregnant females and in the placental tissues at mid gestation stages. Therefore, the chorioallantoic placenta of Mabuya sp. has an endocrine function producing the P needed for gestation and replacing the CL from mid gestation to the end of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Duarte-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga Santander, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Quintero-Silva
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga Santander, Colombia
| | - Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga Santander, Colombia; Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga Santander, Colombia.
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9
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History of reptile placentology, part III: Giacomini’s 1891 histological monograph on lizard placentation. Placenta 2017; 60:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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An endogenous retroviral envelope syncytin and its cognate receptor identified in the viviparous placental Mabuya lizard. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10991-E11000. [PMID: 29162694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714590114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytins are envelope genes from endogenous retroviruses that have been captured during evolution for a function in placentation. They have been found in all placental mammals in which they have been searched, including marsupials. Placental structures are not restricted to mammals but also emerged in some other vertebrates, most frequently in lizards, such as the viviparous Mabuya Scincidae. Here, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing of a Mabuya placenta transcriptome and screened for the presence of retroviral env genes with a full-length ORF. We identified one such gene, which we named "syncytin-Mab1," that has all the characteristics expected for a syncytin gene. It encodes a membrane-bound envelope protein with fusogenic activity ex vivo, is expressed at the placental level as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and is conserved in all Mabuya species tested, spanning over 25 My of evolution. Its cognate receptor, required for its fusogenic activity, was searched for by a screening assay using the GeneBridge4 human/Chinese hamster radiation hybrid panel and found to be the MPZL1 gene, previously identified in mammals as a signal-transducing transmembrane protein involved in cell migration. Together, these results show that syncytin capture is not restricted to placental mammals, but can also take place in the rare nonmammalian vertebrates in which a viviparous placentotrophic mode of reproduction emerged. It suggests that similar molecular tools have been used for the convergent evolution of placentation in independently evolved and highly distant vertebrates.
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Hernández-Díaz N, Torres R, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Proteomic Profile of Mabuya sp. (Squamata: Scincidae) Ovary and Placenta During Gestation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:371-389. [PMID: 28397398 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates, providing an integrated system for comparative studies on metabolic, animal physiology, and developmental biology. However, the molecular data available are limited and only recently have started to call attention in the "omics" sciences. Mabuya sp. is a viviparous placentrotrophic skink with particular reproductive features, including microlecithal eggs, early luteolysis, prolonged gestation, and development of a highly specialized placenta. This placenta is responsible for respiratory exchange and the transference of all nutrients necessary for embryonic development. Our aim was to identify differentially expressed proteins in the ovary and placenta of Mabuya sp. during early, mid, and late gestation; their possible metabolic pathways; and biological processes. We carried out a comparative proteomic analysis during gestation in both tissues by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Differential protein expression in both tissues (Student's t-test P < 0.05) was related to several processes such as cell structure, cell movement, and energy. Proteins found in ovary are mainly associated with follicular development and its regulation. In the placenta, particularly during mid and late gestation, protein expression is involved in nutrient metabolism, transport, protein synthesis, and embryonic development. This work provides new insights about the proteins expressed and their physiological mechanisms in Mabuya sp. placenta and ovary during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Hernández-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología, GIBIM, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología, GIBIM, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Biotecnología-CEO, Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, ECOPETROL, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia
| | - Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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12
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Blackburn DG, Anderson KE, Lo AR, Marquez EC, Callard IP. Placentation in watersnakes II: Placental ultrastructure in N
erodia erythrogaster
(Colubridae: Natricinae). J Morphol 2017; 278:675-688. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Facility; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - Kristie E. Anderson
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Facility; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - Amy R. Lo
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy Facility; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - Emily C. Marquez
- Department of Biology; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts 02215
| | - Ian P. Callard
- Department of Biology; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts 02215
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13
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Wildman DE. IFPA award in placentology lecture: Phylogenomic origins and evolution of the mammalian placenta. Placenta 2016; 48 Suppl 1:S31-S39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Metallinou M, Weinell JL, Karin BR, Conradie W, Wagner P, Schmitz A, Jackman TR, Bauer AM. A single origin of extreme matrotrophy in African mabuyine skinks. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160430. [PMID: 27555650 PMCID: PMC5014036 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammals and approximately 20% of squamates (lizards and snakes) are viviparous, whereas all crocodilians, birds and turtles are oviparous. Viviparity evolved greater than 100 times in squamates, including multiple times in Mabuyinae (Reptilia: Scincidae), making this group ideal for studying the evolution of nutritional patterns associated with viviparity. Previous studies suggest that extreme matrotrophy, the support of virtually all of embryonic development by maternal nutrients, evolved as many as three times in Mabuyinae: in Neotropical Mabuyinae (63 species), Eumecia (2 species; Africa) and Trachylepis ivensii (Africa). However, no explicit phylogenetic hypotheses exist for understanding the evolution of extreme matrotrophy. Using multilocus DNA data, we inferred a species tree for Mabuyinae that implies that T. ivensii (here assigned to the resurrected genus Lubuya) is sister to Eumecia, suggesting that extreme matrotrophy evolved only once in African mabuyine skinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L Weinell
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Benjamin R Karin
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Werner Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Andreas Schmitz
- Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Todd R Jackman
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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Ostrovsky AN, Lidgard S, Gordon DP, Schwaha T, Genikhovich G, Ereskovsky AV. Matrotrophy and placentation in invertebrates: a new paradigm. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 91:673-711. [PMID: 25925633 PMCID: PMC5098176 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrotrophy, the continuous extra-vitelline supply of nutrients from the parent to the progeny during gestation, is one of the masterpieces of nature, contributing to offspring fitness and often correlated with evolutionary diversification. The most elaborate form of matrotrophy-placentotrophy-is well known for its broad occurrence among vertebrates, but the comparative distribution and structural diversity of matrotrophic expression among invertebrates is wanting. In the first comprehensive analysis of matrotrophy across the animal kingdom, we report that regardless of the degree of expression, it is established or inferred in at least 21 of 34 animal phyla, significantly exceeding previous accounts and changing the old paradigm that these phenomena are infrequent among invertebrates. In 10 phyla, matrotrophy is represented by only one or a few species, whereas in 11 it is either not uncommon or widespread and even pervasive. Among invertebrate phyla, Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda and Bryozoa dominate, with 162, 83 and 53 partly or wholly matrotrophic families, respectively. In comparison, Chordata has more than 220 families that include or consist entirely of matrotrophic species. We analysed the distribution of reproductive patterns among and within invertebrate phyla using recently published molecular phylogenies: matrotrophy has seemingly evolved at least 140 times in all major superclades: Parazoa and Eumetazoa, Radiata and Bilateria, Protostomia and Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. In Cycliophora and some Digenea, it may have evolved twice in the same life cycle. The provisioning of developing young is associated with almost all known types of incubation chambers, with matrotrophic viviparity more widespread (20 phyla) than brooding (10 phyla). In nine phyla, both matrotrophic incubation types are present. Matrotrophy is expressed in five nutritive modes, of which histotrophy and placentotrophy are most prevalent. Oophagy, embryophagy and histophagy are rarer, plausibly evolving through heterochronous development of the embryonic mouthparts and digestive system. During gestation, matrotrophic modes can shift, intergrade, and be performed simultaneously. Invertebrate matrotrophic adaptations are less complex structurally than in chordates, but they are more diverse, being formed either by a parent, embryo, or both. In a broad and still preliminary sense, there are indications of trends or grades of evolutionarily increasing complexity of nutritive structures: formation of (i) local zones of enhanced nutritional transport (placental analogues), including specialized parent-offspring cell complexes and various appendages increasing the entire secreting and absorbing surfaces as well as the contact surface between embryo and parent, (ii) compartmentalization of the common incubatory space into more compact and 'isolated' chambers with presumably more effective nutritional relationships, and (iii) internal secretory ('milk') glands. Some placental analogues in onychophorans and arthropods mimic the simplest placental variants in vertebrates, comprising striking examples of convergent evolution acting at all levels-positional, structural and physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott Lidgard
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Dennis P Gordon
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Station marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007, Marseille, France
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Blackburn DG. History of reptile placentology II: WilhelmHaacke’s 1885 account of lizard viviparity. ZOOL ANZ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blackburn DG, Starck JM. Morphological specializations for fetal maintenance in viviparous vertebrates: An introduction and historical retrospective. J Morphol 2015; 276:E1-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology; and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - J. Matthias Starck
- Department of Biology; University of Munich; D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
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Blackburn DG. Viviparous placentotrophy in reptiles and the parent-offspring conflict. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:532-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Departmentof Biology; Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
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Blackburn DG. Evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: Reversibility reconsidered. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:473-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut
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Griffith OW, Blackburn DG, Brandley MC, Van Dyke JU, Whittington CM, Thompson MB. Ancestral state reconstructions require biological evidence to test evolutionary hypotheses: A case study examining the evolution of reproductive mode in squamate reptiles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:493-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Griffith
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | | | - Matthew C. Brandley
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - James U. Van Dyke
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Camilla M. Whittington
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences; Heydon Laurence Building (A08); University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
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Abstract
Although viviparity has evolved many times in the animal kingdom, it remains relatively uncommon-scorpions and therian mammals being rare examples of entirely viviparous major taxa. Viviparity is a specialised form of intra-species parasitism which biases parental investment towards fertilised eggs, temporally spreads that investment, and also temporarily protects offspring from many selection pressures. Importantly, the mammalian viviparity appeared at a relatively late stage in the process of vertebrate evolution. Because of this, viviparity was 'superimposed' on complex pre-existing cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and immune systems, and has altered them dramatically. Also, pregnancy has exerted pervasive effects on gene expression in mammals, including genetic imprinting, X inactivation, sex determination, and the ectopic expression in the extra-embryonic membranes of many genes previously expressed in the gonads, brain, pituitary and immune system. Finally, although lactation probably pre-dated viviparity in mammalian evolution, the two have co-evolved as alternative strategies of offspring nutrition ever since.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R J Bainbridge
- Veterinary Anatomy Programme, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing Street CB2 3DY, UK.
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22
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Blackburn DG. Evolution of vertebrate viviparity and specializations for fetal nutrition: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Morphol 2014; 276:961-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology and; Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
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Van Dyke JU, Brandley MC, Thompson MB. The evolution of viviparity: molecular and genomic data from squamate reptiles advance understanding of live birth in amniotes. Reproduction 2014; 147:R15-26. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are an ideal model system for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution of viviparity (live birth) in amniote vertebrates. Viviparity has evolved over 100 times in squamates, resulting in major changes in reproductive physiology. At a minimum, all viviparous squamates exhibit placentae formed by the appositions of maternal and embryonic tissues, which are homologous in origin with the tissues that form the placenta in therian mammals. These placentae facilitate adhesion of the conceptus to the uterus as well as exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, sodium, and calcium. However, most viviparous squamates continue to rely on yolk for nearly all of their organic nutrition. In contrast, some species, which rely on the placenta for at least a portion of organic nutrition, exhibit complex placental specializations associated with the transport of amino acids and fatty acids. Some viviparous squamates also exhibit reduced immunocompetence during pregnancy, which could be the result of immunosuppression to protect developing embryos. Recent molecular studies using both candidate-gene and next-generation sequencing approaches have suggested that at least some of the genes and gene families underlying these phenomena play similar roles in the uterus and placenta of viviparous mammals and squamates. Therefore, studies of the evolution of viviparity in squamates should inform hypotheses of the evolution of viviparity in all amniotes, including mammals.
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Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Early origin of viviparity and multiple reversions to oviparity in squamate reptiles. Ecol Lett 2013; 17:13-21. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Department of Biology; The Graduate School and University Center; The City University of New York; 365 5th Ave. New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Biology; The College of Staten Island; The City University of New York; 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island NY 10314 USA
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Itonaga K, Jones SM, Wapstra E. Effects of maternal basking and food quantity during gestation provide evidence for the selective advantage of matrotrophy in a viviparous lizard. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41835. [PMID: 22848629 PMCID: PMC3406071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of matrotrophy (i.e., direct supply of nutrients by the mother during gestation) may be associated with high maternal energy availability during gestation. However, we lack knowledge about the selective advantages of matrotrophic viviparity (live-bearing) in reptiles. In reptiles, the interaction between body temperature and food intake affect maternal net energy gain. In the present study, we examined the effects of basking and food availability (2 by 2 factorial design) during gestation on offspring phenotype in a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Subsequently, we investigated if the maternal effects were context-dependent using offspring growth rate as an indicator of the adaptive significance of matrotrophy. Offspring were exposed either to the same thermal conditions as their mothers experienced or to thermal conditions different from those experienced by their mothers. We provide the first evidence that an interaction between maternal thermal and maternal food conditions during gestation strongly affects offspring phenotype, including date of birth, body size and performance ability, which affect offspring fitness. Offspring growth rate was dependent on offspring thermal conditions, but was not influenced by maternal effects or offspring sex. Matrotrophic viviparity provided gravid females with the means to enhance offspring fitness through greater energetic input to offspring when conditions allowed it (i.e., extended basking opportunity with high food availability). Therefore, we suggest that selective advantages of matrotrophic viviparity in P. entrecasteauxii may be associated with high maternal energy availability during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Itonaga
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Susan M. Jones
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Itonaga K, Jones SM, Wapstra E. Do gravid females become selfish? Female allocation of energy during gestation. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:231-42. [PMID: 22494979 DOI: 10.1086/665567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Net energy availability depends on plasma corticosterone concentrations, food availability, and their interaction. Limited net energy availability requires energy trade-offs between self-maintenance and reproduction. This is important in matrotrophic viviparous animals because they provide large amounts of energy for embryos, as well as self-maintenance, for the extended period of time during gestation. In addition, gravid females may transmit environmental information to the embryos in order to adjust offspring phenotype. We investigated effects of variation in maternal plasma corticosterone concentration and maternal food availability (2 × 2 factorial design) during gestation on offspring phenotype in a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Subsequently, we tested preadaptation of offspring phenotype to their postnatal environment by measuring risk-averse behavior and growth rate using reciprocal transplant experiments. We found that maternal net energy availability affected postpartum maternal body condition, offspring snout-vent length, offspring mass, offspring performance ability, and offspring fat reserves. Females treated with corticosterone allocated large amounts of energy to their own body condition, and their embryos allocated more energy to energy reserves than somatic growth. Further, offspring from females in high plasma corticosterone concentration showed compensatory growth. These findings suggest that while females may be selfish when gestation conditions are stressful, the embryos may adjust their phenotype to cope with the postnatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Itonaga
- School of Zoology, Private Bag 05, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Van Dyke JU, Beaupre SJ. Stable isotope tracer reveals that viviparous snakes transport amino acids to offspring during gestation. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:760-5. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.058644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Viviparity and placentation have evolved from oviparity over 100 times in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). The independent origins of placentation have resulted in a variety of placental morphologies in different taxa, ranging from simple apposition of fetal and maternal tissues to endotheliochorial implantation that is homoplasious with mammalian placentation. Because the eggs of oviparous squamates transport gases and water from the environment and calcium from the eggshell, the placentae of viviparous squamates are thought to have initially evolved to accomplish these functions from within the maternal oviduct. Species with complex placentae have also been shown to rely substantially, or even primarily, on placental transport of organic nutrients for embryonic nutrition. However, it is unclear whether species with only simple placentae are also capable of transporting organic nutrients to offspring. Among viviparous squamates, all of the snakes that have been studied thus far have been shown to have simple placentae. However, most studies of snake placentation are limited to a single lineage, the North American Natricinae. We tested the abilities of four species of viviparous snakes – Agkistrodon contortrix (Viperidae), Boa constrictor (Boidae), Nerodia sipedon (Colubridae: Natricinae) and Thamnophis sirtalis (Colubridae: Natricinae) – to transport diet-derived amino acids to offspring during gestation. We fed [15N]leucine to pregnant snakes, and compared offspring 15N content with that of unlabeled controls. Labeled females allocated significantly more 15N to offspring than did controls, but 15N allocation did not differ among species. Our results indicate that viviparous snakes are capable of transporting diet-derived amino acids to their offspring during gestation, possibly via placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James U. Van Dyke
- 601 SCEN, Department of Biological Sciences, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven J. Beaupre
- 601 SCEN, Department of Biological Sciences, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Blackburn DG, Flemming AF. Invasive implantation and intimate placental associations in a placentotrophic african lizard, Trachylepis ivensi (scincidae). J Morphol 2011; 273:137-59. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A review of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: the past, present and future role of molecular biology and genomics. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:575-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Blackburn D, Stewart J. Viviparity and Placentation in Snakes. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF SNAKES 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vrcibradic D, Rocha CFD. An overview of female reproductive traits in South AmericanMabuya(Squamata, Scincidae), with emphasis on brood size and its correlates. J NAT HIST 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.535920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murphy BF, Parker SL, Murphy CR, Thompson MB. Placentation in the eastern water skink (Eulamprus quoyii): a placentome-like structure in a lecithotrophic lizard. J Anat 2011; 218:678-89. [PMID: 21434912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern water skink (Eulamprus quoyii) has lecithotrophic embryos and was previously described as having a simple Type I chorioallantoic placenta. Indeed, it was the species upon which the definition of a Type I placenta was thought to be based, although we had cause to question that assumption. Hence we have described the morphology of the uterus of E. quoyii and found it to be more complex than previously supposed. The mesometrial pole of the uterus in E. quoyii displays a vessel-dense elliptical structure (the VDE) with columnar uterine epithelial cells. As pregnancy proceeds, the uterine epithelium near the mesometrial pole becomes folded and glands become hypertrophied, so that the morphology of VDE resembles that of a placentome, characteristic of Type III placentae. Unlike species with a Type III placenta, the apposing chorioallantoic membrane of E. quoyii is lined with squamous cells and interdigitates with the folded uterine epithelium. The remainder of the uterus is thin with a squamous uterine epithelium throughout pregnancy. Immunohistochemical localisation of blood vessels reveals a dense network of small capillaries directly beneath the folded epithelium of the VDE, while blood vessels are larger and sparser at the abembryonic pole of the uterus. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity is present in the uterine epithelium and sub-epithelial blood vessels in newly ovulated females. AP activity disappears from the epithelium between stages 27 and 29 of embryonic development and from the blood vessels after stage 34, but appears in the uterine glands at stage 35, where it remains until the end of pregnancy. Although the VDE is structurally similar to the placentomes found in other viviparous lizards, different distributions of AP activity in the uterus of E. quoyii and Pseudemoia spenceri suggest that the VDE may be functionally different from the placentome of the latter species. Our description of uterine morphology in E. quoyii provides evidence that, at least in some lineages, the evolution of a placentome may not occur in concert with the evolution of microlecithal eggs and obligate placentotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences (A08), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Anderson KE, Blackburn DG, Dunlap KD. Scanning electron microscopy of the placental interface in the viviparous lizardSceloporus jarrovi(Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). J Morphol 2011; 272:465-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schuett GW, Repp RA, Hoss SK. Frequency of reproduction in female western diamond-backed rattlesnakes from the Sonoran Desert of Arizona is variable in individuals: potential role of rainfall and prey densities. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Transplacental nutrient transfer during gestation in the Andean lizard Mabuya sp. (Squamata, Scincidae). J Comp Physiol B 2010; 181:249-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Murphy BF, Parker SL, Murphy CR, Thompson MB. Angiogenesis of the uterus and chorioallantois in the eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:3340-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.046862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
We have discovered a modification of the uterus that appears to facilitate maternal-fetal communication during pregnancy in the scincid lizard Eulamprus quoyii. A vessel-dense elliptical area (VDE) on the mesometrial side of the uterus expands as the embryo grows, providing a large vascular area for physiological exchange between mother and embryo. The VDE is already developed in females with newly ovulated eggs, and is situated directly adjacent to the chorioallantois of the embryo when it develops. It is likely that signals from the early developing embryo determine the position of the VDE, as the VDE is off-centre in cases where the embryo sits obliquely in the uterus. The VDE is not a modification of the uterus over the entire chorioallantoic placenta, as the VDE is smaller than the chorioallantois after embryonic stage 33, but expansion of the VDE and growth of the chorioallantois during pregnancy are strongly correlated. The expansion of the VDE is also strongly correlated with embryonic growth and increasing embryonic oxygen demand (). We propose that angiogenic stimuli are exchanged between the VDE and the chorioallantois in E. quoyii, allowing the simultaneous growth of both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F. Murphy
- Integrative Physiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Scott L. Parker
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 25926, USA
| | - Christopher R. Murphy
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- Integrative Physiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Vieira S, de Pérez GR, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Ultrastructure of the ovarian follicles in the placentotrophic Andean lizard of the genus Mabuya (Squamata: Scincidae). J Morphol 2010; 271:738-49. [PMID: 20101729 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the ultrastructural organization of the ovarian follicles in a placentotrophic Andean lizard of the genus Mabuya. The oocyte of the primary follicle is surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells. During the previtellogenic stages, these cells become stratified and differentiated in three cell types: small, intermediate, and large globoid, non pyriform cells. Fluid-filled spaces arise among follicular cells in late previtellogenic follicles and provide evidence of cell lysis. In vitellogenic follicles, the follicular cells constitute a monolayered granulosa with large lacunar spaces; the content of their cytoplasm is released to the perivitelline space where the zona pellucida is formed. The oolemma of younger oocytes presents incipient short projections; as the oocyte grows, these projections become organized in a microvillar surface. During vitellogenesis, cannaliculi develop from the base of the microvilli and internalize materials by endocytosis. In the juxtanuclear ooplasm of early previtellogenic follicles, the Balbiani's vitelline body is found as an aggregate of organelles and lipid droplets; this complex of organelles disperses in the ooplasm during oocyte growth. In late previtellogenesis, membranous organelles are especially abundant in the peripheral ooplasm, whereas abundant vesicles and granular material occur in the medullar ooplasm. The ooplasm of vitellogenic follicles shows a peripheral band constituted by abundant membranous organelles and numerous vesicular bodies, some of them with a small lipoprotein core. No organized yolk platelets, like in lecithotrophic reptiles, were observed. Toward the medullary ooplasm, electron-lucent vesicles become larger in size containing remains of cytoplasmic material in dissolution. The results of this study demonstrate structural similarities between the follicles of this species and other Squamata; however, the ooplasm of the mature oocyte of Mabuya is morphologically similar to the ooplasm of mature oocytes of marsupials, suggesting an interesting evolutionary convergence related to the evolution of placentotrophy and of microlecithal eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Vieira
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Biazik JM, Thompson MB, Murphy CR. Desmosomes in the uterine epithelium of noninvasive skink placentae. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:502-12. [PMID: 20169564 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Australian species of viviparous skinks have noninvasive epitheliochorial placentation where there is no breeching or interruption of the uterine epithelial cell barrier. This is contrary to some African and South American species of skinks which exhibit invading chorionic cells and a localized endotheliochorial placenta. The desmosomes, which maintain the adhesive properties of the junctional complex between uterine epithelial cells, were found to decrease as gestation progressed in the uterus of two highly placentotrophic Australian skinks, but no changes in desmosomal numbers were present in the uterus of two Australian oviparous skinks or viviparous skinks with a simple placenta. In mammals, desmosomes decrease in the uterine epithelium of species with invasive hemochorial placentation, where less chemical and mechanical adhesion between cells assists the invading trophoblast at the time of implantation. However, Australian viviparous skinks do not have an invasive trophoblast; yet, similarities in decreasing lateral cellular adhesion exist in the uterus of both invasive and noninvasive placental types. This similarity in cellular mechanisms suggests a conservation of plasma membrane changes across placentation irrespective of reptilian or mammalian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Biazik
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Blackburn DG, Flemming AF. Morphology, development, and evolution of fetal membranes and placentation in squamate reptiles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:579-89. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Leal F, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Morphological Variation in the Allantoplacenta Within the GenusMabuya(Squamata: Scincidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1124-39. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vieira S, de Perez G, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Invasive Cells in the Placentome of Andean Populations ofMabuya: An Endotheliochorial Contribution to the Placenta? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1508-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stewart JR, Thompson MB, Attaway MB, Herbert JF, Murphy CR. Uptake of dextran-FITC by epithelial cells of the chorioallantoic placentome and the omphalopleure of the placentotrophic lizard,Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 305:883-9. [PMID: 16941652 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Placental nutrient provision has evolved in multiple lineages of squamate reptiles and although possible structural specializations for placentotrophy have been described in a variety of species, neither the pathways nor the mechanisms of placental transfer are known. Lizards of the Australian genus Pseudemoia are placentotrophic and have elaborate placental structures that are thought to enhance nutrient transfer. The chorioallantoic placenta, which occupies the embryonic hemisphere of the egg, is regionally diversified into a large area with low epithelial height and a smaller placentome with cuboidal or columnar epithelia. Both regions are underlain by an extensive vascular bed. The abembryonic hemisphere of the egg is covered by an omphaloplacenta, which is similar to the placentome in having cuboidal or columnar epithelia but with a different embryonic vascular supply. We tested the hypothesis that embryonic epithelial cells of the placentome and the omphaloplacenta of Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii are each capable of endocytosis. Embryos (stages 33-39) with intact extraembryonic membranes were surgically removed from the uterus and incubated in a solution containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (77,000 MW). The fluorescent label was detected in the cytoplasm of scattered populations of epithelial cells in both placental regions of all embryonic stages. We conclude that both the placentome and the omphaloplacenta of P. entrecasteauxii are sites of histotrophic nutrient transport. However, there are histological and cytological differences in the embryonic epithelia of these two placental regions. The histological differences reflect differences in the evolutionary precursors of each tissue. The cytological differences likely portray different functional specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA.
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Ramírez-Pinilla MP, De Pérez G, Carreño-Escobar JF. Allantoplacental ultrastructure of an Andean population ofMabuya (Squamata, Scincidae). J Morphol 2006; 267:1227-47. [PMID: 16850472 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mabuya species are highly matrotrophic viviparous lizards with Type IV epitheliochorial allantoplacenta. The allantoplacenta of an Andean population of this genus, currently assigned to Mabuya sp., possesses specializations related to histotrophic nutrition at the embryonic hemisphere (placentome, paraplacentome, and chorionic areolas), while at the abembryonic hemisphere it has a mixed function: histotrophic transfer (absorptive plaques) and hemotrophic nutrition (gas exchange in respiratory segments). These placental specializations were studied using high-resolution light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and were compared with those found in other squamate reptiles and eutherian mammals. Cytological features of the placentome suggest that this is an important region for nutritional provision; the paraplacentome also shows characteristics for nutrient transfer, especially lipids. Chorionic areolas allow the absorption of glandular products, as well as uterine and chorionic cellular debris produced by lysis of some cells of both epithelia during areola formation. In the absorptive plaques both uterine and chorionic epithelia are firmly attached and their cellular apices exhibit electron-dense granules that could be related to autocrine and paracrine functions. The short interhemal distance found in the respiratory segments confirms their role in gas exchange. A common feature of all regional specializations in the Mabuya sp. allantoplacenta is the presence of lipids in the interacting chorionic and uterine epithelia, suggesting that lipids are transferred throughout the entire embryonic chamber; placental transfer of lipids may be the principal fetal energy and lipid source in this species. In spite of this feature, each one of the specialized areas of the allantoplacenta has different features suggesting particular functions in the transfer of nutrients (as ions, lipids, proteins, amino acids, sugar, water, and gases), and in the possible synthesis of hormones and proteins. The placental complexity observed in this species of Mabuya is greater than in any other reptile, and resembles that of eutherian mammals: Each one of these specializations of the placental membranes in Mabuya sp. is similar to those found among different eutherian mammals, indicating a very impressive evolutionary convergence at the histological and cytological levels between both clades. However, no eutherian mammal species simultaneously displays all of these specializations in the embryonic chamber as does Mabuya sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Whiting AS, Sites JW, Pellegrino KCM, Rodrigues MT. Comparing alignment methods for inferring the history of the new world lizard genus Mabuya (Squamata: Scincidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 38:719-30. [PMID: 16364664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the ability to generate molecular data, and the focus on model-based methods for tree reconstruction have greatly advanced the use of phylogenetics in many fields. The recent flurry of new analytical techniques has focused almost solely on tree reconstruction, whereas alignment issues have received far less attention. In this paper, we use a diverse sampling of gene regions from lizards of the genus Mabuya to compare the impact, on phylogeny estimation, of new maximum likelihood alignment algorithms with more widely used methods. Sequences aligned under different optimality criteria are analyzed using partitioned Bayesian analysis with independent models and parameter settings for each gene region, and the most strongly supported phylogenetic hypothesis is then used to test the hypothesis of two colonizations of the New World by African scincid lizards. Our results show that the consistent use of model-based methods in both alignment and tree reconstruction leads to trees with more optimal likelihood scores than the use of independent criteria in alignment and tree reconstruction. We corroborate and extend earlier evidence for two independent colonizations of South America by scincid lizards. Relationships within South American Mabuya are found to be in need of taxonomic revision, specifically complexes under the names M. heathi, M. agilis, and M. bistriata (sensu, M.T. Rodrigues, Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 41 (2000) 313).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Whiting
- Department of Integrative Biology and M. L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Thompson MB, Speake BK. A review of the evolution of viviparity in lizards: structure, function and physiology of the placenta. J Comp Physiol B 2005; 176:179-89. [PMID: 16333627 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-005-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to collate data relevant to understanding the evolution of viviparity in general, and complex placentae in particular. The wide range of reproductive modes exhibited by lizards provides a solid model system for investigating the evolution of viviparity. Within the lizards are oviparous species, viviparous species that have a very simple placenta and little nutrient uptake from the mother during pregnancy (lecithotrophic viviparity), through a range of species that have intermediate placental complexities and placental nutrient provision, to species that lay microlecithal eggs and most nutrients are provided across the placenta during development (obligate placentotrophy). In its commonest form, lecithotrophic viviparity, some uptake of water, inorganic ions and oxygen occurs from the mother to the embryo during pregnancy. In contrast, the evolution of complex placentae is rare, but has evolved at least five times. Where there is still predominantly a reliance on egg yolk, the omphaloplacenta seems to be paramount in the provision of nutrition to the embryo via histotrophy, whereas the chorioallantoic placenta is more likely involved in gas exchange. Reliance on provision of substantial organic nutrient is correlated with the regional specialisation of the chorioallantoic placenta to form a placentome for nutrient uptake, particularly lipids, and the further development of the gas exchange capabilities of the other parts of the chorioallantois.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Thompson
- Integrative Physiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building (A08), 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Adams SM, Biazik JM, Thompson MB, Murphy CR. Cyto-epitheliochorial placenta of the viviparous lizardPseudemoia entrecasteauxii: A new placental morphotype. J Morphol 2005; 264:264-76. [PMID: 15803489 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The structural features of the uterine epithelium of the chorioallantoic placenta and omphalloplacenta in the viviparous Australian skink, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii, were investigated using SEM and TEM techniques. In particular, the structural characteristics that would allow interpretation of function were analyzed, particularly those of gas exchange in the chorioallantoic placenta and histotrophy in the omphaloplacenta. Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii has a complex placenta consisting of a placentome, paraplacentome, and omphaloplacenta. The paraplacentome has a well-vascularized lamina propria in which projecting uterine capillaries displace the overlying uterine epithelial cells, reducing them to attenuated cytoplasmic extensions. Associated cell nuclei and organelles are lost from this region, to provide a capillary lumen to uterine lumen barrier of 0.5-1.0 microm. Hence, the paraplacentome is likely a prominent site for gaseous exchange via simple diffusion. The omphaloplacenta has a similar cytology to that of the placentome, but the uterine epithelial cells are hypertrophied and the apical plasma membrane actively secretes vesicles into the uterine lumen. The omphaloplacenta shows features that are associated with histotrophic transport of nutrients via vesicle secretion, very similar to that of lipid apocrine secretion. The placentome consists of cuboidal cells in the uterine epithelium, with large centrally located nuclei overlying the well-vascularized lamina propria. Although the placentome has a similar cytological structure to that of the omphaloplacenta, granules or active vesicle secretion were not observed. Thus, the placentome may be associated with histotrophy, but not via apocrine secretion. Squamate placentation is epitheliochorial; however, we propose a new term be used to describe the type of placentation in P. entrecasteauxii: "cyto-epitheliochorial," because of the extreme attenuation of uterine epithelial cells of the paraplacentome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Adams
- School of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Research Institute, Heydon-Laurence Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Stewart JR, Heulin B, Surget-Groba Y. Extraembryonic membrane development in a reproductively bimodal lizard, Lacerta (Zootoca) vivipara. ZOOLOGY 2004; 107:289-314. [PMID: 16351946 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive mode has been remarkably labile among squamate reptiles and the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity commonly has been accompanied by a shift in the pattern of embryonic nutrition. Structural specializations for placental transfer of nutrients during intrauterine gestation are highly diverse and many features of the extraembryonic membranes of viviparous species differ markedly from those of oviparous species. However, because of a high degree of evolutionary divergence between the species used for comparisons it is likely that the observed differences arose secondarily to the evolution of viviparity. We studied development of the extraembryonic membranes and placentation in the reproductively bimodal lizard Lacerta vivipara because the influence of reproductive mode on the structural/functional relationship between mothers and embryos can best be understood by studying the most recent evolutionary events. Lecithotrophic viviparity has evolved recently within this species and, although populations with different reproductive modes are allopatric, oviparous and viviparous forms interbreed in the laboratory and share many life history characteristics. In contrast to prior comparisons between oviparous and viviparous species, we found no differences in ontogeny or structure of the extraembryonic membranes between populations with different reproductive modes within L. vivipara. However, we did confirm conclusions from previous studies that the tertiary envelope of the egg, the eggshell, is much reduced in the viviparous population. These conclusions support a widely accepted model for the evolution of squamate placentation. We also found support for work published nearly 80 years ago that the pattern of development of the yolk sac of L. vivipara is unusual and that a function of a unique structure of squamate development, the yolk cleft, is hematopoiesis. The structure of the yolk sac splanchnopleure of L. vivipara is inconsistent with a commonly accepted model for amniote yolk sac function and we suggest that a long standing hypothesis that cells from the yolk cleft participate in yolk digestion requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1710, USA.
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Shine R. DOES VIVIPARITY EVOLVE IN COLD CLIMATE REPTILES BECAUSE PREGNANT FEMALES MAINTAIN STABLE (NOT HIGH) BODY TEMPERATURES? Evolution 2004; 58:1809-18. [PMID: 15446432 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Viviparity (live bearing) has evolved from egg laying (oviparity) in many lineages of lizards and snakes, apparently in response to occupancy of cold climates. Explanations for this pattern have focused on the idea that behaviorally thermoregulating (sun-basking) pregnant female reptiles can maintain higher incubation temperatures for their embryos than would be available in nests under the soil surface. This is certainly true at very high elevations, where only viviparous species occur. However, comparisons of nest and lizard temperatures at sites close to the upper elevational limit for oviparous reptiles (presumably, the selective environment where the transition from oviparity to viviparity actually occurs) suggest that reproductive mode has less effect on mean incubation temperatures than on the diel distribution of those temperatures. Nests of the oviparous scincid lizard Bassiana duperreyi showed smooth diel cycles of heating and cooling. In contrast, body temperatures of the viviparous scincid Eulamprus heatwolei rose abruptly in the morning, were high and stable during daylight hours, and fell abruptly at night. Laboratory incubation experiments mimicking these patterns showed that developmental rates of eggs and phenotypic traits of hatchling B. duperreyi were sensitive to this type of thermal variance as well as to mean temperature. Hence, diel distributions as well as mean incubation temperatures may have played an important role in the selective forces for viviparity. More generally, variances as well as mean values of abiotic factors may constitute significant selective forces on life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Shine
- School of Biological Sciences, A08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Stewart JR, Thompson MB. Placental ontogeny of the Tasmanian scincid lizard,Niveoscincus ocellatus (Reptilia: Squamata). J Morphol 2004; 259:214-37. [PMID: 14755752 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A prominent scenario for the evolution of reptilian placentation infers that placentotrophy arose by gradual modification of a simple vascular chorioallantoic placenta to a complex structure with a specialized region for nutrient transfer. The structure of the chorioallantoic placenta of Niveoscincus ocellatus, apparently described originally from a single embryonic stage, was interpreted as a transitional evolutionary type that provided support for the model. Recently, N. ocellatus has been found to be as placentotrophic as species with complex chorioallantoic placentae containing a specialized region called a placentome. We studied placental development in N. ocellatus and confirmed that the chorioallantoic placenta lacks specializations found in species with a placentome. We also found that this species has a specialized omphaloplacenta. The chorioallantoic placenta is confined to the region adjacent to the embryo by a membrane, similar to that found in some other viviparous skinks, that divides the egg into embryonic and abembryonic hemispheres. We term this structure the "inter-omphalopleuric" membrane. The position of this membrane in N. ocellatus is closer to the embryonic pole of the egg than to the abembryonic pole and thus the surface area of the omphaloplacenta is greater than that of the chorioallantoic placenta. In addition, the omphaloplacenta is regionally diversified and more complex histologically than the chorioallantoic placenta. An impressive and unusual feature of the omphaloplacenta of N. ocellatus is the development of extensive overlapping folds in the embryonic component of mid-gestation embryos. The histological complexity and extensive folding of the omphaloplacenta make this a likely site of placental transfer of nutrients in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 70703, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1710, USA.
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