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Feng X, Travisano S, Pearson CA, Lien CL, Harrison MRM. The Lymphatic System in Zebrafish Heart Development, Regeneration and Disease Modeling. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 33669620 PMCID: PMC7922492 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains the single largest cause of death in developed countries, and novel therapeutic interventions are desperately needed to alleviate this growing burden. The cardiac lymphatic system is the long-overlooked counterpart of the coronary blood vasculature, but its important roles in homeostasis and disease are becoming increasingly apparent. Recently, the cardiac lymphatic vasculature in zebrafish has been described and its role in supporting the potent regenerative response of zebrafish heart tissue investigated. In this review, we discuss these findings in the wider context of lymphatic development, evolution and the promise of this system to open new therapeutic avenues to treat myocardial infarction and other cardiopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidi Feng
- The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (X.F.); (S.T.)
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (X.F.); (S.T.)
| | - Caroline A. Pearson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Development, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (X.F.); (S.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Michael R. M. Harrison
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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2
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Gardinal MVB, Ruiz TFR, dos Santos DD, Vidal MR, Moron SE, Falleiros Junior LR, Taboga SR, Franceschini Vicentini IB, Vicentini CA. Histochemical characterization and connective fiber distribution of the cardiac outflow tract of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Lorenzale M, Fernández B, Durán AC, López-Unzu MA, Sans-Coma V. The valves of the cardiac outflow tract of the starry ray, Raja asterias (Chondrichthyes; Rajiformes): Anatomical, histological and evolutionary aspects. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 48:40-45. [PMID: 30378144 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans is composed of the myocardial conus arteriosus, equipped with valves at its luminal side, and the bulbus arteriosus devoid of myocardium. Knowledge of the histomorphology of the conal valves is scarce despite their importance in preventing blood backflow to the heart. Current information on the subject refers to a single shark species. The present report is the first to describe the structure of the conal valves of a batoid species, namely, Raja asterias. Hearts from seven starry rays were examined using scanning electron microscopy and histochemical techniques for light microscopy. In all hearts, the conus showed four transverse rows of three pocket-like valves each. Each valve was composed of a leaflet and its supporting sinus. The leaflet had a stout central body, rich in glycosaminoglycans, which contained fibroblasts, collagen and elastin. The central body was surrounded by two thin fibrous layers, outer and inner, formed mainly by collagen. The valves of the anterior row, which were the largest of the valvular system, were attached proximally to the conus arteriosus and distally to the bulbus arteriosus, and not to the ventral aorta as previously reported for chondrichthyans. The arrangement of the anterior valves in the starry ray is an anatomical pattern that apparently has been preserved throughout the evolution of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lorenzale
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Carmen Durán
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A López-Unzu
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Valentín Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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4
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Ultracytochemical visualization of calcium distribution in heart cells and erythrocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio. Micron 2018; 111:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Lorenzale M, López-Unzu MA, Rodríguez C, Fernández B, Durán AC, Sans-Coma V. The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1604-1619. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lorenzale
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Miguel A. López-Unzu
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Borja Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Ana C. Durán
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Valentín Sans-Coma
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
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6
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The bulbus arteriosus of the holocephalan heart: gross anatomy, histomorphology, pigmentation, and evolutionary significance. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:37-45. [PMID: 28760682 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether the outflow tract of the holocephalan heart is composed of a myocardial conus arteriosus and a non-myocardial bulbus arteriosus, as is the case in elasmobranchs. This is a key issue to verify the hypothesis that these two anatomical components existed from the onset of the jawed vertebrate radiation. The Holocephali are the sister group of the elasmobranchs, sharing with them a common, still unknown Palaeozoic ancestor. The sample examined herein consisted of hearts from individuals of four species, two of them belonging to the Chimaeridae and the other two to the Rhinochimaeridae. In all specimens, the cardiac outflow tract consisted of a conus arteriosus, with myocardium in its walls and two rows of valves at its luminal side, and an intrapericardial bulbus arteriosus shorter than the conus and devoid of valves. The bulbus, mainly composed of elastin and smooth musculature, was covered by the epicardium and crossed longitudinally by coronary artery trunks. These findings give added support to the viewpoint that the outflow tract of the primitive heart of the gnathostomes was not composed of a single component, but two, the conus and the bulbus. All rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) examined had pigment cells over the surface of the heart. The degree of pigmentation, which varied widely between individuals, was particularly intense in the cardiac outflow tract. Pigment cells also occurred in the bulbus arteriosus of one of the two hearts of the straightnose rabbitfish (Rhinochimaera atlantica) included in the study. The cells containing pigment, presumably derived from the neural crest, were located in the subepicardium.
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7
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Lorenzale M, López-Unzu MA, Fernández MC, Durán AC, Fernández B, Soto-Navarrete MT, Sans-Coma V. Anatomical, histochemical and immunohistochemical characterisation of the cardiac outflow tract of the silver arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Teleostei: Osteoglossiformes). ZOOLOGY 2017; 120:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Cabrera R, Soriguer MC, Domezain A, Hernando JA. Embryonic development of adriatic sturgeon,Acipenser naccarii(Bonaparte 1836), in farming conditions: a guide. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales; Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEIMAR); Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real 11510 Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR); Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real 11510 Cádiz Spain
| | - Milagrosa Casimiro Soriguer
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales; Campus de Excelencia Internacional (CEIMAR); Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - Alberto Domezain
- Caviar de Riofrío S.L. Camino de la Piscifactoría n° 2; Riofrío 18313 Granada Spain
| | - José Antonio Hernando
- Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR); Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real 11510 Cádiz Spain
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9
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The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of the gray bichir, Polypterus senegalus: their evolutionary significance. ZOOLOGY 2014; 117:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Reyes-Moya I, Torres-Prioris A, Sans-Coma V, Fernández B, Durán AC. Heart Pigmentation in the Gray Bichir,Polypterus senegalus(Actinopterygii: Polypteriformes). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:475-80. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Reyes-Moya
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - A. Torres-Prioris
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - V. Sans-Coma
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - B. Fernández
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - A. C. Durán
- Department of Animal Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA); University of Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
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11
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Rodríguez C, Sans-Coma V, Grimes AC, Fernández B, Arqué JM, Durán AC. Embryonic development of the bulbus arteriosus of the primitive heart of jawed vertebrates. ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Altunkaynak ME, Altunkaynak BZ, Unal D, Yildirim S, Can I, Unal B. Stereological and histological analysis of the developing rat heart. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:402-10. [PMID: 21569077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied with quantitative and microscopical methods the heart of rats divided into five age groups: embryos at the age of 11 days, fetuses at the age of 16 days and 20 days and also heart samples of 3-day-old pups and young adults (5 weeks of age) were used (n = 10 samples in each group). At the end of the study; heart samples were obtained from all animals. Stereological estimations were performed on heart volume, volume of heart lumen (ventricles and atria), volume of myocardium, numerical density of the myocyte nuclei and mean nuclear diameter of myocytes. Volumetric values and numerical data were estimated via Cavalieri method and physical dissector, respectively. In this study, histological examination was performed at light and electron microscopic levels. The numerical density of the myocyte nuclei increased from fetuses to young adults. Differences between embryos and fetuses, between fetuses and 3-day-old pups, and between 3-day-old pups and young adults were statistically significant. These results indicate that myogenesis continued in the rat myocardium during prenatal life and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Altunkaynak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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13
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Baker DW, Hanson LM, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ. Exceptional CO₂ tolerance in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is associated with protection of maximum cardiac performance during hypercapnia in situ. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:239-48. [PMID: 21527814 DOI: 10.1086/660038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
White sturgeon rank among the most CO₂-tolerant fish species examined to date. We investigated whether this exceptional CO₂ tolerance extended to the heart, an organ generally viewed as acidosis intolerant. Maximum cardiac output (Q(max)) and maximum cardiac power output (PO(max)) were assessed using a working, perfused, in situ heart preparation. Exposure to a Pco₂ of 3 kPa for 20 min had no significant effect on maximum cardiac performance, while exposure to 6-kPa Pco₂ reduced heart rate, Q(max), PO(max), and rate of ventricular force generation (F(O)) by 23%, 28%, 26%, and 18%, respectively; however, full recovery was observed in all these parameters upon return to control conditions. These modest impairments during exposure to 6-kPa Pco₂ were associated with partially compensated intracellular ventricular acidosis. Maximum adrenergic stimulation (500 nmol L⁻¹ adrenaline) during 6-kPa Pco₂ protected maximum cardiac performance via increased inotropy (force of contraction) without affecting heart rate. Exposure to higher CO₂ levels associated with morbidity in vivo (i.e., 8-kPa Pco₂) induced arrhythmia and a reduction in stroke volume during power assessment. Clearly, white sturgeon hearts are able to increase cardiac performance during severe hypercapnia that is lethal to other fishes. Future work focusing on atypical aspects of sturgeon cardiac function, including the lack of chronotropic response to adrenergic stimulation during hypercapnia, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Baker
- School of Biological Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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14
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Grimes AC, Durán AC, Sans-Coma V, Hami D, Santoro MM, Torres M. Phylogeny informs ontogeny: a proposed common theme in the arterial pole of the vertebrate heart. Evol Dev 2011; 12:552-67. [PMID: 21040422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chick and mouse embryogenesis, a population of cells described as the secondary heart field (SHF) adds both myocardium and smooth muscle to the developing cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Following this addition, at approximately HH stage 22 in chick embryos, for example, the SHF can be identified architecturally by an overlapping seam at the arterial pole, where beating myocardium forms a junction with the smooth muscle of the arterial system. Previously, using either immunohistochemistry or nitric oxide indicators such as diaminofluorescein 2-diacetate, we have shown that a similar overlapping architecture also exists in the arterial pole of zebrafish and some shark species. However, although recent work suggests that development of the zebrafish OFT may also proceed by addition of a SHF-like population of cells, the presence of a true SHF in zebrafish and in many other developmental biological models remains an open question. We performed a comprehensive morphological study of the OFT of a wide range of vertebrates. Our data suggest that all vertebrates possess three fundamental OFT components: a proximal myocardial component, a distal smooth muscle component, and a middle component that contains overlapping myocardium and smooth muscle surrounding and supporting the outflow valves. Because the middle OFT component of avians and mammals is derived from the SHF, our observations suggest that a SHF may be an evolutionarily conserved theme in vertebrate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Durán AC, Rodríguez C, Gil de Sola L, Fernández B, Arqué JM, Sans-Coma V. Intimal thickening of coronary arteries in the rabbitfish, Chimaera monstrosa L. (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:675-682. [PMID: 20572901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to report the occurrence of intimal thickening of coronary arteries in a holocephalan, namely the rabbitfish, Chimaera monstrosa. The sample studied consisted of five hearts from rabbitfish with body weights ranging between 12 g and 1116 g. The specimens were fixed in formalin, in methanol:acetone:water (MAW), or in paraformaldehyde and were examined by brightfield and polarization light microscopy. Coronary arteries from three larger animals displayed focal intimal thickenings, which were located in the left main coronary artery trunk, at the level of the cono-ventricular junction, and in several intramyocardial ventricular arteries. The vascular changes were characterized by myointimal proliferation, breakage or absence of the inner elastic lamina, and, in one case, by increased collagen within the myointimal proliferation. Taking into account the severity of the coronary arterial changes, their location, and the body weight of the affected animals, we conclude that (1) these changes are age-related in the rabbitfish and (2) local intense mechanical tension seems to be an important factor in their formation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Durán
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, Spain.
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16
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Icardo JM, Guerrero A, Durán AC, Colvee E, Domezain A, Sans-Coma V. The development of the epicardium in the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1593-601. [PMID: 19714666 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the development of the epicardium in alevins of the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii, aged 4-25 days post-hatching (dph). Epicardial development starts at 4 dph with formation of the proepicardium (PE) that arises as a bilateral structure at the boundary between the sinus venosus and the duct of Cuvier. The PE later becomes a midline organ arising from the wall of the sinus venosus and ending at the junction between the liver, the sinus venosus and the transverse septum. This relative displacement appears related to venous reorganization at the caudal pole of the heart. The mode and time of epicardium formation is different in the various heart chambers. The conus epicardium develops through migration of a cohesive epithelium from the PE villi, and is completed through bleb-like aggregates detached from the PE. The ventricular epicardium develops a little later, and mostly through bleb-like aggregates. The bulbus epicardium appears to derive from the mesothelium located at the junction between the outflow tract and the pericardial cavity. Strikingly, formation of the epicardium of the atrium and the sinus venosus is a very late event occurring after the third month of development. Associated to the PE, a sino-ventricular ligament develops as a permanent connection. This ligament contains venous vessels that communicate the subepicardial coronary plexus and the sinus venosus, and carries part of the heart innervation. The development of the sturgeon epicardium shares many features with that of other vertebrate groups. This speaks in favour of conservative mechanisms across the evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, Polígono de Cazoña, s/n, Santander, Spain.
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17
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Grimes AC, Kirby ML. The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:983-1036. [PMID: 20735616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes etc., suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Durán AC, Fernández B, Grimes AC, Rodríguez C, Arqué JM, Sans-Coma V. Chondrichthyans have a bulbus arteriosus at the arterial pole of the heart: morphological and evolutionary implications. J Anat 2008; 213:597-606. [PMID: 18803558 PMCID: PMC2667554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been generally assumed that the outflow tract of the chondrichthyan heart consists of the conus arteriosus, characterized by cardiac muscle in its walls. However, classical observations, neglected for many years, indicated that the distal component of the cardiac outflow tract of several elasmobranch species was composed of tissue resembling that of the ventral aorta. The present study was outlined to test the hypothesis that this intrapericardial, non-myocardial component might be homologous to the actinopterygian bulbus arteriosus. The material consisted of Atlantic catshark adults and embryos, which were examined by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques for light and fluorescence microscopy. In this species, the distal component of the outflow tract differs histomorphologically from both the ventral aorta and the conus arteriosus; it is devoid of myocardium, is covered by epicardium and is crossed by the coronary arterial trunks. In the embryonic hearts examined, this distal component showed positive reactivity for 4,5-diaminofluorescein 2-diacetate (DAF-2DA), a fluorescent nitric oxide indicator. These findings, together with other observations in holocephals and several elasmobranch species, confirm that chondrichthyans possess a bulbus arteriosus interposed between the conus arteriosus and the ventral aorta. Therefore, the primitive heart of gnathostomates consists of five intrapericardial components, sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus, indicating that the bulbus arteriosus can no longer be regarded as an actinopterygian apomorphy. The DAF-2DA-positive reactivity of the chondrichthyan embryonic bulbus suggests that this structure is homologous to the base of the great arterial trunks of birds and mammals, which derives from the embryonic secondary heart field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Durán
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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Grimes AC, Stadt HA, Shepherd IT, Kirby ML. Solving an enigma: Arterial pole development in the zebrafish heart. Dev Biol 2006; 290:265-76. [PMID: 16405941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is a widely held belief that the arterial pole of the zebrafish heart is unusual among models of comparative cardiogenesis. This is based, in part, on the report that the bulbus arteriosus undergoes a striated-to-smooth muscle phenotypic transition during development. An implication of this is that the zebrafish, a model almost ubiquitously accepted in other fields of comparative biology, may be poorly suited to the study of conotruncal abnormalities in human disease. However, while the use of atrioventricular-specific molecular markers has allowed extensive characterization of the development of the atrium and ventricle, the lack of any bulbus-specific markers has meant that this region of the zebrafish heart is poorly characterized and quite possibly misunderstood. We have discovered that the fluorescent nitric oxide indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA) specifically labels the bulbus arteriosus throughout development from approximately 48 h post-fertilization. Therefore, using DAF-2DA and an immunohistochemical approach, we attempted to further characterize the development of the bulbus. We have concluded that no such phenotypic transition occurs, that contrary to current thinking, aspects of zebrafish arterial pole development are evolutionarily conserved, and that the bulbus should not be considered a chamber, being more akin to the arterial trunk(s) of higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Grimes
- Medical University of South Carolina, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The heart outflow tract (OFT) of primitive fish is formed by two portions: a proximal conus arteriosus and a distal bulbus arteriosus. The OFT of modern teleosts is considered to be formed by a single component, the bulbus, the conus having been lost through evolution. This article challenges the concept of the disappearance of the conus arteriosus in the teleost heart. A total of 28 teleost species belonging to 19 families and 10 orders were analyzed. The hearts were divided into two large groups: those having entirely trabeculated ventricles, and those possessing a compacta. In the hearts having entirely trabeculated ventricles, the conus arteriosus appears as a distinct segment interposed between the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus, being formed by compact vascularized myocardium. However, the conus of several species lacks vessels. In these cases, the conus presents large intercellular spaces bounded by collagen. In the hearts possessing a ventricular compacta, the conus either appears as a muscular ring of variable length connecting the ventricle and the bulbus or forms a crown or ring of myocardium apposed to the ventricular base. In all the teleosts studied, the conus can be recognized as an anatomic entity different from the ventricle. Furthermore, the conus appears as a distinct heart segment in the developing fish. Therefore, the conus arteriosus has not been lost in evolution and constitutes a fundamental part of the teleost OFT. In all the species studied, the conus supports the OFT valves, which should properly be named conus valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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22
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Icardo JM, Brunelli E, Perrotta I, Colvee E, Wong WP, Ip YK. Ventricle and outflow tract of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi. J Morphol 2005; 265:43-51. [PMID: 15858831 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a morphologic study of the heart ventricle and outflow tract of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi. The ventricle is saccular and appears attached to the anterior pericardial wall by a thick tendon. An incomplete septum divides the ventricle into two chambers. Both the free ventricular wall and the incomplete ventricular septum are entirely trabeculated. Only a thin rim of myocardium separates the trabecular system from the subepicardial space. The outflow tract consists of proximal, middle, and distal portions, separated by two flexures, proximal and distal. The proximal outflow tract portion is endowed with a layer of compact, well-vascularized myocardium. This portion is homologous to the conus arteriosus observed in the heart of most vertebrates. The middle and distal outflow tract portions are arterial-like, thus being homologous to the bulbus arteriosus. However, the separation between the muscular and arterial portions of the outflow tract is not complete in the lungfish. A thin layer of myocardium covers the arterial tissue, and a thin layer of elastic tissue underlies the conus myocardium. Two unequal ridges composed of loose connective tissue, the spiral and bulbar folds, run the length of the outflow tract. They form an incomplete division of the outflow tract, but fuse at the distal end. The two folds are covered by endocardium and contain collagen, elastin, and fibroblast-like cells. They appear to be homologous to the dextro-dorsal and sinistro-ventral ridges observed during the development of the avian and mammalian heart. Two to three rows of vestigial arterial-like valves appear in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the conus. These valves are unlikely to have a functional role. The possible functional significance of the "gubernaculum cordis," the thick tendon extending between the anterior ventricular surface and the pericardium, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute to many organs and tissues during embryonic development. Amongst these, the cardiovascular system represents a fascinating example. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the developmental biology and molecular genetics regulating cardiac NCC maturation will be summarized. While the existence of a significant neural crest (NC) contribution to the developing heart has been appreciated for more than 20 years, only in the last few years have molecular pathways regulating this process been elucidated and the significant contribution of these mechanisms to the etiology of congenital heart disease in man become apparent. Emerging data suggest that ongoing studies will reveal complex inductive interactions between cardiac NC and a series of other cell types contributing to the developing cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Stoller
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 954 BRB II, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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