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Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Barszcz K, Miniajluk JP, Melnyk O, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K. Comparative Histology and Histochemistry of the Parotid Gland and Mandibular Gland in the Lowland Tapir ( Tapirus terrestris Perissodactyla) and Aardvark ( Orycteropus afer Tubulidentata). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101684. [PMID: 37238113 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial mammals, the parotid and mandibular glands secrete different types of saliva into the oral cavity. Both glands were obtained from two female lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) and one female aardvark (Orycteropus afer) from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden (Poland) and examined by light microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin, mucicarmine, periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue pH 1.0, Alcian blue pH 2.5, Alcian blue pH 2.5/PAS, and Hale's dialysed iron). Both the parotid glands observed in the lowland tapir and aardvark were compound alveolar serous secretory units, and in both species, the secretion was composed of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides (sialo and sulfated mucins). However, in both the lowland tapir and aardvark, a histological examination found the stroma of the mandibular gland was divided into very large lobes by poorly marked connective tissue. While many interlobar and striated ducts were found in the aardvark, very few were found in the lowland tapir. The mandibular gland was a branched tubular (mucous secretion) type in the lowland tapir, but it was a branched tubuloalveolar (mucous-serous) type in the aardvark. In all tested glands, the secretion was composed of neutral mucopolysaccharides, acid-sulfated mucosubstances, and sialomucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Paweł Miniajluk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Alkmeon" Anatomy Scientific Society, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Oleksii Melnyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Histology and Pathomorphology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
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Massoud D, Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF, Abd El-Maksoud MM, Negm S. Histology and histochemistry of the major salivary glands in the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor). Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:254-261. [PMID: 36271751 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the major salivary glands in the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) histologically and histochemically. Five adult males were included in this study. The results showed that anatomically the shape of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands of the Erinaceus concolor was respectively almost pear, elliptical to pyramidal and oval. Histologically, the parotid gland had serous acini and secretory cells showed negative reaction to alcian blue (AB) (pH = 2.5) and negative response to aldehyde fuchsin (AF), methylene blue (MB) and PAS stains. The submandibular gland was a mixed gland of mucous and serous acini. The mucous acini were strongly positive for PAS, AB, MB and AF. However, serous acini were week for PAS and negative against AB, MB and AF stains. The sublingual gland was purely composed of mucous acini. The mucous acini of the sublingual gland were strongly positives for PAS, AB and MB methods. While their reaction to the AF staining was negative. In conclusion, the histological and histochemical observations of the major salivary glands of the southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor) indicated that these glands shown similarities and some special different histochemical features as compared to other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Massoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mashael M Bin-Meferij
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Histopathology Unit, Research Department, Health Sciences Research Center (HSRC), College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attala F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mona M Abd El-Maksoud
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Nursing College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Sally Negm
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Art Mahail, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Unit of Food Bacteriology, Central Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Sharkia, Egypt
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Andrade MCR, Lemos BRP, de Araújo Lopes CA, de Jesus Barbosa Ribeiro M, da Silva LM, Knackfuss FB, Viana CF. Morphometry of cryopreserved organs from the gastrointestinal system of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Linnaeus, 1758) for improvement of management. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:34-44. [PMID: 36039638 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are fundamental for countless types of research and their phylogenetic similarities with humans make them valuable biomodels. Saimiri (squirrel monkeys) is the New World simian genus that is most widely used in research; however, little is known about the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these animals. METHODS The morphological and topographical aspects of GIT organs from 14 previously frozen carcasses of captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were described as a means for refining clinical and laboratory diagnoses, with the aim of providing a basis for clinical assessments and animal management. The carcasses were gradually thawed, macroscopically evaluated for their appearance, measured, weighed, photographed, and necropsied. The characteristics of all the GIT organs (main and accessories) were evaluated, with measurement of the dimensions and description of the shape, consistency, and color of each one. RESULTS The stomach of squirrel monkeys is simple and of non-compartmentalized type and the cecum does not have numerous folds, compared with other species. These characteristics are compatible with omnivorous simian species with no adaptive digestive specialization for the food fermentation process. Significant correlations were found between the weights of the carcass and GIT (p < .05); carcass and tongue (0.83; p < .01); and liver and right salivary gland (0.83; p < .01). It was also observed that the animals showed good body score conformation and GIT organs in good condition, which indicated that their nutritional management had been adequate. Regarding the correlations found among the organs: (i) squirrel monkeys with heavier carcasses had better-developed GIT with greater food storage capacity; (ii) the bigger the animal was, the greater its overall muscle development was, including that of the tongue, which would enable intensification of its feeding activity; and (iii) the measurements of the esophagus, small and large intestines, pancreas, and salivary glands were not sex-dependent in Saimiri sciureus. CONCLUSIONS Previously cryopreserved carcasses of squirrel monkeys can be used for gastrointestinal system studies, with the potential to make clinical, zootechnical, management, and scientific contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Regina Pickler Lemos
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Melo da Silva
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caixas, Brazil
| | | | - Clênio Fernandes Viana
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Massoud D, El-Kott AF, Shaldoum F. Comprehensive histochemical and stereological study of the parotid and sublingual salivary glands in Caucasian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151742. [PMID: 34147989 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation tries to reflect histochemical and stereological properties of the parotid gland (PG) and sublingual gland (SLG) in the Caucasian squirrel. Totally, five male Caucasian squirrels were used. The glands were examind histochemical using PAS, Alcian blue (AB, pH = 2.5) and Aldehyde fucshin (AF) stainings. Total volume of the glands, acini, ducts as well as total length of ducts were estimated using streological procedures. The PG had a unique morphology and were connected to each other with an intermediated isthmus. The SLG was oval-shaped. Serous acini of PG exhibited strong, negative and weak reaction with AF, AB and PAS, respectively. While, mucous acini of SLG showed positive staining for AB and PAS, and negative staining for AF. The ductal system was consisted of intercalated (Id), striated (SD) and excretory ducts (Ed). The Sd in PG was lined with simple cuboidal to the columnar epithelium, while it was lined with simple cuboidal epithelium in SLG. The Ed was lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium in both glands. The striated duct was longest duct in both glands, the excretory and intercalated ducts were the shortest ones in PG and SLG, respectively. The maximum total volume in both gland were blonged to the acini and straited ducts. It concluded that PG and SLG in the Caucasian squirrel have some distinct structural properties in comparison to other rodents and mammalis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa Massoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Deprtment, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Deprtment, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Fayez Shaldoum
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Moriguchi K, Jogahara T, Oda S, Honda M. Scanning transmission electron microscopic analysis of nitrogen generated by 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine-besed peroxidase reaction with resin ultrathin sections of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:111-121. [PMID: 30380073 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-based method was used to detect the localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) parotid gland acinar cells. The tissue had previously been resin-embedded in gelatin capsules for routine electron microscopic observations and thus pre-incubation for endogenous peroxidase analysis was not possible. We attempted to demonstrate the relationship between secretory granules (SGs) in resin ultrathin sections of Indian rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells and endogenous peroxidase activity. A JEM 1400 Plus scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) was used to conduct energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the presence of nitrogen generated by the DAB reaction in bipartite structural SG consisting of a dense body (or core). The mapping patterns of nitrogen were restricted to the dense body. We observed nitrogen localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear envelope (NE) and several components of the Golgi apparatus (G) of rhinoceros parotid gland acinar cells participating in the synthetic pathway of secretory proteins. Moreover, we established a nitrogen-detection method by EDS analysis of rhinoceros parotid gland. The reliability of the method was validated by comparison of the test group (peroxidase detection in ultrathin resin sections) and the control group (ordinary peroxidase detection in semi-thin sections following glutaraldehyde pre-fixation) of rat submandibular gland. The same mapping patterns of nitrogen were detected by DAB reaction in the SG, ER, NE and G in these two groups. Hence, EDS-STEM approaches for endogenous peroxidase post-incubation analysis will prove useful for advanced cytochemical analysis for the identification of any other resin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Division of Bio-resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Senichi Oda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Boehlke C, Zierau O, Hannig C. Salivary amylase - The enzyme of unspecialized euryphagous animals. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1162-76. [PMID: 26043446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) is the most abundant enzyme in the saliva of man and of several vertebrates. In humans, salivary amylase is mainly formed in the parotid gland; its activity is of high inter-individual and intra-individual variability. The physiological functions of α-amylase have not yet been explored completely. It is well known that the enzyme cleaves the α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides. Furthermore it plays an important role in initial bioadhesion in man, facilitating carbohydrate metabolism and bacterial adherence at the tooth surface and therewith caries initiation. Nevertheless, it is still a matter of interest why humans have such high amounts of salivary amylase. OBJECTIVE The review presents an evolutionary approach by considering salivary amylase in the animal kingdom with special focus on mammalians divided into the three main nutritional types carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores; it was postulated that for most mammalian animals salivary α-amylase is essential. RESULTS The enzyme has been detected in saliva of some herbivores and many omnivorous animals, but not in pure carnivores. Focusing on ruminants, negligible levels or an absence of α-amylase was determined. Presence and activity probably differ depending on the species-specific diet. Animals feeding on unripe fruits, seeds, roots and bulbs exhibit higher activity of salivary α-amylase than species consuming ripe fruits, insects, and vertebrates. CONCLUSION In contrast to carnivores and most herbivores, omnivores have considerable amounts of amylase in their saliva. Though, the starch-digesting enzyme has been investigated well, the physiological function of amylase in saliva has not yet been explored completely. It can be hypothesized that nutritional habits affect expression of enzymes in the saliva of animals. It has to be verified, whether α-amylase is genetically or epigenetically determined. As a consequence of the development of agriculture, and following dietary changes, amylase can be recognized as a nutritional and evolutionary marker. Interdisciplinary evolutionary research might offer new perspectives for preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehlke
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Adnyane IKM, Zuki AB, Noordin MM, Agungpriyono S. Histological study of the parotid and mandibular glands of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) with special reference to the distribution of carbohydrate content. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:516-20. [PMID: 20682009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the histology and carbohydrate content of the parotid and mandibular glands of the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). Three adult males were used. Paraffin wax sections of the glands were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), alcian blue (AB), pH 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The acinar cells of the parotid gland were serous, whereas those of the mandibular gland were of the mixed type. The acini of the mandibular gland comprised serous and mucous cells with the mucous type predominating. AB and PAS staining showed high concentrations of acidic and neutral carbohydrates in the mucous cells, but not in the serous cells of the mandibular gland. These carbohydrates were also found in moderate-to-high concentrations in the secreted material in the mandibular duct lumen. However, these carbohydrates were not found in acinar cells of the parotid gland or in the serous cells of the mandibular gland. Thus, carbohydrates in the saliva of the barking deer appear to be produced mainly by the mucous cells of the mandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K M Adnyane
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Messelt EB. Position determined dense bodies in granules of monkey (Cercopithecus ethiops) parotid gland. Acta Odontol Scand 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00016358109162706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rossi-Schneider TR, Verli FD, Yurgel LS, De Souza MAL, Cherubini K. Contribution to the study of the vasculature of submandibular and sublingual glands and lymph nodes of rats by corrosion cast technique combined with scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:737-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yahiro J, Nagato T. Distribution of kallikrein in striated duct cells of monkey submandibular glands. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 47:631-5. [PMID: 12243966 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although kallikrein has been localised in the striated duct cells of salivary glands, the manner in which it enters the saliva remains unclear. Here, immunocytochemistry was used at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels to localise kallikrein antigenicity. At the light-microscopic level, kallikrein was found at the apices of some, but not all duct cells. At the electron-microscopic level, it was found in small granules situated between the apical vacuoles and the luminal membrane. The kallikrein-containing granules underwent exocytosis at the cell apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yahiro
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, 814-0193, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Tandler B, Gresik EW, Nagato T, Phillips CJ. Secretion by striated ducts of mammalian major salivary glands: review from an ultrastructural, functional, and evolutionary perspective. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2001; 264:121-45. [PMID: 11590591 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in electrolyte homeostasis, striated ducts (SDs) in the major salivary glands of many mammalian species engage in secretion of organic products. This phenomenon usually is manifested as the presence of small serous-like secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm of SD cells. The composition of these granules is largely unknown, except in the case of the cat and rat submandibular gland, where the granules have unequivocally been shown to contain kallikrein. In some species, the apical cytoplasm of SD cells contains variable numbers of vesicles, both spherical and elongated, that vary in appearance from 'empty' to moderately dense. In the rat parotid gland, lucent vesicles transport glycoproteins to the luminal surface where they are incorporated into the apical plasmalemma and the glycocalyx. There is a strong possibility that in various species some of these vesicles are involved in transcytosis of antibodies to the saliva from their source (plasma cells) in the surrounding connective tissue. In addition, vesicles may engage in transfer of growth factors from the saliva to the interstitium. In a few species, conventional SDs have been replaced by ducts that are wholly given over to secretion, i.e., they entirely lack basal striations; although such ducts occupy the histological position of conventional SDs, it is not clear whether they represent a new type of duct or merely are modifications of SDs. Broad-based comparisons of ultrastructural and other data about SDs offer some insight into evolutionary history of salivary glands and their role in the adaptive radiation of mammals. Evolutionary patterns emerged when we made interspecific comparisons across mammalian orders. Among the bats, there is a clear relationship between SD secretion and general categories of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tandler
- Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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12
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Tandler B, Nagato T, Toyoshima K, Phillips CJ. Comparative ultrastructure of intercalated ducts in major salivary glands: a review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 252:64-91. [PMID: 9737745 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199809)252:1<64::aid-ar7>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Tandler
- Department of Oral Anatomy II, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan
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13
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Tandler B, Pinkstaff C, Nagato T, Phillips C. Giant secretory granules in the ducts of the parotid and submandibular glands of the slow loris. Tissue Cell 1996; 28:321-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(96)80019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1995] [Accepted: 12/08/1995] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Igarashi M, Chae S, MacDonald S, Himi T, Takeda N. Autonomic indexes during the vestibular-visual conflict exposure: a squirrel monkey study. Auris Nasus Larynx 1990; 17:69-76. [PMID: 2222332 DOI: 10.1016/s0385-8146(12)80188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the dynamic changes of the autonomic neural responses evoked by vestibular-visual conflict (VVC) in the squirrel monkey, we analyzed the changes of salivary amount and sodium concentration, and the coefficient of variance (CV) of R-R intervals (RRI) along the time course of VVC exposure given in pitch plane. The sodium concentration and the amount of saliva showed clear increases at the first and second 15 min stimulation periods. The CV of RRI was found to increase over the entire periods of stimulation, and there was a significant difference between the rest value and those in stimulated periods. The correlation between the CV of RRI, and amount of salivation was highly positive. These results indicate the existence of a common pattern of autonomic neural response during VVC, and suggest usefulness of these indexes for objectively monitoring the severity of motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Igarashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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15
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Walker NI, Gobé GC. Cell death and cell proliferation during atrophy of the rat parotid gland induced by duct obstruction. J Pathol 1987; 153:333-44. [PMID: 3430235 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711530407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rat parotid gland atrophy after unilateral duct ligation was studied by light and electron microscopy. Death of secretory acinar cells, which took the form of apoptosis, resulted in their complete disappearance within 5 days. The remnants of the dying cells were mostly phagocytosed and degraded by macrophages within the glandular epithelium; a few were taken up by adjoining epithelial cells. The acinar cell deletion was accompanied by increased mitosis of striated and intercalated duct epithelial cells. However, over many weeks, there was enhanced apoptosis of duct cells, which eventually led to marked shortening of intercalated ducts. Apoptosis of capillary endothelial cells was observed and may account for the reduction in the capillary bed known to accompany gland atrophy. The end-stage lesion comprised small numbers of ducts in a condensed stroma. Compensatory hyperplasia, involving proliferation of duct and acinar cells, was demonstrated in the contralateral glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Queensland Medical School, Herston, Australia
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Messelt EB, Berg T. Effect of autonomic nerve stimulation on bleb formation in striated duct cells of the rat submandibular gland. Acta Odontol Scand 1987; 45:275-81. [PMID: 3478932 DOI: 10.3109/00016358709097539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several previous investigations have shown that blebs form on the apical surface of the striated duct cells of the rat submandibular gland on feeding after starvation. In the present report the influence of autonomic nerve stimulation on bleb formation was studied by electron microscopy. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation were performed, using electric nerve stimulation. In addition, sympathetic nerve stimulation in combination with alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers was used. Massive bleb formation took place in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. This response was almost completely abolished by the administration of alpha- but not by beta-adrenergic blocker. Bleb formation was not seen after parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Messelt
- Department of Anatomy, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway
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17
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Nagashima Y, Ono K. Myoepithelial cell ultrastructure in the submandibular gland of man. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1985; 171:259-65. [PMID: 4014718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00347014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In human submandibular glands, two types of myoepithelial cells can be distinguished in serial ultrathin sections. The dark myoepithelial cell type was stellate in shape and exhibited a pronounced electron density due to numerous myofilaments with focal densities. Dark cell types accounted for the greater part (76%) of the myoepithelial cells and furthermore showed adenosine triphosphatase activity. This type of myoepithelial cell is considered to be that previously observed in mammalian salivary glands. Occasionally, desmosomes could be found between the processes of adjacent dark myoepithelial cell types, which is appropriate with respect to the strong compression of acinar or intercalated duct cells. The light myoepithelial cell type was large and ellipsoid with a few short-thick processes, and was characterized by an electron lucent cytoplasm which included scant and unevenly distributed myofilaments. Light cell types showed positive adenosine triphosphatase activity and accounted for only a small part (17%) of the myoepithelial cell number. Transitional forms between these two types were also observed. The light myoepithelial cell type may mature into the dark myoepithelial cell type by means of the transitional form. In addition, clear cells were sometimes encountered between the myoepithelial cell and the acinar or intercalated duct cells.
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McGeachin RL, Akin JR. Amylase levels in the tissues and body fluids of several primate species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 72:267-9. [PMID: 6178549 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Serum amylase levels in the gorilla, orang-utan, chimpanzee and squirrel monkey are similar to man. Serum amylase in the Rhesus macaque is almost a whole order of magnitude higher than man. 2. Of the several species tested, all have appreciable amylase in saliva or the parotid gland except the squirrel monkey. 3. High levels of amylase were found in the pancreas of all species tested. Amylase was found in the livers of all species tested. 4. In in vivo experiments with squirrel monkeys, injection of puromycin did not alter serum amylase levels.
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Takeda M. Electron microscopy of the adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the mouse salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 1978; 23:857-64. [PMID: 283739 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(78)90287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Buscher HP, Casals-Stenzel J, Schauer R, Mestres-Ventura P. Biosynthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in porcine submandibular glands. Subcellular site of hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic acid in the course of glycoprotein biosynthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 77:297-310. [PMID: 891536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yamakado M, Yohro T. Population and structure of nerve cells in mouse submandibular ganglion. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1977; 150:301-12. [PMID: 869223 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy of the mouse submandibular ganglion, and population and fine structure of nerve cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. The submandibular ganglion is a plexus containing up to forty ganglia along the main and the smaller excretory ducts of the submandibular gland. Measurements of the volume of nerve cell bodies display a pattern of distribution with two main peaks, suggesting the presence of large and small types of the intraganglionic neuron. The large neurons mainly have axo-dendritic synapses in which the postsynaptic element is a small spine-like process, while axo-somatic synapses are more common in the small neurons. In some small neurons nuclear chromatin is unusually conspicuous, and accumulations of vesicles of fairly uniform size occur within the cell body. Decentralized ganglia contain almost no synapses showing the absence of definite interneurons.
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Bloom GD. Fine structure and peroxidase activity of the bovine manidbular gland cells. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE C: ANATOMIE, HISTOLOGIE, EMBRYOLOGIE 1974; 3:308-23. [PMID: 4446878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1974.tb00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Unsicker K. Fine structure and innervation of the avian adrenal gland. V. Innervation of interrenal cells. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 146:403-16. [PMID: 4360464 DOI: 10.1007/bf02346231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Alexander JH, Young JA, van Lennep EW. The ultrastructure of the duct system in the rat extraorbital lacrimal gland. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 144:453-66. [PMID: 4793164 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tandler B, Erlandson RA. Ultrastructure of the human submaxillary gland. IV. Serous granules. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1972; 135:419-33. [PMID: 5080679 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001350308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hand AR. Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the rat parotid gland. Electron microscopic observations on permanganate-fixed glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1972; 173:131-9. [PMID: 4338258 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091730202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tandler B, MacCallum DK. Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the submandibular gland of the European hedgehog, Erinaceous europaeus L. I. Acinar secretory cells. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 39:186-204. [PMID: 4111667 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)80017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Morphologische Untersuchungen an der Glandula infraorbitalis buccalis vom Kaninchen. Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00337673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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