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Bretscher H, O’Connor MB. The Role of Muscle in Insect Energy Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:580687. [PMID: 33192587 PMCID: PMC7649811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining energy homeostasis is critical for ensuring proper growth and maximizing survival potential of all organisms. Here we review the role of somatic muscle in regulating energy homeostasis in insects. The muscle is not only a large consumer of energy, it also plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic signaling pathways and energy stores of the organism. We examine the metabolic pathways required to supply the muscle with energy, as well as muscle-derived signals that regulate metabolic energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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2
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Hahm JH, Jeong C, Lee W, Koo HJ, Kim S, Hwang D, Nam HG. A cellular surveillance and defense system that delays aging phenotypes in C. elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8202-8220. [PMID: 32350153 PMCID: PMC7244029 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stresses, such as pathogen infection, are detected by “cellular Surveillance Activated Detoxification and Defenses” (cSADD) systems that trigger host defense responses. Aging is associated with physiological stress, including impaired mitochondrial function. Here, we investigated whether an endogenous cSADD pathway is activated during aging in C. elegans. We provide evidence that the transcription factor ZIP-2, a well-known immune response effector in C. elegans, is activated in response to age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. ZIP-2 mitigates multiple aging phenotypes, including mitochondrial disintegration and reduced motility of the pharynx and intestine. Importantly, our data suggest that ZIP-2 is activated during aging independently of bacterial infection and of the transcription factors ATFS-1 and CEBP-2. Thus, ZIP-2 is a key component of an endogenous pathway that delays aging phenotypes in C. elegans. Our data suggest that aging coopted a compensatory strategy for regulation of aging process as a guarded process rather than a simple passive deterioration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - ChoLong Jeong
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Koo
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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3
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Gaviraghi A, Correa Soares JBR, Mignaco JA, Fontes CFL, Oliveira MF. Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate oxidation is modulated by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity in mosquito flight muscle. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103226. [PMID: 31446033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The huge energy demand posed by insect flight activity is met by an efficient oxidative phosphorylation process that takes place within flight muscle mitochondria. In the major arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti, mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate, proline and glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) represent the major energy sources of ATP to sustain flight muscle energy demand. Although adenylates exert critical regulatory effects on several mitochondrial enzyme activities, the potential consequences of altered adenylate levels to G3P oxidation remains to be determined. Here, we report that mitochondrial G3P oxidation is controlled by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in A. aegypti flight muscle. We observed that ADP significantly activated respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation, in a protonmotive force-independent manner. Kinetic analyses revealed that ADP activates respiration through a slightly cooperative mechanism. Despite adenylates caused no effects on G3P-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, COX activity was allosterically activated by ADP. Conversely, ATP exerted powerful inhibitory effects on respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation and on COX activity. We also observed that high energy phosphate recycling mechanisms did not contribute to the regulatory effects of adenylates on COX activity or G3P oxidation. We conclude that mitochondrial G3P oxidation in A. aegypti flight muscle is regulated by adenylates through the allosteric modulation of COX activity, underscoring the bioenergetic relevance of this novel mechanism and the potential consequences for mosquito dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gaviraghi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Juliana B R Correa Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio A Mignaco
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico L Fontes
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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4
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Wone BWM, Pathak J, Davidowitz G. Flight duration and flight muscle ultrastructure of unfed hawk moths. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:457-464. [PMID: 29782921 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flight muscle breakdown has been reported for many orders of insects, but the basis of this breakdown in insects with lifelong dependence on flight is less clear. Lepidopterans show such muscle changes across their lifespans, yet how this change affects the ability of these insects to complete their life cycles is not well documented. We investigated the changes in muscle function and ultrastructure of unfed aging adult hawk moths (Manduca sexta). Flight duration was examined in young, middle-aged, and advanced-aged unfed moths. After measurement of flight duration, the main flight muscle (dorsolongitudinal muscle) was collected and histologically prepared for transmission electron microscopy to compare several measurements of muscle ultrastructure among moths of different ages. Muscle function assays revealed significant positive correlations between muscle ultrastructure and flight distance that were greatest in middle-aged moths and least in young moths. In addition, changes in flight muscle ultrastructure were detected across treatment groups. The number of mitochondria in muscle cells peaked in middle-aged moths. Many wild M. sexta do not feed as adults; thus, understanding the changes in flight capacity and muscle ultrastructure in unfed moths provides a more complete understanding of the ecophysiology and resource allocation strategies of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W M Wone
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Jaika Pathak
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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5
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Tower J. Mitochondrial maintenance failure in aging and role of sexual dimorphism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:17-31. [PMID: 25447815 PMCID: PMC4409928 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression changes during aging are partly conserved across species, and suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation and proteotoxicity result from mitochondrial malfunction and abnormal mitochondrial-nuclear signaling. Mitochondrial maintenance failure may result from trade-offs between mitochondrial turnover versus growth and reproduction, sexual antagonistic pleiotropy and genetic conflicts resulting from uni-parental mitochondrial transmission, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear mutations and loss of epigenetic regulation. Aging phenotypes and interventions are often sex-specific, indicating that both male and female sexual differentiation promote mitochondrial failure and aging. Studies in mammals and invertebrates implicate autophagy, apoptosis, AKT, PARP, p53 and FOXO in mediating sex-specific differences in stress resistance and aging. The data support a model where the genes Sxl in Drosophila, sdc-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xist in mammals regulate mitochondrial maintenance across generations and in aging. Several interventions that increase life span cause a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and UPRmt is also observed during normal aging, indicating hormesis. The UPRmt may increase life span by stimulating mitochondrial turnover through autophagy, and/or by inhibiting the production of hormones and toxic metabolites. The data suggest that metazoan life span interventions may act through a common hormesis mechanism involving liver UPRmt, mitochondrial maintenance and sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, United States.
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6
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López Del Amo V, Seco-Cervera M, García-Giménez JL, Whitworth AJ, Pallardó FV, Galindo MI. Mitochondrial defects and neuromuscular degeneration caused by altered expression of Drosophila Gdap1: implications for the Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:21-36. [PMID: 25122658 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the genes involved in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, an inherited peripheral neuropathy, is GDAP1. In this work, we show that there is a true ortholog of this gene in Drosophila, which we have named Gdap1. By up- and down-regulation of Gdap1 in a tissue-specific manner, we show that altering its levels of expression produces changes in mitochondrial size, morphology and distribution, and neuronal and muscular degeneration. Interestingly, muscular degeneration is tissue-autonomous and not dependent on innervation. Metabolic analyses of our experimental genotypes suggest that alterations in oxidative stress are not a primary cause of the neuromuscular degeneration but a long-term consequence of the underlying mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the role of mitochondria in CMT disease and pave the way to generate clinically relevant disease models to study the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and peripheral neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López Del Amo
- Program of Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain and
| | - José Luís García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain and
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain and
| | - Máximo Ibo Galindo
- Program of Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
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7
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Oda Y, Yui R, Sakamoto K, Kita K, Matsuura ET. Age-related changes in the activities of respiratory chain complexes and mitochondrial morphology in Drosophila. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:345-51. [PMID: 22330143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using Drosophila melanogaster, we examined changes in the activities of some of the respiratory enzyme complexes with age. The age-related decreases of enzyme activities were observed especially in complex I. We also examined changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the flight muscles of thoraces. The results indicated that the mitochondrial size varied more widely in aged flies than in young ones, in addition to the slight increase in the average size with age. These changes had already appeared before the survival began to decrease, clearly indicating that the accumulation of such changes seriously damages mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Oda
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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8
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Valerio A, D'Antona G, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: an evolutionary perspective. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:464-78. [PMID: 21566257 PMCID: PMC3156598 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition is common among older persons, with important consequences increasing frailty and morbidity and reducing health expectancy. On the contrary, calorie restriction (CR, a low-calorie dietary regimen with adequate nutrition) slows the progression of age-related diseases and extends the lifespan of many species. Identification of strategies mimicking key CR mechanisms – increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced production of oxygen radicals – is a hot topic in gerontology. Dietary supplementation with essential and/or branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) exerts a variety of beneficial effects in experimental animals and humans and has been recently demonstrated to support cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, prevent oxidative damage, and enhance physical endurance in middle-aged mice, resulting in prolonged survival. Here we review recent studies addressing the possible role of BCAAs in energy metabolism and in the longevity of species ranging from unicellular organisms to mammals. We also summarize observations from human studies supporting the exciting hypothesis that dietary BCAA enriched mixture supplementation might be a health-promoting strategy in aged patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Valerio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Brescia University, Italy
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9
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Acehan D, Malhotra A, Xu Y, Ren M, Stokes DL, Schlame M. Cardiolipin affects the supramolecular organization of ATP synthase in mitochondria. Biophys J 2011; 100:2184-92. [PMID: 21539786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase forms dimers that tend to assemble into large supramolecular structures. We show that the presence of cardiolipin is critical for the degree of oligomerization and the degree of order in these ATP synthase assemblies. This conclusion was drawn from the statistical analysis of cryoelectron tomograms of cristae vesicles isolated from Drosophila flight-muscle mitochondria, which are very rich in ATP synthase. Our study included a wild-type control, a cardiolipin synthase mutant with nearly complete loss of cardiolipin, and a tafazzin mutant with reduced cardiolipin levels. In the wild-type, the high-curvature edge of crista vesicles was densely populated with ATP synthase molecules that were typically organized in one or two rows of dimers. In both mutants, the density of ATP synthase was reduced at the high-curvature zone despite unchanged expression levels. Compared to the wild-type, dimer rows were less extended in the mutants and there was more scatter in the orientation of dimers. These data suggest that cardiolipin promotes the ribbonlike assembly of ATP synthase dimers and thus affects lateral organization and morphology of the crista membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Acehan
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Yang CC, Chen D, Lee SS, Walter L. The dynamin-related protein DRP-1 and the insulin signaling pathway cooperate to modulate Caenorhabditis elegans longevity. Aging Cell 2011; 10:724-8. [PMID: 21463460 PMCID: PMC3135752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that inactivation of the Caenorhabditis elegans dynamin-related protein DRP-1, a key component responsible for mitochondrial fission and conserved from yeast to humans, dramatically enhanced the effect of reduced insulin signaling (IIS) to extend lifespan. This represents the first report of a beneficial impact of manipulating mitochondrial dynamics on animal lifespan and suggests that mitochondrial morphology and IIS cooperate to modulate aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Diana Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Siu Sylvia Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ludivine Walter
- Corresponding authors: Siu Sylvia Lee Phone: 1-607-255-8015 Fax: 1-607-255 6249, Ludivine Walter Phone: +33-4-72728663 Fax: +33-4-72728080
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11
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Tower J. Heat shock proteins and Drosophila aging. Exp Gerontol 2010; 46:355-62. [PMID: 20840862 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in Drosophila, the heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been shown to regulate both stress resistance and life-span. Aging is characterized by increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of abnormal (malfolded) proteins, and these stresses induce Hsp gene expression through the transcription factor HSF. In addition, a subset of Hsps is induced by oxidative stress through the JNK signaling pathway and the transcription factor Foxo. The Hsps counteract the toxicity of abnormal proteins by facilitating protein refolding and turnover, and through other mechanisms including inhibition of apoptosis. The Hsps are up-regulated in tissue-specific patterns during aging, and their expression correlates with, and sometimes predicts, life span, making them ideal biomarkers of aging. The tools available for experimentally manipulating gene function and assaying healthspan in Drosophila provides an unparalleled opportunity to further study the role of Hsps in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA.
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12
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Augustin H, Partridge L. Invertebrate models of age-related muscle degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1084-94. [PMID: 19563864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural deterioration of muscles is an inevitable consequence of ageing in a wide variety of animal species. What underlies these changes is a complex network of interactions between the muscle-intrinsic and muscle-extrinsic factors, making it very difficult to distinguish between the cause and the consequence. Many of the genes, structures, and processes implicated in mammalian skeletal muscle ageing are preserved in invertebrate species Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The absence in these organisms of mechanisms that promote muscle regeneration, and substantially different hormonal environment, warrant caution when extrapolating experimental data from studies conducted in invertebrates to mammalian species. The simplicity and accessibility of these models, however, offer ample opportunities for studying age-related myopathologies as well as investigating drugs and therapies to alleviate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Augustin
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and GEE, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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13
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Lehmacher C, Tögel M, Pass G, Paululat A. The Drosophila wing hearts consist of syncytial muscle cells that resemble adult somatic muscles. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2009; 38:111-123. [PMID: 18983940 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila, hemolymph circulation in the wings is accomplished by a pair of wing hearts located in the thorax. The embryonic progenitors of these organs were only recently discovered and found to belong to the cardiac mesoderm. In this study, the functional morphology and the structure of mature organs were studied by light and electron microscopy to characterize the tissues arising from this new set of progenitors. Each wing heart consists of 7-8 muscle cells providing the pumping force, a thin layer of non-contractile mononucleated cells separating the muscle cells from the body cavity, and acellular suspending strands opposing the muscle contractions. The muscle cells are multinucleated syncytia attached to the cuticle via epidermal tendon cells. They have central nuclei and sarcomeres with discontinuous Z-discs, A-bands, and I-bands, whereas H-bands and M-bands are indiscernible. From 9 to 11 actin filaments surround each myosin filament. Mitochondria are abundantly interspersed between myofibrils and accumulated in characteristic outpockets of the plasma membrane. The analysis revealed that the wing heart muscles resemble in their ultrastructure and their mode of attachment adult somatic muscles. This suggests that, despite their origin in the cardiac mesoderm, wing heart progenitors are functionally related to somatic adult muscle precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmacher
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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14
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Interactions between coexisting intracellular genomes: mitochondrial density and Wolbachia infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1916-21. [PMID: 19181828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02677-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arthropods are infected with maternally transmitted microorganisms, leading to the coexistence of several intracellular genomes within the host cells, including their own mitochondria. As these genomes are cotransmitted, their patterns of evolution have been intimately linked, with possible consequences for the diversity and evolution of the host mitochondrial DNA. The evolutionary aspects of the situation have been thoroughly investigated, especially the selective sweep on the mitochondria as a result of Wolbachia invasion, whereas direct interactions between mitochondria and intracellular symbionts within the host cells or body have received little attention. Since endosymbionts exploit host resources but mitochondria supply energy to meet the bioenergetic demands of organisms, an unanswered question concerns the correlation between their densities. Here, we investigated the influence of Wolbachia symbiosis on mitochondrial density in two parasitic wasps of Drosophila species, both of which are naturally infected by three Wolbachia strains, but they differ in their degree of dependency on these bacteria. In Leptopilina heterotoma, all Wolbachia strains are facultative, whereas Asobara tabida requires a strain of Wolbachia for oogenesis to occur. In both species, Wolbachia infections are stable and well regulated, since the density of each strain does not depend on the presence or absence of other strains. Using lines that harbor various Wolbachia infection statuses, we found that mitochondrial density was not affected by the infection regardless of the sex and age of the host, which is strongly reminiscent of the independent regulation of specific Wolbachia strains and suggest that the protagonists coexist independently of each other as the result of a long-term coevolutionary interaction.
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Abstract
Studies in different organisms have revealed that ageing is a complex process involving a tight regulation of gene expression. Among other features, ageing organisms generally display an increased oxidative stress and a decreased mitochondrial function. The increase in oxidative stress can be attributable to reactive oxygen species, which are mainly produced by mitochondria as a by-product of energy metabolism. Consistent with these data, mitochondria have been suggested to play a significant role in lifespan determination. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is a well-suited organism to study ageing as it is relatively short-lived, mainly composed of post-mitotic cells, has sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and multiple genetic tools are available. It has been used in genome-wide studies to unveil the molecular signature of ageing, in different feeding and dietary restriction protocols and in overexpression and down-regulation studies to examine the effect of specific compounds or genes/proteins on lifespan. Here we review the various features linking mitochondria and ageing in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Morrow
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, CREFSIP, Pav CE-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Ballard JWO, Melvin RG. Tetracycline treatment influences mitochondrial metabolism and mtDNA density two generations after treatment in Drosophila. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:799-802. [PMID: 18093008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is commonly used to clear Wolbachia from infected insects. Studies then compare specific biochemical and/or life-history traits between infected and uninfected individuals with the same genetic background. We investigated the potential for tetracycline to influence mitochondrial efficiency and mitochondrial (mt)DNA density two generations after treatment in Drosophila simulans. We observed that antibiotic treatment resulted in a decline in inorganic phosphate incorporated into ATP per mole of oxygen consumed (ADP:O ratio). Further, tetracycline treatment caused a significant increase in mtDNA density in naturally Wolbachia-uninfected but not in naturally Wolbachia-infected lines suggesting a dosage effect. These data suggest that the current practice of comparing Wolbachia-infected and Wolbachia-uninfected insects two generations after tetracycline treatment needs to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W O Ballard
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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17
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Katewa SD, Ballard JWO. Sympatric Drosophila simulans flies with distinct mtDNA show age related differences in mitochondrial metabolism. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:923-32. [PMID: 17681231 PMCID: PMC2881225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary causes of age-related changes in mitochondrial metabolism are not known. The goal of this study is to document the influence of naturally occurring mtDNA variation on age dependent changes in mitochondrial respiration, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generation and antioxidant defenses in the fly Drosophila simulans. Possible changes include an increase in rates of reactive oxygen species production with age and/or an age dependent decrease in antioxidant response. For this study we have used flies harboring distinct siII and siIII mtDNA types. Previously we have shown that males harboring siII mtDNA had higher rates of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production from complex III at 11d compared to males with the siIII mtDNA type. Here, we corroborate those results and show that Drosophila harboring the siII and siIII mtDNA types exhibit significantly different patterns of pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities as they age. Flies harboring siII mtDNA had higher rates of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production and manganese superoxide dismutase activity at 11 and 18d of age than siIII mtDNA harboring flies. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity increased from 11 to 25d in siII flies while the accumulation of oxidized glutathione did not change between 11 and 25d. In contrast, siIII harboring flies showed an age dependent increase in H(2)O(2) production, reaching higher production rates on day 25 than that observed in siII flies. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activities did not change between 11 and 25d while the oxidized glutathione accumulation increased with age. The results show antioxidant levels correlate with pro-oxidant levels in siII but not siIII flies. These results demonstrate our ability to correlate mtDNA variation with differences in whole mitochondrial physiology and individual complex biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash D Katewa
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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McQuibban GA, Lee JR, Zheng L, Juusola M, Freeman M. Normal mitochondrial dynamics requires rhomboid-7 and affects Drosophila lifespan and neuronal function. Curr Biol 2006; 16:982-9. [PMID: 16713954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being energy generators, mitochondria control many cellular processes including apoptosis. They are dynamic organelles, and the machinery of membrane fusion and fission is emerging as a key regulator of mitochondrial biology. We have recently identified a novel and conserved mitochondrial rhomboid intramembrane protease that controls membrane fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by processing the dynamin-like GTPase, Mgm1, thereby releasing it from the membrane. The genetics of mitochondrial membrane dynamics has until now focused primarily on yeast. Here we show that in Drosophila, the mitochondrial rhomboid (Rhomboid-7) is required for mitochondrial fusion during fly spermatogenesis and muscle maturation, both tissues with unusual mitochondrial dynamics. We also find that mutations in Drosophila optic atrophy 1-like (Opa1-like), the ortholog of yeast mgm1, display similar phenotypes, suggesting a shared role for Rhomboid-7 and Opa1-like, as with their yeast orthologs. Loss of human OPA1 leads to dominant optic atrophy, a mitochondrial disease leading to childhood onset blindness. rhomboid-7 mutant flies have severe neurological defects, evidenced by compromised signaling across the first visual synapse, as well as light-induced neurodegeneration of photoreceptors that resembles the human disease. rhomboid-7 mutant flies also have a greatly reduced lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Angus McQuibban
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
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Melvin RG, Ballard JWO. Intraspecific variation in survival and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in wild-caught Drosophila simulans. Aging Cell 2006; 5:225-33. [PMID: 16842495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifespans of organisms vary greatly even among individuals of the same species. Under the framework of the free oxygen radical theory of aging, it is predicted that variation in individual lifespan within a species will correlate with variation in the accumulation of oxidative damage to cell components from reactive oxygen species. In this study we test the hypothesis that variation in survival of three wild-caught Drosophila simulans fly lines (HW09, NC48 and MD106) correlates with three key aspects of mitochondrial bioenergetics. The rank order of median survival was HW09 > MD106 > NC48. Young HW09 flies (11-18 days) had (i) highest ADP:O (quantity of oxygen consumed by mitochondria when provided with a quantity of ADP) when metabolizing both electron transport chain complex I and complex III substrates; (ii) lowest rate of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production from complex III; and (iii) highest cytochrome c oxidase activity from complex IV. Rate of hydrogen peroxide production increased and cytochrome c oxidase activity decreased in all lines in the age range 11-25 days. This is the first study to correlate natural variation in organism survival with natural variation in mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Melvin
- The Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, Department of Biological Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Anderson M, Finlayson LH. The effect of exercise on the growth of mitochondria and myofibrils in the flight muscles of the tsetse fly,Glossina morsitans. J Morphol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blackmer JL, Lindley VA, Byrne DN. Histological examination of flight muscle development and breakdown inBemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Relationship to age and flight behvior. J Morphol 1995; 226:213-221. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052260208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fine structure of flight muscles in different Notch mutants of Drosophila melanogaster reared at different temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987; 196:12-15. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00376017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1986] [Accepted: 06/19/1986] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aging in Insects. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Smith RA, Ord MJ. Mitochondrial form and function relationships in vivo: their potential in toxicology and pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1983; 83:63-134. [PMID: 6196312 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Turturro A, Shafiq SA. Freeze-fracture analysis of the effects of age and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the morphology of flight muscle mitochondria of Musca domestica L. Mech Ageing Dev 1981; 16:191-204. [PMID: 7266080 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(81)90095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric comparison of freeze-fractured mitochondria in flight muscles of adult (37-day-old) and old (68-day-old) houseflies revealed a 28% decrease of cristae in the old flies. The major membrane change with age was an increase in the 90-120-A particles in the inner membrane external face concomitant with a loss of particle clusters associated with the openings of the cristae on to the inner membrane. In vitro treatment of flight muscle with 2,4-dinitrophenol, and uncoupler of mitochondrial respiration, did not produce this change but resulted in the formation of smooth particle-free vesicular swellings in the mitochondria. Such swelling were infrequent in the old muscle. The cause for the aging change is not clear, but a reduction in the ability of the intramembranous particles to aggregate, either through modification of altered synthesis, is indicated.
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Sondergaard L. Role of proteins and lipids in non-linear Arrhenius plots of Drosophila mitochondrial succinate-cytochrome c reductase studied by rebinding experiments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 557:208-16. [PMID: 232988 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abrupt changes in the Arrhenius activation energy of membrane-bound enzymes have often been correlated with changes in the physical state of membrane phospholipids. Similar changes in activation energy have also been found in soluble enzymes. The possibility exists, therefore, that in some of the membrane-bound enzymes the changes might reflect intrinsic changes of the proteins independent of changes in the membrane phospholipids. This hypothesis was investigated using Drosophila mitochondria isolated from wild type and the mutant Ocd ts-1. In this mutant it has been shown that succinate-cytochrome c reductase exhibits a change in Arrhenius activation energy at 18 degrees C which is not found in the wild type (Sondergaard, L., Nielsen, N.C. and Smillie, R.M. (1975) FEBS lett. 50, 126-129). A quantitative thin-layer chromatographic analysis of mitochondrial phospholipids showed sphingomyelin to be more abundant in the wild type than in the mutant (5.2% and 4.3% of the total phospholipids, respectively). Since it was shown that the succinate-cytochrome c reductase had a lipid requirement for full activity, reciprocal rebinding experiments were done. These experiments showed that the reconstituted membranes exhibited the change in activation energy at 18 degrees C only when the protein moiety came from mutant mitochondria, that is, the change was independent of the source of the phospholipids used.
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Hanzlíková V, Schiaffino S. Mitochondrial changes in ischemic skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 60:121-33. [PMID: 195077 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jensen H. Ultrastructure of the aortic diverticula of the adult dragonfly Sympetrum danae (Odonata: Anisoptera). Cell Tissue Res 1976; 168:177-91. [PMID: 1268934 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aorta of Sympetrum danae possesses two dorsal diverticula: one in the mesothorax and one in the metathorax. They are very similar in form and position. Each diverticulum has a dorsal valve through which blood is pumped from the wings down into the aorta. The wall of the aortic diverticula consists of two simple cell layers: an outer epidermis-like layer and an inner muscle layer. The nuclei of the muscle cells are situated close to the lumen of the diverticula. The mitochondria are evenly dispersed between the myofibrils and are often paired up on either side of the Z-band. The Z-bands are thick and fragmented. The length of the sarcomeres varies from 3.3 to 6.1 mu. The A-band length is about 3 mu. The myofibrils consist of thick (250 A) and thin (85 A) filaments. Each thick filament is surrounded by 9-12 thin filaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is well developed and separates the myofibrils with one or two layers. The T-tubules are flattened and branch irregularly like a two-dimensional tree between the lamellar myofibrils. Intercalated discs are observed. The peculiarities of the muscle of aortic diverticula in S. danae are discussed in relation to various muscles of other insects and arthropods.
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