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Collin SP, Yopak KE, Crowe-Riddell JM, Camilieri-Asch V, Kerr CC, Robins H, Ha MH, Ceddia A, Dutka TL, Chapuis L. Bioimaging of sense organs and the central nervous system in extant fishes and reptiles in situ: A review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39223842 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bioimaging is changing the field of sensory biology, especially for taxa that are lesser-known, rare, and logistically difficult to source. When integrated with traditional neurobiological approaches, developing an archival, digital repository of morphological images can offer the opportunity to improve our understanding of whole neural systems without the issues of surgical intervention and negate the risk of damage and artefactual interpretation. This review focuses on current approaches to bioimaging the peripheral (sense organs) and central (brain) nervous systems in extant fishes (cartilaginous and bony) and non-avian reptiles in situ. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), micro-computed tomography (μCT), both super-resolution track density imaging and diffusion tensor-based imaging, and a range of other new technological advances are presented, together with novel approaches in optimizing both contrast and resolution, for developing detailed neuroanatomical atlases and enhancing comparative analyses of museum specimens. For MRI, tissue preparation, including choice of fixative, impacts tissue MR responses, where both resolving power and signal-to-noise ratio improve as field strength increases. Time in fixative, concentration of contrast agent, and duration of immersion in the contrast agent can also significantly affect relaxation times, and thus image quality. For μCT, the use of contrast-enhancing stains (iodine-, non-iodine-, or nanoparticle-based) is critical, where the type of fixative used, and the concentration of stain and duration of staining time often require species-specific optimization. Advanced reconstruction algorithms to reduce noise and artifacts and post-processing techniques, such as deconvolution and filtering, are now being used to improve image quality and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Collin
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna M Crowe-Riddell
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Victoria Camilieri-Asch
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline C Kerr
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hope Robins
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Myoung Hoon Ha
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annalise Ceddia
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Travis L Dutka
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucille Chapuis
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
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Dolton HR, Snelling EP, Deaville R, Jackson AL, Perkins MW, Bortoluzzi JR, Purves K, Curnick DJ, Pimiento C, Payne NL. Centralized red muscle in Odontaspis ferox and the prevalence of regional endothermy in sharks. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230331. [PMID: 37935371 PMCID: PMC10645071 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Lamniformes contains charismatic species such as the white shark Carcharodon carcharias and extinct megatooth shark Otodus megalodon, and is of particular interest given their influence on marine ecosystems, and because some members exhibit regional endothermy. However, there remains significant debate surrounding the prevalence and evolutionary origin of regional endothermy in the order, and therefore the development of phenomena such as gigantism and filter-feeding in sharks generally. Here we show a basal lamniform shark, the smalltooth sand tiger shark Odontaspis ferox, has centralized skeletal red muscle and a thick compact-walled ventricle; anatomical features generally consistent with regionally endothermy. This result, together with the recent discovery of probable red muscle endothermy in filter feeding basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus, suggests that this thermophysiology is more prevalent in the Lamniformes than previously thought, which in turn has implications for understanding the evolution of regional endothermy, gigantism, and extinction risk of warm-bodied shark species both past and present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R. Dolton
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Edward P. Snelling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
| | - Robert Deaville
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Andrew L. Jackson
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew W. Perkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jenny R. Bortoluzzi
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kevin Purves
- School of Veterinary Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J. Curnick
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Catalina Pimiento
- Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Nicholas L. Payne
- Discipline of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Sauer DJ, Radford CA, Mull CG, Yopak KE. Quantitative assessment of inner ear variation in elasmobranchs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11939. [PMID: 37488259 PMCID: PMC10366120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable diversity has been documented in most sensory systems of elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, and skates); however, relatively little is known about morphological variation in the auditory system of these fishes. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the inner ear structures of 26 elasmobranchs were assessed in situ. The inner ear end organs (saccule, lagena, utricle, and macula neglecta), semi-circular canals (horizontal, anterior, and posterior), and endolymphatic duct were compared using phylogenetically-informed, multivariate analyses. Inner ear variation can be characterised by three primary axes that are influenced by diet and habitat, where piscivorous elasmobranchs have larger inner ears compared to non-piscivorous species, and reef-associated species have larger inner ears than oceanic species. Importantly, this variation may reflect differences in auditory specialisation that could be tied to the functional requirements and environmental soundscapes of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Sauer
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand.
| | - Craig A Radford
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
| | - Christopher G Mull
- Integrated Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and the Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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4
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Arostegui MC, Shero MR, Frank LR, Berquist RM, Braun CD. An enigmatic pelagic fish with internalized red muscle: A future regional endotherm or forever an ectotherm? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1311-1326. [PMID: 36911991 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectothermy and endothermy in extant fishes are defined by distinct integrated suites of characters. Although only ⁓0.1% of fishes are known to have endothermic capacity, recent discoveries suggest that there may still be uncommon pelagic fish species with yet to be discovered endothermic traits. Among the most rarely encountered marine fishes, the louvar Luvarus imperialis is a remarkable example of adaptive evolution as the only extant pelagic species in the order Acanthuriformes (including surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes and Moorish idol). Magnetic resonance imaging and gross necropsy did not yield evidence of cranial or visceral endothermy but revealed a central-posterior distribution of myotomal red muscle that is a mixture of the character states typifying ectotherms (lateral-posterior) and red muscle endotherms (central-anterior). Dissection of a specimen confirmed, and an osteological proxy supported, that L. imperialis has not evolved the vascular rete that is vital to retaining heat in the red muscle. The combination of presumably relying on caudal propulsion while exhibiting internal red muscle without associated retia is unique to L. imperialis among all extant fishes, raising the macroevolutionary question of whether this species - in geologic timescales - will remain an ectotherm or evolve red muscle endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Arostegui
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Frank
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Berquist
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Camrin D Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Hilton EJ, Schnell NK, Konstantinidis P. When Tradition Meets Technology: Systematic Morphology of Fishes in the Early 21stCentury. COPEIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-14-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Berquist RM, Gledhill KM, Peterson MW, Doan AH, Baxter GT, Yopak KE, Kang N, Walker HJ, Hastings PA, Frank LR. The Digital Fish Library: using MRI to digitize, database, and document the morphological diversity of fish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34499. [PMID: 22493695 PMCID: PMC3321017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Museum fish collections possess a wealth of anatomical and morphological data that are essential for documenting and understanding biodiversity. Obtaining access to specimens for research, however, is not always practical and frequently conflicts with the need to maintain the physical integrity of specimens and the collection as a whole. Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging therefore serves a critical role in facilitating the digitization of these specimens for anatomical and morphological analysis as well as facilitating an efficient method for online storage and sharing of this imaging data. Here we describe the development of the Digital Fish Library (DFL, http://www.digitalfishlibrary.org), an online digital archive of high-resolution, high-contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the soft tissue anatomy of an array of fishes preserved in the Marine Vertebrate Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. We have imaged and uploaded MRI data for over 300 marine and freshwater species, developed a data archival and retrieval system with a web-based image analysis and visualization tool, and integrated these into the public DFL website to disseminate data and associated metadata freely over the web. We show that MRI is a rapid and powerful method for accurately depicting the in-situ soft-tissue anatomy of preserved fishes in sufficient detail for large-scale comparative digital morphology. However these 3D volumetric data require a sophisticated computational and archival infrastructure in order to be broadly accessible to researchers and educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Berquist
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Gledhill
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Peterson
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Allyson H. Doan
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Baxter
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kara E. Yopak
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Kang
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - H. J. Walker
- Marine Vertebrate Collection and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Hastings
- Marine Vertebrate Collection and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence R. Frank
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The locomotor system in sharks has been investigated for many decades, starting with the earliest kinematic studies by Sir James Gray in the 1930s. Early work on axial muscle anatomy also included sharks, and the first demonstration of the functional significance of red and white muscle fibre types was made on spinal preparations in sharks. Nevertheless, studies on teleosts dominate the literature on fish swimming. The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge of muscle function and swimming in sharks, by considering their morphological features related to swimming, the anatomy and physiology of the axial musculature, kinematics and muscle dynamics, and special features of warm-bodied lamnids. In addition, new data are presented on muscle activation in fast-starts. Finally, recent developments in tracking technology that provide insights into shark swimming performance in their natural environment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Shadwick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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8
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Ziegler A, Kunth M, Mueller S, Bock C, Pohmann R, Schröder L, Faber C, Giribet G. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wegner NC, Sepulveda CA, Olson KR, Hyndman KA, Graham JB. Functional morphology of the gills of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, a lamnid shark. J Morphol 2010; 271:937-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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