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Temereva EN. Ultrastructure of the coelom in the brachiopod Lingula anatina. J Morphol 2017; 278:997-1011. [PMID: 28466496 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the coelomic system and the ultrastructure of the coelomic lining are used in phylogenetic analysis to establish the relationships between major taxa. Investigation of the anatomy and ultrastructure of the coelomic system in brachiopods, which are poorly studied, can provide answers to fundamental questions about the evolution of the coelom in coelomic bilaterians. In the current study, the organization of the coelom of the lophophore in the brachiopod Lingula anatina was investigated using semithin sectioning, 3D reconstruction, and transmission electron microscopy. The lophophore of L. anatina contains two main compartments: the preoral coelom and the lophophoral coelom. The lining of the preoral coelom consists of ciliated cells. The lophophoral coelom is subdivided into paired coelomic sacs: the large and small sinuses (= canals). The lining of the lophophoral coelom varies in structure and includes monociliate myoepithelium, alternating epithelial and myoepithelial cells, specialized peritoneum and muscle cells, and podocyte-like cells. Connections between cells of the coelomic lining are provided by adherens junctions, tight-like junctions, septate junctions, adhesive junctions, and direct cytoplasmic bridges. The structure of the coelomic lining varies greatly in both of the main stems of the Bilateria, that is, in the Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Because of this great variety, the structure of the coelomic lining cannot by itself be used in phylogenetic analysis. At the same time, the ciliated myoepithelium can be considered as the ancestral type of coelomic lining. The many different kinds of junctions between cells of the coelomic lining may help coordinate the functioning of epithelial cells and muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Temereva
- Biological Faculty, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Vorobievi Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Structure of the main heart of the articulate brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: Morphological evidence of dual function. ZOOL ANZ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Larsen EH, Deaton LE, Onken H, O'Donnell M, Grosell M, Dantzler WH, Weihrauch D. Osmoregulation and Excretion. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:405-573. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Martynova MG. Proliferation and Differentiation Processes in the Heart Muscle Elements in Different Phylogenetic Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 235:215-50. [PMID: 15219784 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)35005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews, discusses, and summarizes data about the generative behavior of muscle tissue cells, the mechanisms of its regulation, and the organization of the endocrine function of the heart in the main phylogenetic groups. With respect to the ratio of processes of proliferation and differentiation, cell organization, and growth mechanism, muscle tissues of propulsive organs can be divided into three types, each revealed in one of three main groups of animals, lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoans, and chordates. Ecdysterone is likely to play the key role in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation processes in the heart muscle of crustaceans, and, most probably, also of molluscs. In each of the three main phylogenetic groups the endocrine function of the heart consisting of secretion of natriuretic peptides has a peculiar organization. Vertebrate cardiomyocytes are known to combine contractile and endocrine differentiation. Such functional dualism is absent in heart muscle elements of Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa; in the heart of lopfotrochozoans, secretion of natriuretic peptides is performed by endothelial cells and their derivatives. Homology of the heart muscle in the animal kingdom as well as possible mechanisms of genomic and epigenomic regulation of different types of cardiomyogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Martynova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Martynova MG, Bystrova OA. Undifferentiated cells in the snail myocardium are capable of DNA synthesis and myodifferentiation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2002; 203:104-111. [PMID: 12200260 DOI: 10.2307/1543462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms of heart-muscle growth in the snail Achatina fulica have been studied using cytophotometry and electron microscopic autoradiography. Cytophotometric DNA measurements showed that the snail cardiomyocytes are mononucleated cells with diploid nuclei. Ultrastructural analysis of the snail myocardium revealed that, in addition to mature myocytes, it contains small roundish undifferentiated cells (UCs) and poorly differentiated muscle cells. EM autoradiography detected silver grains over the nuclei of UCs 2 h after injection of tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]Tdr), while the nuclei of both mature and poorly differentiated myocytes remained unlabeled. In EM autographs of the myocardial tissue fixed 14 days after [(3)H]Tdr administration, labeled myonuclei were evident, which may suggest some myodifferentiation of prelabeled UCs. Many labeled UCs persist for 14 days after a single [(3)H]Tdr injection, suggesting that not all UCs undergo myodifferentiation after passing through the cell cycle, and that those that do not can enter the next cycle. UCs in the snail myocardium presumably provide not only reserve but also stem cells for myocytes. Thus, the heart muscle of the adult snail consists of mononucleated diploid myocytes with blocked proliferative activity and a renewable population of precursor myogenic cells. The results obtained suggest that the growth of this muscle involves a myoblastic mechanism of myogenesis; this mechanism differs from that of vertebrate cardiac muscle growth, which is non-myoblastic-that is, based on proliferation or polyploidization of cardiomyocytes. Evolutionary aspects of cellular mechanisms of the heart-muscle growth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Martynova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Biochemical constituents of the blood plasma and pericardial fluid of several marine bivalve molluscs: Implications for ultrafiltration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Serrano T, Angulo E, Mateo A, Moya J. Fine structure of the nephridial muscle layer cells of Phascolosoma granulatum (Sipuncula). J Morphol 1993; 217:45-54. [PMID: 29865431 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052170104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nephridial muscle layer of Phascolosoma granulatum consists of a network of longitudinal and circular cells separated by connective tissue matrix. The muscle fibers are densely packed with thick and thin myofilaments, among which are scattered cytoplasmic dense bodies. The nucleus and noncontractile cytoplasmic organelles occupy a lateral projection from the contractile portion of the fiber. Cytoplasmic dense bodies are the result of a clustering of an indeterminate number of the thin actin filaments that fill the cytoplasm between thick filaments. Attached to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane are membrane-associated electron-dense plaques. These sites are linked to the contractile myofilaments by narrow filamentous bridges. Extracellular narrow filaments extend from these plaques to collagen fibers of the connective tissue matrix. Differences in length of the dense plaques may be related to differences in thick myofilament diameter in three types of muscle fiber, types A, B and C, statistically distinguished by mean fiber size differences. The plaques may serve as connecting links for the transmission of tension from contractile units to the connective tissue of the muscle layer. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Serrano
- Departamento de Biología Celulary Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eduardo Angulo
- Departamento de Biología Celulary Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio Mateo
- Departamento de Biología Celulary Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus Moya
- Departamento de Biología Celulary Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Ono JK, Hampton JD, Koch RA. Immunohistochemical localization and radioenzymatic measurements of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in hearts of Aplysia and several bivalve mollusks. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 269:421-30. [PMID: 1423510 DOI: 10.1007/bf00353897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin immunoreactivity was localized in hearts of the opisthobranch gastropod, Aplysia californica (sea hare) and several species of bivalve mollusks, the heterodonts, Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog or cherry stone clam), Protothaca staminea (little neck clam), and the pteriomorphs, Hinnites multirugosus (rock scallop), Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster), Mytilus edulis (eastern mussel), and Geukensia demissa (ribbed mussel). In addition, serotonin was assayed in the ventricles, auricles and heart-associated tissues in A. californica, M. mercenaria, H. multirugosus, and G. demissa with a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. Serotonin concentrations and the density of innervation were significantly higher in members of the subclass Heterodonta compared to the subclass Pteriomorpha. Serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in all species surveyed except G. demissa, which also contained relatively low concentrations of serotonin. Varicose fibers presumably corresponding to release sites were localized in the ventricles, auricles, and the auricular-ventricular valves. We hypothesize that in the species where serotonin-immunoreactive fibers are present, serotonin serves to modulate cardiac myogenic activity. The significance of the observed distribution and concentration of serotonin to the physiological effects of serotonin on cardiac function in these species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Ono
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton 92634
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Comparative ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of the cephalopod systemic heart and its innervation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02143579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Greenberg MJ, Rao KR, Lehman HK, Price DA, Doble KE. Cross-phyletic bioactivity of arthropod neurohormones and molluscan ganglion extracts: evidence of an extended peptide family. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1985; 233:337-46. [PMID: 3882880 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402330302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two structurally related arthropod neuropeptides, red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), are potent excitors of the heart of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. The response is bimodal: whereas the threshold for affected hearts is 1-3 X 10(-9) M, about 40% of the preparations are virtually unresponsive. Aqueous extracts of Mercenaria ganglia contain a substance which concentrates the red pigment in the erythrophores of intact destalked Uca pugilator and even of its isolated legs. This substance is retained on Sephadex G-15 and co-elutes with synthetic shrimp RPCH. The active fractions also concentrate the erythrophores and the leucophores of destalked shrimp (Penaeus). Neither dopamine nor the molluscan neuropeptide FMRFamide had any chromatophorotropic effect in these assays. The activity of the ganglion extracts was abolished by digestion with chymotrypsin. In conclusion, molluscan ganglion extracts contain a peptide factor, possibly an analog of RPCH, that concentrates the pigments of crustacean chromatophores by a direct action on the cells.
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Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Relation to Work Demand and Habitat in Bivalve and Gastropod Mollusks. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gäde G, Ellington WR. The anaerobic molluscan heart: adaptation to environmental anoxia. Comparison with energy metabolism in vertebrate hearts. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 76:615-20. [PMID: 6139232 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hearts of many bivalve and gastropod molluscs are resistant to exposure to hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Glycogen and aspartate are simultaneously fermented leading to the accumulation of alanine, succinate and alanopine/strombine. Lactate is not a major end product of anaerobic metabolism in molluscan hearts. In contrast, vertebrate hearts respond to hypoxia by the fermentation of glycogen leading to lactate formation. There is some evidence for aspartate and glutamate breakdown in vertebrate hearts during anoxia. However, the quantitative contribution of this process to energy production is small. The differences in modes of energy production in molluscan and vertebrate hearts may reflect adaptations to long-term as opposed to short-term anoxia.
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