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Babenko VV, Podgorny OV, Manuvera VA, Kasianov AS, Manolov AI, Grafskaia EN, Shirokov DA, Kurdyumov AS, Vinogradov DV, Nikitina AS, Kovalchuk SI, Anikanov NA, Butenko IO, Pobeguts OV, Matyushkina DS, Rakitina DV, Kostryukova ES, Zgoda VG, Baskova IP, Trukhan VM, Gelfand MS, Govorun VM, Schiöth HB, Lazarev VN. Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:331. [PMID: 32349672 PMCID: PMC7191736 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary cell secretion (SCS) plays a critical role in blood feeding by medicinal leeches, making them of use for certain medical purposes even today. RESULTS We annotated the Hirudo medicinalis genome and performed RNA-seq on salivary cells isolated from three closely related leech species, H. medicinalis, Hirudo orientalis, and Hirudo verbana. Differential expression analysis verified by proteomics identified salivary cell-specific gene expression, many of which encode previously unknown salivary components. However, the genes encoding known anticoagulants have been found to be expressed not only in salivary cells. The function-related analysis of the unique salivary cell genes enabled an update of the concept of interactions between salivary proteins and components of haemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Here we report a genome draft of Hirudo medicinalis and describe identification of novel salivary proteins and new homologs of genes encoding known anticoagulants in transcriptomes of three medicinal leech species. Our data provide new insights in genetics of blood-feeding lifestyle in leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V Babenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov str, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Valentin A Manuvera
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Artem S Kasianov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina str, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander I Manolov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Grafskaia
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Shirokov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kurdyumov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Vinogradov
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 19 Bol'shoi Karetnyi per, Moscow, 127051, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Ulitsa str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Nikitina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Nickolay A Anikanov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan O Butenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Olga V Pobeguts
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Daria S Matyushkina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Daria V Rakitina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Elena S Kostryukova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Victor G Zgoda
- V.N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10 Pogodinskaja str, Moscow, 119832, Russia
| | - Isolda P Baskova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Trukhan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Trubetskaya str., 8-2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Gelfand
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 19 Bol'shoi Karetnyi per, Moscow, 127051, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Ulitsa str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya str, Moscow, 101000, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Trubetskaya str., 8-2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75124, Sweden
| | - Vassili N Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
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Marancik DP, Leary JH, Fast MM, Flajnik MF, Camus AC. Humoral response of captive zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum to salivary gland proteins of the leech Branchellion torpedinis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1000-1007. [PMID: 22963935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism by the marine leech Branchellion torpedinis is known to cause disease and mortality in captive elasmobranchs and is difficult to control when inadvertently introduced into public aquaria. Preliminary characterization of the salivary gland transcriptome of B. torpedinis has identified anticoagulants, proteases, and immunomodulators that may be secreted into host tissues to aid leech feeding. This retrospective study examined antigen-specific serum IgM responses in captive zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum to leech salivary gland extract. Antibody response was examined by ELISA and Western blot assays in 20 serum samples from six zebra sharks, with a 5 year history of leech infection, and 18 serum samples from 8 captive bred zebra sharks, with no history of leech exposure. ELISA demonstrated significantly higher serum IgM titers to salivary gland extract in exposed zebra sharks compared to the non-exposed population. No obvious trends in antibody titers were appreciated in exposed zebra sharks over a four-year period. One-dimensional and two-dimensional Western blot assays revealed IgM targeted specific salivary gland proteins within the 40, 55, 70 and 90 kD range. Antigenic proteins identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and de novo peptide sequencing include a secreted disintegrin, metalloproteinase and thrombospondin motif containing protein (ADAMTS), tubulin, aldehyde dehydrogenase and two unknown proteins. Humoral immune responses to leech salivary gland proteins warrants further investigation as there may be options to exploit immune mechanisms to reduce parasite burdens in aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Marancik
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Everill B, Berry MS. Differential modulation of voltage-activated conductances by intracellular and extracellular cyclic nucleotides in leech salivary glands. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116:1849-58. [PMID: 8528570 PMCID: PMC1909096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Two-electrode voltage clamp was used to study the effects of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) on voltage-dependent ion channels in salivary gland cells of the leech, Haementeria ghilianii. 2. Intracellular cyclic AMP specifically blocked delayed rectifier K+ channels. This was shown by use of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), forskolin (an activator of adenylyl cyclase) and intracellular injection of cyclic AMP and its dibutyryl and 8-bromo analogues. Cyclic AMP appeared to be the second messenger for the putative neuroglandular transmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3. Intracellular injection of cyclic GMP specifically potentiated high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ current and the effect was mimicked by zaprinast, an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent phosphodiesterase. 4. Extracellularly, cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP specifically decreased the amplitude and increased the rate of inactivation of HVA Ca2+ current. These effects of the cyclic nucleotides are identical to those known for extracellular ATP, which activates a presumed purinoceptor. The pyrimidine nucleotide, UTP, was almost equipotent to ATP (threshold dose < 10(-6) M), indicative of a vertebrate-type nucleotide receptor. However, suramin (5 x 10(-5) M), a non-specific P2-receptor antagonist, failed to block the effects of 5 x 10(-6) M ATP (higher suramin doses could not be reliably tested because of the depolarization and increase in membrane conductance produced by the drug). 5. Activation of the putative purinoceptor by ATP did not affect inward rectifier Na+/K+ current which is known to be potentiated by intracellular cyclic AMP and reduced by intracellular cyclic GMP. 6. The preparation may provide a useful model for study of nucleotide actions, and interactions, in channel modulation. It has technical advantages such as large cells (1200 microns in diameter) which lack intercellular coupling and may be individually dissected for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Everill
- Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park
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Wuttke WA, Berry MS. Rapid co-transport of sodium and chloride ions in giant salivary gland cells of the leech Haementeria ghilianii. J Physiol 1990; 427:51-69. [PMID: 2213605 PMCID: PMC1189919 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Double-barrelled Cl(-)-selective microelectrodes were used to measure the apparent intracellular Cl- activity (aiCl) and membrane potential (Em) of leech salivary gland cells. In standard physiological solution buffered with HEPES (10 mM), intracellular Cl- activity (corrected for interference) was 38 +/- 8 mM (n = 11) compared to a value of 12.8 mM expected for passive Cl- distribution. The mean Em was -49.4 +/- 8.2 mV (n = 21) which was about 27 mV negative to the Cl- equilibrium potential. 2. Removal of external Cl- led to a slow fall in aiCl until a steady-state level of 4-11 mM was reached in 30-60 min. Recovery of aiCl on readdition of external Cl- took only 2-3 min. The uptake followed an exponential time course having a single rate constant of 1.73 +/- 0.1 min-1 (n = 5) whereas the loss appeared to occur in two phases. Changes in external Cl- produced immediate changes in Em which were the opposite of those expected for a high Cl- permeability, i.e. Cl- removal produced an immediate hyperpolarization (3-18 mV) and readdition of Cl- produced a transient depolarization (5-22 mV). 3. The intracellular accumulation of Cl- was dependent on the external Cl- activity. Even when the external Cl- concentration was reduced to 3%, the cells accumulated Cl- against an electrochemical gradient. 4. Cl- accumulation was temperature sensitive (Q10 approximately 2). 5. On removal of external Na+, aiCl fell to a level which was close to that expected for passive distribution. The active reaccumulation of Cl-, after intracellular Cl- depletion, was abolished in the absence of external Na+; aiCl slowly increased to its passive level. Steady-state aiCl or its recovery by Cl(-)-depleted cells was not affected by the absence of K+ in the bathing solution. 6. The reaccumulation of Cl- was not affected by furosemide (1-5 mM), bumetanide (10(-4) M), amiloride (10(-3) M) or 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS, 10(-4) M). 7. Removal of external Cl- caused a fall in intracellular Na+ activity (aiNa, measured with Na(+)-selective microelectrodes) from 15.9 +/- 6.8 mM (n = 9) to 2.5 +/- 1.3 mM (n = 3). When external Cl- was readded, aiNa rose to 46.5 +/- 6.6 mM (n = 3) before slowly recovering towards its original value. The maximal change in aiNa was 41.7 +/- 4.5 mM (n = 3) and the rate constant for Na+ uptake was 1.8 +/- 0.4 min-1 (n = 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Wuttke
- Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park
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