1
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Tseng ZJ, Garcia-Lara S, Flynn JJ, Holmes E, Rowe TB, Dickson BV. A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220091. [PMID: 37183899 PMCID: PMC10184249 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary shift from a single-element ear, multi-element jaw to a multi-element ear, single-element jaw during the transition to crown mammals marks one of the most dramatic structural transformations in vertebrates. Research on this transformation has focused on mammalian middle-ear evolution, but a mandible comprising only the dentary is equally emblematic of this evolutionary radiation. Here, we show that the remarkably diverse jaw shapes of crown mammals are coupled with surprisingly stereotyped jaw stiffness. This strength-based morphofunctional regime has a genetic basis and allowed mammalian jaws to effectively resist deformation as they radiated into highly disparate forms with markedly distinct diets. The main functional consequences for the mandible of decoupling hearing and mastication were a trade-off between higher jaw stiffness versus decreased mechanical efficiency and speed compared with non-mammals. This fundamental and consequential shift in jaw form-function underpins the ecological and taxonomic diversification of crown mammals. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jack Tseng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Sergio Garcia-Lara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John J Flynn
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Emily Holmes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Timothy B Rowe
- Jackson School of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Blake V Dickson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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2
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Kenaley CP, Marecki MC, Lauder GV. The role of an overlooked adductor muscle in the feeding mechanism of ray-finned fishes: Predictions from simulations of a deep-sea viperfish. ZOOLOGY 2019; 135:125678. [PMID: 31383297 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In a majority of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), effective acquisition of food resources is predicated on rapid jaw adduction. Although the musculoskeletal architecture of the feeding system has been the subject of comparative research for many decades, individual contributions of the major adductor divisions to closing dynamics have not been elucidated. While it is understood that the dorsal divisions that arise from the head and insert on the posterior of the lower jaw are major contributors to closing dynamics, the contribution of the ventral components of the adductor system has been largely overlooked. In many ray-finned fishes, the ventral component is comprised of a single division, the Aω, that originates on an intersegmental aponeurosis of the facialis divisions and inserts on the medial face of the dentary, anterior to the Meckelian tendon. This configuration resembles a sling applied at two offset points of attachment on a third-order lever. The goal of this study was to elucidate the contributions of the Aω to jaw adduction by modeling jaw closing in the deep-sea viperfish Chauliodus sloani. To do this, we simulated adduction with a revised computational model that incorporates the geometry of the Aω. By comparing results between simulations that included and excluded Aω input, we show that the Aω adds substantially to lower-jaw adduction dynamics in C. sloani by acting as a steering motor and displacing the line of action of the dorsal facialis adductor muscles and increasing the mechanical advantage and input moment arms of the jaw lever system. We also explored the effect of the Aω on muscle dynamics and found that overall facialis muscle shortening velocities are higher and normalized force production is lower in simulations including the Aω. The net effect of these changes in muscle dynamics results in similar magnitudes of peak power in the facialis divisions between simulations, however, peak power is achieved earlier in adduction Modifications of muscle mechanics and posture result in significant increases in closing performance, including static bite force, angular velocity, and adduction time. We compare this configuration to a similar design in crocodilians and suggest that the Aω configuration and similar sling configurations across the vertebrate tree of life indicate the importance of this musculoskeletal design in feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Kenaley
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Mikhaila C Marecki
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George V Lauder
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Brocklehurst R, Porro L, Herrel A, Adriaens D, Rayfield E. A digital dissection of two teleost fishes: comparative functional anatomy of the cranial musculoskeletal system in pike (Esox lucius) and eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Anat 2019; 235:189-204. [PMID: 31148160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in X-ray computed tomography (CT) have led to a rise in the use of non-destructive imaging methods in comparative anatomy. Among these is contrast-enhanced CT scanning, which employs chemical stains to visualize soft tissues. Specimens may then be 'digitally dissected', producing detailed, three-dimensional digital reconstructions of the soft- and hard-tissue anatomy, allowing examination of anatomical structures in situ and making accurate measurements (lengths, volumes, etc.). Here, we apply this technique to two species of teleost fish, providing one of the first comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) descriptions of teleost cranial soft tissue and quantifying differences in muscle anatomy that may be related to differences in feeding ecology. Two species with different feeding ecologies were stained, scanned and imaged to create digital 3D musculoskeletal reconstructions: Esox lucius (Northern Pike), predominantly a suction feeder; and Anguilla anguilla (European eel), which captures prey predominantly by biting. Muscle cross-sectional areas were calculated and compared between taxa, focusing on muscles that serve important roles in feeding. The adductor mandibulae complex - used in biting - was larger in Esox than Anguilla relative to head size. However, the overall architecture of the adductor mandibulae was also very different between the two species, with that of Anguilla better optimized for delivering forceful bites. Levator arcus palatini and sternohyoideus - which are used in suction feeding - are larger in Esox, whereas the levator operculi is larger in Anguilla. Therefore, differences in the size of functionally important muscles do not necessarily correlate neatly with presumed differences in feeding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 (MNHN-CNRS) MECADEV, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Emily Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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4
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Huby A, Lowie A, Herrel A, Vigouroux R, Frédérich B, Raick X, Kurchevski G, Godinho AL, Parmentier E. Functional diversity in biters: the evolutionary morphology of the oral jaw system in pacus, piranhas and relatives (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Serrasalmid fishes form a highly specialized group of biters that show a large trophic diversity, ranging from pacus able to crush seeds to piranhas capable of cutting flesh. Their oral jaw system has been hypothesized to be forceful, but variation in bite performance and morphology with respect to diet has not previously been investigated. We tested whether herbivorous species have higher bite forces, larger jaw muscles and more robust jaws than carnivorous species. We measured in vivo and theoretical bite forces in 27 serrasalmid species. We compared the size of the adductor mandibulae muscle, the jaw mechanical advantages, the type of jaw occlusion, and the size and shape of the lower jaw. We also examined the association between bite performance and functional morphological traits of the oral jaw system. Contrary to our predictions, carnivorous piranhas deliver stronger bites than their herbivorous counterparts. The size of the adductor mandibulae muscle varies with bite force and muscles are larger in carnivorous species. Our study highlights an underestimated level of functional morphological diversity in a fish group of exclusive biters. We provide evidence that the trophic specialization towards carnivory in piranhas results from changes in the configuration of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the lower jaw shape, which have major effects on bite performance and bite strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Huby
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR7179 MNHN/CNRS, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Régis Vigouroux
- HYDRECO GUYANE, Laboratory Environment of Petit Saut, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Xavier Raick
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gregório Kurchevski
- Fish Passage Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Eric Parmentier
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Gurley M, Motta P. An Analysis of Extraocular Muscle Forces in the Piked Dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:837-844. [PMID: 30312010 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates utilize six extraocular muscles that attach to a tough, protective sclera to rotate the eye. The goal of the study was to describe the maximum tetanic forces, as well as the torques produced by the six extraocular muscles of the piked dogfish Squalus acanthias to understand the forces exerted on the eye. The lateral rectus extraocular muscle of Squalus acanthias was determined to be parallel fibered with the muscle fibers bundled into discrete fascicles. The extraocular muscles attach to the sclera by muscular insertions. The total tensile forces generated by the extraocular muscles ranged from 1.18 N to 2.21 N. The torques of the extraocular muscles ranged from 0.39 N to 2.34 N. The torques were greatest in the principal direction of movement for each specific muscle. The lateral rectus produced the greatest total tensile force, as well as the greatest torque force component, while the medial rectus produced the second greatest. This is likely due to the constant rotational movement of the eye anteriorly and posteriorly to stabilize the visual image, as well as increase the effective visual field during swimming. Rotational forces in dimensions other than the primary direction of movement may contribute to motion in directions other than the principal direction during multi-muscle contraction that occurs in the vertebrate eye. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:837-844, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gurley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Philip Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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6
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Cephalic specializations in relation to a second set of jaws in muraenids. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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De Meyer J, Goethals T, Van Wassenbergh S, Augustijns T, Habraken J, Hellemans J, Vandewiele V, Dhaene J, Bouillart M, Adriaens D. Dimorphism throughout the European eel's life cycle: are ontogenetic changes in head shape related to dietary differences? J Anat 2018; 233:289-301. [PMID: 29855043 PMCID: PMC6081510 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-known link exists between an organism's ecology and morphology. In the European eel, a dimorphic head has been linked to differences in feeding ecology, with broad-headed eels consuming harder prey items than narrow-headed ones. Consequently, we hypothesized that broad-heads should exhibit a cranial musculoskeletal system that increases bite force and facilitates the consumption of harder prey. Using 3D-reconstructions and a bite model, we tested this hypothesis in two life stages: the sub-adult yellow eel stage and its predecessor, the elver eel stage. This allowed us to test whether broad- and narrow-headed phenotypes show similar trait differences in both life stages and whether the dimorphism becomes more pronounced during ontogeny. We show that broad-headed eels in both stages have larger jaw muscles and a taller coronoid, which are associated with higher bite forces. This increased bite force together with the elongated upper and lower jaws in broad-headed eels can also improve grip during spinning behavior, which is used to manipulate hard prey. Head shape variation in European eel is therefore associated with musculoskeletal variation that can be linked to feeding ecology. However, although differences in muscle volume become more pronounced during ontogeny, this was not the case for skeletal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. De Meyer
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - T. Goethals
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - S. Van Wassenbergh
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N.Paris Cedex 05France
| | - T. Augustijns
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - J. Habraken
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - J. Hellemans
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - V. Vandewiele
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - J. Dhaene
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUGCT – Radiation PhysicsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - M. Bouillart
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - D. Adriaens
- Evolutionary Morphology of VertebratesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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8
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Leischner CL, Crouch M, Allen KL, Marchi D, Pastor F, Hartstone‐Rose A. Scaling of Primate Forearm Muscle Architecture as It Relates to Locomotion and Posture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:484-495. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L. Leischner
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine South Carolina
| | - Michael Crouch
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine South Carolina
| | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis; Department of AnthropologyWashington University in St. LouisWashington
| | - Damiano Marchi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaVia Derna 1, Pisa, 56126 Italy
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the WitwatersrandPrivate Bag 3, Wits, 2050 South Africa
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomía y RadiologíaUniversidad de ValladolidValladolid Spain
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9
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De Meyer J, Herrel A, Belpaire C, Goemans G, Ide C, De Kegel B, Christiaens J, Adriaens D. Broader head, stronger bite: In vivo bite forces in European eel Anguilla anguilla. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:268-273. [PMID: 29193066 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work examined three different phenotypes of the yellow-eel stage of the European eel Anguilla anguilla, broad-heads, narrow-heads and eels with an intermediate head shape. The aim was to see whether broad-headed A. anguilla, which generally consume harder, larger prey, such as crustaceans and fish, exerted greater bite force than the narrow-headed variant, which mainly consume soft, small prey such as chironomid larvae. It was found that in 99 yellow A. anguilla, in vivo bite force of broad-heads are higher compared with narrow-heads and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Meyer
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Herrel
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - C Belpaire
- Institute for Nature and Forest Research (INBO), Dwersbos 28, 1630 Linkebeek, Belgium
| | - G Goemans
- Institute for Nature and Forest Research (INBO), Dwersbos 28, 1630 Linkebeek, Belgium
| | - C Ide
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B De Kegel
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Christiaens
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Adriaens
- Department of Biology Evolutionary, Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Meyers JJ, Nishikawa KC, Herrel A. The evolution of bite force in horned lizards: the influence of dietary specialization. J Anat 2017; 232:214-226. [PMID: 29159806 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary specialization is an important driver of the morphology and performance of the feeding system in many organisms, yet the evolution of phenotypic specialization has only rarely been examined within a species complex. Horned lizards are considered primarily myrmecophagous (ant eating), but variation in diet among the 17 species of horned lizards (Phrynosoma) makes them an ideal group to examine the relationship between dietary specialization and the resultant morphological and functional changes of the feeding system. In this study, we perform a detailed analysis of the jaw adductor musculature and use a biomechanical model validated with in vivo bite force data to examine the evolution of bite force in Phrynosoma. Our model simulations demonstrate that bite force varies predictably with respect to the gape angle and bite position along the tooth row, with maximal bite forces being attained at lower gape angles and at the posterior tooth positions. Maximal bite forces vary considerably among horned lizards, with highly myrmecophagous species exhibiting very low bite forces. In contrast, members of the short-horned lizard clade are able to bite considerably harder than even closely related dietary generalists. This group appears to be built for performing crushing bites and may represent a divergent morphology adapted for eating hard prey items. The evolutionary loss of processing morphology (teeth, jaw and muscle reduction) and bite force in ant specialists may be a response to the lack of prey processing rather than a functional adaptation per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Meyers
- Physiology and Functional Morphology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kiisa C Nishikawa
- Physiology and Functional Morphology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex 5, France
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11
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De Meyer J, Van Wassenbergh S, Bouilliart M, Dhaene J, Adriaens D. Built to bite? Differences in cranial morphology and bite performance between narrow- and broad-headed European glass eels. J Morphol 2017; 279:349-360. [PMID: 29148085 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence of two phenotypes in a single species is a widespread phenomenon, also observed in European eel (Anguilla anguilla). This dimorphism has been related to dietary differences in the subadult elver and yellow eel stages, with broad-heads generally feeding on harder and/or larger-bodied prey items than narrow-heads. Nevertheless, both broad- and narrow-headed phenotypes can already be found among glass eels, the stage preceding the elver eel stage. As these glass eels are considered nonfeeding, we investigate here to what degree the observed variation in head width is reflected in variation in the musculoskeletal feeding system, as well as whether this reflects the same variation observed in the older, dimorphic yellow eels. Additionally, we investigate whether musculoskeletal differences between broad- and narrow-headed glass eels have implications on their feeding performance and could thus impact prey preference when eels start feeding. Therefore, we compared the cranial musculoskeletal system of five broad- and narrow-headed glass eels using 3D-reconstructions and simulated the glass eel's bite force using the data of the muscle reconstructions. We found that the variation in the musculoskeletal system of glass eels indeed reflects that of the yellow eels. Broader heads were related to larger jaw muscles, responsible for mouth closure. Accordingly, broad-heads could generate higher bite forces than narrow-headed glass eels. In addition, broader heads were associated with higher coronoid processes and shorter hyomandibulae, beneficial for dealing with higher mechanical loadings and consequently, harder prey. We, thus, show that head width variation in glass eels is related to musculoskeletal differences which, in turn, can affect feeding performance. As such, differences in prey preference can already take place the moment the eels start feeding, potentially leading to the dimorphism observed in the elver and yellow eel stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens De Meyer
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55, Paris Cedex 05, 75231, France
| | - Mathias Bouilliart
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jelle Dhaene
- UGCT - Radiation Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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12
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Habegger ML, Huber DH, Lajeunesse MJ, Motta PJ. Theoretical calculations of bite force in billfishes. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Habegger
- Department of Biology Florida Southern College Lakeland FL USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission St. Petersburg FL USA
| | - D. H. Huber
- Department of Biology The University of Tampa Tampa FL USA
| | - M. J. Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - P. J. Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
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13
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Olsen AM, Westneat MW. Linkage mechanisms in the vertebrate skull: Structure and function of three-dimensional, parallel transmission systems. J Morphol 2016; 277:1570-1583. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Olsen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; 1027 E. 57th Street Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Mark W. Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; 1027 E. 57th Street Chicago Illinois 60637
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14
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Edwards S, Herrel A, Vanhooydonck B, Measey GJ, Tolley KA. Diving in head first: trade-offs between phenotypic traits and sand-diving predator escape strategy inMerolesdesert lizards. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Edwards
- South African National Biodiversity Institute; Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN; 57 rue Cuvier Case postale 55 75231 Paris France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Bieke Vanhooydonck
- Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - G. John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute; Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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15
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Eagderi S, Christiaens J, Boone M, Jacobs P, Adriaens D. Functional Morphology of the Feeding Apparatus inSimenchelys parasitica(Simenchelyinae: Synaphobranchidae), an Alleged Parasitic Eel. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-15-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Barros FC, de Carvalho JE, Abe AS, Kohlsdorf T. Beyond body size: muscle biochemistry and body shape explain ontogenetic variation of anti-predatory behaviour in the lizard Salvator merianae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1649-58. [PMID: 26994181 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.130740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-predatory behaviour evolves under the strong action of natural selection because the success of individuals avoiding predation essentially defines their fitness. Choice of anti-predatory strategies is defined by prey characteristics as well as environmental temperature. An additional dimension often relegated in this multilevel equation is the ontogenetic component. In the tegu Salvator merianae, adults run away from predators at high temperatures but prefer fighting when it is cold, whereas juveniles exhibit the same flight strategy within a wide thermal range. Here, we integrate physiology and morphology to understand ontogenetic variation in the temperature-dependent shift of anti-predatory behaviour in these lizards. We compiled data for body shape and size, and quantified enzyme activity in hindlimb and head muscles, testing the hypothesis that morphophysiological models explain ontogenetic variation in behavioural associations. Our prediction is that juveniles exhibit body shape and muscle biochemistry that enhance flight strategies. We identified biochemical differences between muscles mainly in the LDH:CS ratio, whereby hindlimb muscles were more glycolytic than the jaw musculature. Juveniles, which often use evasive strategies to avoid predation, have more glycolytic hindlimb muscles and are much smaller when compared with adults 1-2 years old. Ontogenetic differences in body shape were identified but marginally contributed to behavioural variation between juvenile and adult tegus, and variation in anti-predatory behaviour in these lizards resides mainly in associations between body size and muscle biochemistry. Our results are discussed in the ecological context of predator avoidance by individuals differing in body size living at temperature-variable environments, where restrictions imposed by the cold could be compensated by specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Cury de Barros
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - campus Diadema, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Augusto Shinya Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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Dutel H, Herbin M, Clément G, Herrel A. Bite force in the extant coelacanth Latimeria: the role of the intracranial joint and the basicranial muscle. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1228-33. [PMID: 25891405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The terrestrialization process involved dramatic changes in the cranial anatomy of vertebrates. The braincase, which was initially divided into two portions by the intracranial joint in sarcopterygian fishes, became consolidated into a single unit in tetrapods and lungfishes [1-3]. The coelacanth Latimeria is the only extant vertebrate that retains an intracranial joint, which is associated with a unique paired muscle: the basicranial muscle. The intracranial joint has long been thought to be involved in suction feeding by allowing an extensive elevation of the anterior portion of the skull, followed by its rapid depression driven by the basicranial muscle [4-7]. However, we recently challenged this hypothesis [8, 9], and the role of the basicranial muscle with respect to the intracranial joint thus remains unclear. Using 3D biomechanical modeling, we show here that the basicranial muscle and the intracranial joint are involved in biting force generation. By flexing the anterior portion of the skull at the level of the intracranial joint, the basicranial muscle increases the overall bite force. This likely allows Latimeria to feed on a broad range of preys [10, 11] and coelacanths to colonize a wide range of environments during their evolution [4]. The variation in the morphology of the intracranial joint observed in Devonian lobe-finned fishes would have impacted to various degrees their biting performance and might have permitted feeding specializations despite the stability in their lower jaw morphology [12]. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Dutel
- RIKEN Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, Kobe Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS-MNHN, Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés, Département Écologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Gaël Clément
- Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS-MNHN, Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés, Département Écologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France; Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Ferguson AR, Huber DR, Lajeunesse MJ, Motta PJ. Feeding performance of king Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:399-413. [PMID: 25845956 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Feeding performance is an organism's ability to capture and handle prey. Although bite force is a commonly used metric of feeding performance, other factors such as bite pressure and strike speed are also likely to affect prey capture. Therefore, this study investigated static bite force, dynamic speeds, and predator and prey forces resulting from ram strikes, as well as bite pressure of the king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, in order to examine their relative contributions to overall feeding performance. Theoretical posterior bite force ranged from 14.0-318.7 N. Ram speed, recorded with a rod and reel incorporated with a line counter and video camera, ranged from 3.3-15.8B L/s. Impact forces on the prey ranged from 0.1-1.9 N. Bite pressure, estimated using theoretical bite forces at three gape angles and tooth cross-sectional areas, ranged from 1.7-56.9 MPa. Mass-specific bite force for king mackerel is relatively low in comparison with other bony fishes and sharks, with relatively little impact force applied to the prey during the strike. This suggests that king mackerel rely on high velocity chases and high bite pressure generated via sharp, laterally compressed teeth to maximize feeding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel R Huber
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Marc J Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Philip J Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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19
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Datovo A, Vari RP. The adductor mandibulae muscle complex in lower teleostean fishes (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii): comparative anatomy, synonymy, and phylogenetic implications. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aléssio Datovo
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Nazaré 481 04263-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto; FFCLRP; Departamento de Biologia; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Division of Fishes; Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; MRC-159, PO Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Richard P. Vari
- Division of Fishes; Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; MRC-159, PO Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
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Sagonas K, Pafilis P, Lymberakis P, Donihue CM, Herrel A, Valakos ED. Insularity affects head morphology, bite force and diet in a Mediterranean lizard. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Sagonas
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15784 Athens Greece
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Department of Zoology and Marine Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15784 Athens Greece
| | - Petros Lymberakis
- Natural History Museum of Crete; University of Crete; Knossos Ave PO Box 2208 71409 Irakleio Crete Greece
| | - Colin M. Donihue
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN; 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Efstratios D. Valakos
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupoli Zografou 15784 Athens Greece
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SCHAERLAEKEN VICKY, HOLANOVA VERONIKA, BOISTEL R, AERTS PETER, VELENSKY PETR, REHAK IVAN, ANDRADE DENISV, HERREL ANTHONY. Built to Bite: Feeding Kinematics, Bite Forces, and Head Shape of a Specialized Durophagous Lizard, Dracaena Guianensis (Teiidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 317:371-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. BOISTEL
- IPHEP-UMR CNRS 6046, UFR SFA; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers; France
| | - PETER AERTS
- Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Antwerpen; Belgium
| | | | | | - DENIS V. ANDRADE
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Rio Claro; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - ANTHONY HERREL
- UMR 7179,; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Département EGB; Paris; France
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BARROS FC, HERREL A, KOHLSDORF T. Head shape evolution in Gymnophthalmidae: does habitat use constrain the evolution of cranial design in fossorial lizards? J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2423-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Mehta RS, Ward AB, Alfaro ME, Wainwright PC. Elongation of the Body in Eels. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:1091-105. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Davis JL, Santana SE, Dumont ER, Grosse IR. Predicting bite force in mammals: two-dimensional versus three-dimensional lever models. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1844-51. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Bite force is a measure of whole-organism performance that is often used to investigate the relationships between performance, morphology and fitness. When in vivo measurements of bite force are unavailable, researchers often turn to lever models to predict bite forces. This study demonstrates that bite force predictions based on two-dimensional (2-D) lever models can be improved by including three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and realistic physiological cross-sectional areas derived from dissections. Widely used, the 2-D method does a reasonable job of predicting bite force. However, it does so by over predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the masseter and pterygoid muscles and under predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the temporalis muscle. We found that lever models that include the three dimensional structure of the skull and mandible and physiological cross-sectional areas calculated from dissected muscles provide the best predictions of bite force. Models that accurately represent the biting mechanics strengthen our understanding of which variables are functionally relevant and how they are relevant to feeding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - S. E. Santana
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - E. R. Dumont
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - I. R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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25
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Head morphology of the duckbill eel, Hoplunnis punctata (Regan, 1915; Nettastomatidae: Anguilliformes) in relation to jaw elongation. ZOOLOGY 2010; 113:148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jaw-muscle fiber architecture in tufted capuchins favors generating relatively large muscle forces without compromising jaw gape. J Hum Evol 2009; 57:710-20. [PMID: 19875148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tufted capuchins (sensu lato) are renowned for their dietary flexibility and capacity to exploit hard and tough objects. Cebus apella differs from other capuchins in displaying a suite of craniodental features that have been functionally and adaptively linked to their feeding behavior, particularly the generation and dissipation of relatively large jaw forces. We compared fiber architecture of the masseter and temporalis muscles between C. apella (n=12) and two "untufted" capuchins (C. capucinus, n=3; C. albifrons, n=5). These three species share broadly similar diets, but tufted capuchins occasionally exploit mechanically challenging tissues. We tested the hypothesis that tufted capuchins exhibit architectural properties of their jaw muscles that facilitate relatively large forces including relatively greater physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA), more pinnate fibers, and lower ratios of mass to tetanic tension (Mass/P(0)). Results show some evidence supporting these predictions, as C. apella has relatively greater superficial masseter and temporalis PCSAs, significantly so only for the temporalis following Bonferroni adjustment. Capuchins did not differ in pinnation angle or Mass/P(0). As an architectural trade-off between maximizing muscle force and muscle excursion/contraction velocity, we also tested the hypothesis that C. apella exhibits relatively shorter muscle fibers. Contrary to our prediction, there are no significant differences in relative fiber lengths between tufted and untufted capuchins. Therefore, we attribute the relatively greater PCSAs in tufted capuchins primarily to their larger muscle masses. These findings suggest that relatively large jaw-muscle PCSAs can be added to the suite of masticatory features that have been functionally linked to the exploitation of a more resistant diet by C. apella. By enlarging jaw-muscle mass to increase PCSA, rather than reducing fiber lengths and increasing pinnation, tufted capuchins appear to have increased jaw-muscle and bite forces without markedly compromising muscle excursion and contraction velocity. One performance advantage of this morphology is that it promotes relatively large bite forces at wide jaw gapes, which may be useful for processing large food items along the posterior dentition. We further hypothesize that this morphological pattern may have the ecological benefit of facilitating the dietary diversity seen in tufted capuchins. Lastly, the observed feeding on large objects, coupled with a jaw-muscle architecture that facilitates this behavior, raises concerns about utilizing C. apella as an extant behavioral model for hominins that might have specialized on small objects in their diets.
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Organ JM, Teaford MF, Taylor AB. Functional correlates of fiber architecture of the lateral caudal musculature in prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the platyrrhini (primates) and procyonidae (carnivora). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:827-41. [PMID: 19402068 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prehensile-tailed platyrrhines (atelines and Cebus) and procyonids (Potos) display bony tail features that have been functionally and adaptively linked to their prehensile behaviors, particularly the need to resist relatively greater bending and torsional stresses associated with supporting their body weight during suspensory postures. We compared fiber architecture of the mm. intertransversarii caudae (ITC), the prime tail lateral flexors/rotators, in 40 individuals distributed across 8 platyrrhine and 2 procyonid genera, divided into one of two groups: prehensile or nonprehensile. We tested the hypothesis that prehensile-tailed taxa exhibit relatively greater physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) to maintain tail suspensory postures for extended periods. As an architectural trade-off of maximizing force, we also predicted prehensile-tailed taxa would exhibit relatively shorter, more pinnate fibers, and a lower mass to tetanic tension ratio (Mass/P(O)). Prehensile-tailed taxa have relatively higher PCSAs in all tail regions, indicating their capacity to generate relatively greater maximum muscle forces compared to nonprehensile-tailed taxa. Contrary to our predictions, there are no group differences in pinnation angles, fiber lengths or M/P(O) ratios. Therefore, the relatively greater prehensile PCSAs are driven largely by relative increase in muscle mass. These findings suggest that relatively greater ITC PCSAs can be functionally linked to the need for prehensile-tailed taxa to suspend and support their body weight during arboreal behaviors. Moreover, maximizing ITC force production may not come at the expense of muscle excursion/contraction velocity. One advantage of this architectural configuration is it facilitates suspension of the body while simultaneously maximizing tail contact with the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Organ
- Department of Surgery, Center for Anatomical Science and Education, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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28
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Kleinteich T, Haas A, Summers AP. Caecilian jaw-closing mechanics: integrating two muscle systems. J R Soc Interface 2009; 5:1491-504. [PMID: 18482905 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) are unique among vertebrates in having two sets of jaw-closing muscles, one on either side of the jaw joint. Using data from high-resolution X-ray radiation computed tomography scans, we modelled the effect of these two muscle groups (mm. levatores mandibulae and m. interhyoideus posterior) on bite force over a range of gape angles, employing a simplified lever arm mechanism that takes into account muscle cross-sectional area and fibre angle. Measurements of lever arm lengths, muscle fibre orientations and physiological cross-sectional area of cranial muscles were available from three caecilian species: Ichthyophis cf. kohtaoensis; Siphonops annulatus; and Typhlonectes natans. The maximal gape of caecilians is restricted by a critical gape angle above which the mm. levatores mandibulae will open the jaw and destabilize the mandibular joint. The presence of destabilizing forces in the caecilian jaw mechanism may be compensated for by a mandibular joint in that the fossa is wrapped around the condyle to resist dislocation. The caecilian skull is streptostylic; the quadrate-squamosal complex moves with respect to the rest of the skull. This increases the leverage of the jaw-closing muscles. We also demonstrate that the unusual jaw joint requires streptostyly because there is a dorsolateral movement of the quadrate-squamosal complex when the jaw closes. The combination of the two jaw-closing systems results in high bite forces over a wide range of gape angles, an important advantage for generalist feeders such as caecilians. The relative sizes and leverage mechanics of the two closing systems allow one to exert more force when the other has a poor mechanical advantage. This effect is seen in all three species we examined. In the aquatic T. natans, with its less well-roofed skull, there is a larger contribution of the mm. levatores mandibulae to total bite force than in the terrestrial I. cf. kohtaoensis and S. annulatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kleinteich
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Mara KR, Motta PJ, Huber DR. Bite force and performance in the durophagous bonnethead shark,Sphyrna tiburo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 313:95-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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WYCKMANS MARISA, VAN WASSENBERGH SAM, ADRIAENS DOMINIQUE, VAN DAMME RAOUL, HERREL ANTHONY. Size-related changes in cranial morphology affect diet in the catfish Clariallabes longicauda. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Wassenbergh S, Herrel A, James RS, Aerts P. Scaling of contractile properties of catfish feeding muscles. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:1183-93. [PMID: 17371917 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical models are intrinsically limited in explaining the ontogenetic scaling relationships for prey capture kinematics in aquatic vertebrates because no data are available on the scaling of intrinsic contractile properties of the muscles that power feeding. However, functional insight into scaling relationships is fundamental to our understanding of the ecology, performance and evolution of animals. In this study, in vitro contractile properties of three feeding muscles were determined for a series of different sizes of African air-breathing catfishes (Clarias gariepinus). These muscles were the mouth closer musculus adductor mandibulae A2A3′, the mouth opener m. protractor hyoidei and the hypaxial muscles responsible for pectoral girdle retraction. Tetanus and twitch activation rise times increased significantly with size, while latency time was size independent. In accordance with the decrease in feeding velocity with increasing size, the cycle frequency for maximal power output of the protractor hyoidei and the adductor mandibulae showed a negative scaling relationship. Theoretical modelling predicts a scaling relationship for in vivo muscle function during which these muscles always produced at least 80% of their maximal in vitro power. These findings suggest that the contractile properties of these feeding muscles are fine-tuned to the changes in biomechanical constraints of movement of the feeding apparatus during ontogeny. However, each muscle appears to have a unique set of contractile properties. The hypaxials, the most important muscle for powering suction feeding in clariid catfish, differed from the other muscles by generating higher maximal stress and mass-specific power output with increased size,whilst the optimum cycle frequency for maximal power output only decreased significantly with size in the larger adults (cranial lengths greater than 60 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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De Schepper N, De Kegel B, Adriaens D. Morphological specializations in heterocongrinae (Anguilliformes: Congridae) related to burrowing and feeding. J Morphol 2007; 268:343-56. [PMID: 17351957 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable lifestyle of heterocongrines has drawn the attention of many authors in the past, though no or little attention has been paid to the morphology of the tail and the head of these species. In order to examine the true nature of possible morphological specializations of the head and tail and their relation to their tail-first burrowing habit and/or feeding mode, a detailed myological and osteological study of Heteroconger hassi and Heteroconger longissimus was performed. The osteological similarities of the cranial skeleton between H. hassi and H. longissimus are striking. Most of the cranial muscles show no variation in presence, insertion or origin between these two species except for the adductor mandibulae complex, the adductor hyomandibulae and the intermandibularis. The adductor mandibulae complex is small, compared to that of other anguilliform species, and is probably related to their suction-dominated feeding mode and a diet, comprising mainly small, soft prey items. Heterocongrinae have undergone several morphological specializations in the tail for their tail-first burrowing lifestyle. The skeleton and musculature of the tail of H. hassi and H. longissimus are similar. In both species the caudal skeleton is highly reduced and fortified, forming a firm, pointed burrowing tool. Intrinsic caudal musculature is reduced and some muscles (interradials, supracarinalis) are even absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Schepper
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Van Wassenbergh S, Herrel A, Adriaens D, Aerts P. No trade-off between biting and suction feeding performance in clariid catfishes. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:27-36. [PMID: 17170145 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
It is generally assumed that biting performance trades off with suction performance in fish because both feeding types may place conflicting demands on the cranial musculo-skeletal system. However, the functional consequences of morphological adaptations enhancing biting on the mechanics and performance of suction feeding in fish remain obscure. In this study, suction feeding performance was compared between three clariid catfish species differing considerably in their biting capacity, by measuring the velocity of a standardized prey being sucked into the buccal cavity using high-speed cineradiography. In addition, buccal volume changes during prey capture were quantified by ellipse modelling. As all species were able to accelerate the prey to similar peak velocities, our results demonstrate the possibility for catfishes to increase bite performance considerably without compromising suction performance. The amount of buccal expansion in the ventral direction is approximately equal for all species. Consequently, the system generating expansion through ventral rotation of the lower jaw, hyoid and pectoral girdle is apparently not constrained (mechanically or architectonically) by the hypertrophy of the jaw adductors. As the effect of a reduced magnitude of lateral expansion (suspensorium abduction) on suction performance in Clariidae appears to be negligible (for example in Gymnallabes typus), these data demonstrate the dominant role of ventral expansion for producing suction in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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De Schepper N, De Kegel B, Adriaens D. Pisodonophis boro (ophichthidae: anguilliformes): Specialization for head-first and tail-first burrowing? J Morphol 2007; 268:112-26. [PMID: 17236188 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rice paddy eel, Pisodonophis boro (P. boro), is of special interest because of its peculiar burrowing habits. P. boro penetrates the substrate tail-first, a technique common for ophichthids, but it is able to burrow head-first as well. P. boro exhibits three feeding modes: inertial feeding, grasping, and spinning. Rotational feeding is a highly specialized feeding mode, adopted by several elongate, aquatic vertebrates and it is likely that some morphological modifications are related to this feeding mode. The detailed morphology of the head and tail of P. boro is examined with the goal to apportion the anatomical specializations among head-first burrowing, tail-first burrowing, and rotational feeding. The reduced eyes, covered with thick corneas may be beneficial for protection during head-first burrowing, but at the same time decreased visual acuity may have an impact on other sensory systems (e.g. cephalic lateral line system). The elongated and pointed shape of the skull is beneficial for substrate penetration. The cranial bones and their joints, which are fortified, are advantageous for resisting high mechanical loads during head-first burrowing. The aponeurotic connection between epaxial and jaw muscles is considered beneficial for transferring these forces from the body to the head during rotational feeding. Hypertrophied jaw muscles facilitate a powerful bite, which is required to hold prey during spinning movements and variability in the fiber angles of subdivisions of jaw muscles may be beneficial for preventing the lower jaw from being dislodged or opened. Furthermore, firm upper (premaxillo-ethmovomerine complex) and lower jaws (with robust coronoid processes) and high neurocranial rigidity are advantageous for a solid grip to hold prey during rotational feeding. The pointed shape of the tail and the consolidated caudal skeleton are beneficial for their tail-first burrowing habits. It is quite likely that the reduction of the caudal musculature is related to the tail-first burrowing behavior because the subtle movements of the caudal fin rays are no longer required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie De Schepper
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Van Wassenbergh S, Herrel A, Adriaens D, Aerts P. Modulation and variability of prey capture kinematics in clariid catfishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 305:559-69. [PMID: 16615101 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Species with narrow or limited diets (trophic specialists) are expected to be less flexible in their feeding repertoire compared to species feeding on a wide range of different prey (trophic generalists). The ability to modulate prey capture kinematics in response to different prey types and prey position, as well as the overall variability in prey capture kinematics, is evaluated in four clariid species ranging from trophic generalist (Clarias gariepinus) to species with morphological specializations and a narrow diet (Channallabes apus and Gymnallabes typus). High-speed video recordings were made of prey captures on two prey that differ in shape, attachment strength and hardness. While the observed amount of strike-to-strike variability in prey capture kinematics is similar for all species and not influenced by prey type, only the two less specialized species showed the ability to modulate their prey capture kinematics in function of the presented prey types. All species did, however, show positional modulation during the strike by adjusting the magnitude of neurocranial elevation. These results indicate that the narrow dietary breadth of trophic specialists is indeed indicative of functional stereotypy in this group of fishes. Although most studies focussing on prey processing found a similar result, the present study is one of the few that was able to demonstrate this relationship when focussing on prey capture mechanics. Possibly, this relationship is less frequently observed for prey capture compared to prey processing because, regardless of prey type, the initial capture of prey requires a higher amount of variability.
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Morphology of the cranial system of Platyclarias machadoi: interdependencies of skull flattening and suspensorial structure in Clariidae. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-005-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Herrel A, Van Wassenbergh S, Wouters S, Adriaens D, Aerts P. A functional morphological approach to the scaling of the feeding system in the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:2091-102. [PMID: 15914653 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYEffects of size are pervasive and affect nearly all aspects of the biology of animals and plants. Theoretical scaling models have been developed to predict the effects of size on the functioning of musculo-skeletal systems. Although numerous experimental studies have investigated the effects of size on the movements of skeletal elements during locomotion and feeding in vertebrates, relatively little is known about the scaling of the muscles and bones responsible for the actual movements. Here, we examine the scaling of external morphology, skeletal elements of the feeding system, and a number of cranial muscles to understand how this may affect the movements observed during suction feeding in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. The results show that neither the head nor the cranial elements themselves scale according to geometric similarity models. Relative to head size,distinct changes in the mass and configuration of the feeding structures takes place. Unexpectedly, different cranial muscles show different scaling patterns that ultimately all lead to a positive allometry of muscle cross-sectional area relative to fish head size. This suggests that (1) the scaling of the cranial elements cannot be predicted a priori based on the scaling of external head dimensions and (2) the scaling of the feeding system is optimised towards high force output in the larger animals. An analysis of the consequences of the observed changes in morphology with size on performance traits, including bite force and jaw closing velocity, suggests a tight link between the scaling of the feeding system and the natural diet of these fish. Whereas for smaller size classes the system is tuned towards high bite forces,for animals with cranial lengths greater than 65 mm the scaling of the feeding system appears to be dictated by the hydrodynamic constraints on suction feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Herrel
- Dept Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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De Schepper N, Adriaens D, De Kegel B. Moringua edwardsi (Moringuidae: Anguilliformes): Cranial specialization for head-first burrowing? J Morphol 2005; 266:356-68. [PMID: 16235254 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The order Anguilliformes forms a natural group of eel-like species. Moringua edwardsi (Moringuidae) is of special interest because of its peculiar fossorial lifestyle: this species burrows head-first. Externally pronounced morphological specializations for a fossorial lifestyle include: reduced eyes, lack of color, low or absent paired vertical fins, elongated, cylindrical body, reduced head pores of the lateral line system, etc. Many fossorial amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals have evolved similar external specializations related to burrowing. The present study focuses on osteological and myological features of M. edwardsi in order to evaluate the structural modifications that may have evolved as adaptations to burrowing. Convergent evolutionary structures and possible relations with head-first burrowing, miniaturization, feeding habits, etc., were investigated. Body elongation, reduction of the eyes, modified cranial lateral line system, and modified skull shape (pointed though firm) can be considered specializations for head-first burrowing. Hyperossification can probably be regarded more as a specialization to both head-first burrowing and feeding, even though an impact of miniaturization cannot be excluded. Hypertrophied adductor mandibulae muscles and the enlarged coronoid process can be associated with both feeding requirements (it enhances bite forces necessary for their predatory behavior) and with a burrowing lifestyle, as well as miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Schepper
- Ghent University, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Belgium.
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