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Hu X, Yu L, Zhu Z, Bao F, Lin J, Tu C, Lin P. A self-cleaning micro-fluidic chip biospired by the filtering system of manta rays. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3064-3079. [PMID: 38757493 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Size-based particle filtration has become indispensable in numerous biomedical and environmental applications. In this study, bioinspired by the filter-feeding mechanism (lobe filtration) of manta rays, we designed a U-shaped biomimetic gill rake filter that combined lobe filtration and Dean flow to filter monodisperse suspensions, bi-disperse suspensions and yeast cells. Compared with other equipment using the inertial focusing technology, our equipment can perform high-throughput (up to 8 mL min-1) and high-efficiency filtration of particles (maximum filtration efficiencies of 96.08% and 97.14% for 10 and 15 μm monodisperse suspensions at the optimum flow rate of 6 mL min-1). The complex velocity field of the micro-fluidic flow within the filter is numerically simulated, and in combination with experiments, a threshold for the flow rate is identified. When the inlet flow rate exceeds the threshold value, the efficiency of particle filtration is increased rapidly. Afterwards, by analysing the filtration mechanism, we develop three novel filtration processes. The equilibrium positions of the particles and yeast cells in the main channel are close to the outer wall at high flow rate, which diminishes the likelihood of particles and yeast cells entering the side channel. This configuration establishes a self-cleaning mechanism, ensuring prolonged and efficient operation of the filter with high-throughput processing. Furthermore, the influence of the filter lobe angle and channel width on the filtration efficiency and outlet flow rate ratio are explored, and an optimisation plan is prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Multiflow and Fluid Machinery, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Longfei Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Multiflow and Fluid Machinery, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Zuchao Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Multiflow and Fluid Machinery, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Fubing Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Flow Measurement Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for the Safety of Pressure Vessels and Pipelines, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Chengxu Tu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Flow Measurement Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
| | - Peifeng Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Multiflow and Fluid Machinery, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
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Yu P, Baker MC, Crump AR, Vogler M, Strawn DG, Möller G. Biochar integrated reactive filtration of wastewater for P removal and recovery, micropollutant catalytic oxidation, and negative CO 2 e: Process operation and mechanism. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10926. [PMID: 37696540 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) use in water treatment is a promising approach that can simultaneously help address societal needs of clean water, food security, and climate change mitigation. However, novel BC water treatment technology approaches require operational testing in field pilot-scale scenarios to advance their technology readiness assessment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the system performance of BC integrated into hydrous ferric oxide reactive filtration (Fe-BC-RF) with and without catalytic ozonation (CatOx) process in laboratory and field pilot-scale scenarios. For this investigation, Fe-BC-RF and Fe-CatOx-BC-RF pilot-scale trials were conducted on synthetic lake water variants and at three municipal water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) at process flows of 0.05 and 0.6 L/s, respectively. Three native and two iron-modified BCs were used in these studies. The commercially available reactive filtration process (Fe-RF without BC) had 96%-98% total phosphorus (TP) removal from 0.075- and 0.22-mg/L TP, as orthophosphate process influent in these trials. With BC integration, phosphorus removal yielded 94%-98% with the same process-influent conditions. In WRRF field pilot-scale studies, the Fe-CatOx-BC-RF process removed 84%-99% of influent total phosphorus concentrations that varied from 0.12 to 8.1 mg/L. Nutrient analysis on BC showed that the recovered BC used in the pilot-scale studies had an increase in TP from its native concentration, with the Fe-amended BC showing better P recovery at 110% than its unmodified state, which was 16%. Lastly, the field WRRF Fe-CatOx-BC-RF process studies showed successful destructive removals at >90% for more than 20 detected micropollutants, thus addressing a critical human health and environmental water quality concern. The research demonstrated that integration of BC into Fe-CatOx-RF for micropollutant removal, disinfection, and nutrient recovery is an encouraging tertiary water treatment technology that can address sustainable phosphorus recycling needs and the potential for carbon-negative operation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A pilot-scale hydrous ferric oxide reactive sand filtration process integrating biochar injection typically yields >90% total phosphorus removal to ultralow levels. Biochar, modified with iron, recovers phosphorus from wastewater, creating a P/N nutrient upcycled soil amendment. Addition of ozone to the process stream enables biochar-iron-ozone catalytic oxidation demonstrating typically excellent (>90%) micropollutant destructive removals for the compounds tested. A companion paper to this work explores life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) to explore biochar water treatment integrated reactive filtration impacts, costs, and readiness. Biochar use can aid in long-term carbon sequestration by reducing the carbon footprint of advanced water treatment in a dose-dependent manner, including enabling an overall carbon-negative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Yu
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Martin C Baker
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Alex R Crump
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Michael Vogler
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Daniel G Strawn
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Gregory Möller
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Witkop EM, Van Wassenbergh S, Heideman PD, Sanderson SL. Biomimetic models of fish gill rakers as lateral displacement arrays for particle separation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:056009. [PMID: 37487501 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acea0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ram suspension-feeding fish, such as herring, use gill rakers to separate small food particles from large water volumes while swimming forward with an open mouth. The fish gill raker function was tested using 3D-printed conical models and computational fluid dynamics simulations over a range of slot aspect ratios. Our hypothesis predicting the exit of particles based on mass flow rates, dividing streamlines (i.e. stagnation streamlines) at the slots between gill rakers, and particle size was supported by the results of experiments with physical models in a recirculating flume. Particle movement in suspension-feeding fish gill raker models was consistent with the physical principles of lateral displacement arrays ('bump arrays') for microfluidic and mesofluidic separation of particles by size. Although the particles were smaller than the slots between the rakers, the particles skipped over the vortical region that was generated downstream from each raker. The particles 'bumped' on anterior raker surfaces during posterior transport. Experiments in a recirculating flume demonstrate that the shortest distance between the dividing streamline and the raker surface preceding the slot predicts the maximum radius of a particle that will exit the model by passing through the slot. This theoretical maximum radius is analogous to the critical separation radius identified with reference to the stagnation streamlines in microfluidic and mesofluidic devices that use deterministic lateral displacement and sieve-based lateral displacement. These conclusions provide new perspectives and metrics for analyzing cross-flow and cross-step filtration in fish with applications to filtration engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Witkop
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Departement Biologie, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Paul D Heideman
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - S Laurie Sanderson
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
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Vandenberg ML, Cohen KE, Rubin RD, Goldbogen JA, Summers AP, Paig-Tran EWM, Kahane-Rapport SR. Formation of a fringe: A look inside baleen morphology using a multimodal visual approach. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21574. [PMID: 36807194 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Filter-feeding has been present for hundreds of millions of years, independently evolving in aquatic vertebrates' numerous times. Mysticete whales are a group of gigantic, marine filter-feeders that are defined by their fringed baleen and are divided into two groups: balaenids and rorquals. Recent studies have shown that balaenids likely feed using a self-cleaning, cross-flow filtration mechanism where food particles are collected and then swept to the esophagus for swallowing. However, it is unclear how filtering is achieved in the rorquals (Balaenopteridae). Lunging rorqual whales engulf enormous masses of both prey and water; the prey is then separated from the water through baleen plates lining the length of their upper jaw and positioned perpendicular to flow. Rorqual baleen is composed of both major (larger) and minor (smaller) keratin plates containing embedded fringe that extends into the whale's mouth, forming a filtering fringe. We used a multimodal approach, including microcomputed tomography (µCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to visualize and describe the variability in baleen anatomy across five species of rorqual whales, spanning two orders of magnitude in body length. For most morphological measurements, larger whales exhibited hypoallometry relative to body length. µCT and SEM revealed that the major and minor plates break away from the mineralized fringes at variable distances from the gums. We proposed a model for estimating the effective pore size to determine whether flow scales with body length or prey size across species. We found that pore size is likely not a proxy for prey size but instead, may reflect changes in resistance through the filter that affect fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Vandenberg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
| | - Karly E Cohen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
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5
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Cade DE, Kahane-Rapport SR, Gough WT, Bierlich KC, Linsky JMJ, Calambokidis J, Johnston DW, Goldbogen JA, Friedlaender AS. Minke whale feeding rate limitations suggest constraints on the minimum body size for engulfment filtration feeding. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:535-546. [PMID: 36914772 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-01993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Bulk filter feeding has enabled gigantism throughout evolutionary history. The largest animals, extant rorqual whales, utilize intermittent engulfment filtration feeding (lunge feeding), which increases in efficiency with body size, enabling their gigantism. The smallest extant rorquals (7-10 m minke whales), however, still exhibit short-term foraging efficiencies several times greater than smaller non-filter-feeding cetaceans, raising the question of why smaller animals do not utilize this foraging modality. We collected 437 h of bio-logging data from 23 Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) to test the relationship of feeding rates (λf) to body size. Here, we show that while ultra-high nighttime λf (mean ± s.d.: 165 ± 40 lunges h-1; max: 236 lunges h-1; mean depth: 28 ± 46 m) were indistinguishable from predictions from observations of larger species, daytime λf (mean depth: 72 ± 72 m) were only 25-40% of predicted rates. Both λf were near the maxima allowed by calculated biomechanical, physiological and environmental constraints, but these temporal constraints meant that maximum λf was below the expected λf for animals smaller than ~5 m-the length of weaned minke whales. Our findings suggest that minimum size for specific filter-feeding body plans may relate broadly to temporal restrictions on filtration rate and have implications for the evolution of filter feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Cade
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
| | | | - William T Gough
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - K C Bierlich
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Jacob M J Linsky
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - David W Johnston
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | | | - Ari S Friedlaender
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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6
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Ramírez-Díaz C, Peña R, Diogo R, Cruz-Escalona VH. Comparative cranio-mandibular myology of three species of Batoidea from the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21547. [PMID: 36533732 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mandibular apparatus of batoids (skates, electric rays, guitarfishes, stingrays, and sawfishes) is composed of a few skeletal elements to which the muscular bundles, responsible for all movements involved in the feeding mechanism, are inserted. The description of the different mandibular morphologies can help to understand the different feeding guilds in this group. In this study, we examined the cranio-mandibular myology of adult Rostroraja velezi, Narcine entemedor, and Zapteryx exasperata, three species of rays that coexist in the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico. This study described the muscles on the ventral and the dorsal surfaces for each species, identified the origins and insertions of these muscles, as well as the general characteristics of muscle morphology. There were 17 and 18 muscle bundles attached to the feeding apparatus, including five on the dorsal surface. Only the levator rostri, which elevates the rostrum during feeding, showed considerable differences in shape and size among species. The muscles of the adductor complex showed the greatest differences in size among the three species. N. entemedor presented the exclusive muscle X in the lower mandibular area and the extreme reduction of the coracohyoideus in the pharyngeal area derived from the absence of the basihyal cartilage. The information generated in our study supports the morphological specialization of electric rays (N. entemedor) for an almost exclusive suction feeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Renato Peña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Víctor H Cruz-Escalona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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7
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Adelmann B, Schwiddessen T, Götzendorfer B, Hellmann R. Evaluation of SLS 3D-Printed Filter Structures Based on Bionic Manta Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8454. [PMID: 36499952 PMCID: PMC9735598 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on additively manufactured filter systems based on bionic manta ray structures and evaluate their filter performance. The filters are periodic lamella structures produced by selective laser sintering using PA12 polyamide powder. Two different lamella types are investigated, which are derived from two manta ray genera, namely, Mobula tarapacana and Manta birostris. The precipitator efficiency of sand particles in water is determined for both flow directions, which are referred to as the "wing" and "spoiler" arrangements. With a flat filter design, more than 90% of sand particles can be removed from the water. The variation of the lamella distance reveals that the filter effect is based on the different dynamic flow of particles and water rather than filtering by the hole size. The successful transformation of the primary flat filter design into a round filter structure is demonstrated with precipitator efficiencies above 95% and a ratio of filtered to unfiltered water of 1:1 being achieved, depending of the gap between the filter and the surrounding pipe. A shortening of the filter structure results in an unaltered precipitator efficiency but a lower ratio of filtered water. These results reveal the peculiar possibility to produce 3D round-shaped filters based on manta ray structures with additive manufacturing, achieving good precipitator efficiencies.
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Surapaneni VA, Schindler M, Ziege R, de Faria LC, Wölfer J, Bidan CM, Mollen FH, Amini S, Hanna S, Dean MN. Groovy and Gnarly: Surface Wrinkles as a Multifunctional Motif for Terrestrial and Marine Environments. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac079. [PMID: 35675323 PMCID: PMC9703940 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From large ventral pleats of humpback whales to nanoscale ridges on flower petals, wrinkled structures are omnipresent, multifunctional, and found at hugely diverse scales. Depending on the particulars of the biological system-its environment, morphology, and mechanical properties-wrinkles may control adhesion, friction, wetting, or drag; promote interfacial exchange; act as flow channels; or contribute to stretching, mechanical integrity, or structural color. Undulations on natural surfaces primarily arise from stress-induced instabilities of surface layers (e.g., buckling) during growth or aging. Variation in the material properties of surface layers and in the magnitude and orientation of intrinsic stresses during growth lead to a variety of wrinkling morphologies and patterns which, in turn, reflect the wide range of biophysical challenges wrinkled surfaces can solve. Therefore, investigating how surface wrinkles vary and are implemented across biological systems is key to understanding their structure-function relationships. In this work, we synthesize the literature in a metadata analysis of surface wrinkling in various terrestrial and marine organisms to review important morphological parameters and classify functional aspects of surface wrinkles in relation to the size and ecology of organisms. Building on our previous and current experimental studies, we explore case studies on nano/micro-scale wrinkles in biofilms, plant surfaces, and basking shark filter structures to compare developmental and structure-vs-function aspects of wrinkles with vastly different size scales and environmental demands. In doing this and by contrasting wrinkle development in soft and hard biological systems, we provide a template of structure-function relationships of biological surface wrinkles and an outlook for functionalized wrinkled biomimetic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Surapaneni
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Mike Schindler
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | | | - Jan Wölfer
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Frederik H Mollen
- Elasmobranch Research Belgium, Rehaegenstraat 4, 2820 Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Shahrouz Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Sean Hanna
- University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Mason N Dean
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
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9
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Farmer NA, Garrison LP, Horn C, Miller M, Gowan T, Kenney RD, Vukovich M, Willmott JR, Pate J, Harry Webb D, Mullican TJ, Stewart JD, Bassos-Hull K, Jones C, Adams D, Pelletier NA, Waldron J, Kajiura S. The distribution of manta rays in the western North Atlantic Ocean off the eastern United States. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6544. [PMID: 35449381 PMCID: PMC9023537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2018, the giant manta ray was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We integrated decades of sightings and survey effort data from multiple sources in a comprehensive species distribution modeling (SDM) framework to evaluate the distribution of giant manta rays off the eastern United States, including the Gulf of Mexico. Manta rays were most commonly detected at productive nearshore and shelf-edge upwelling zones at surface thermal frontal boundaries within a temperature range of approximately 20–30 °C. SDMs predicted highest nearshore occurrence off northeastern Florida during April, with the distribution extending northward along the shelf-edge as temperatures warm, leading to higher occurrences north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina from June to October, and then south of Savannah, Georgia from November to March as temperatures cool. In the Gulf of Mexico, the highest nearshore occurrence was predicted around the Mississippi River delta from April to June and again from October to November. SDM predictions will allow resource managers to more effectively protect manta rays from fisheries bycatch, boat strikes, oil and gas activities, contaminants and pollutants, and other threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Farmer
- NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 263 13th Ave S., St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
| | - Lance P Garrison
- NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Calusa Horn
- NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 263 13th Ave S., St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Margaret Miller
- NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Timothy Gowan
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Robert D Kenney
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus Box 40, 215 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Michelle Vukovich
- Normandeau Associates Inc., 4581 NW 6th Street, Suite H, Gainesville, FL, 32609, USA
| | | | - Jessica Pate
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, 7750 Okeechobee Blvd, Ste 4-3038, West Palm Beach, FL, 33411, USA
| | - D Harry Webb
- Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker St. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30313, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Stewart
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.,NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Christian Jones
- NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 3209 Frederic Street, Pascagoula, MS, 39567-4112, USA
| | - Delaney Adams
- Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Nicole A Pelletier
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK
| | - Jordan Waldron
- Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Stephen Kajiura
- Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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10
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Hamann L, Blanke A. Suspension feeders: diversity, principles of particle separation and biomimetic potential. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210741. [PMID: 35078340 PMCID: PMC8790370 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension feeders (SFs) evolved a high diversity of mechanisms, sometimes with remarkably convergent morphologies, to retain plankton, detritus and man-made particles with particle sizes ranging from less than 1 µm to several centimetres. Based on an extensive literature review, also including the physical and technical principles of solid-liquid separation, we developed a set of 18 ecological and technical parameters to review 35 taxa of suspension-feeding Metazoa covering the diversity of morphological and functional principles. This includes passive SFs, such as gorgonians or crinoids that use the ambient flow to encounter particles, and sponges, bivalves or baleen whales, which actively create a feeding current. Separation media can be flat or funnel-shaped, built externally such as the filter houses in larvaceans, or internally, like the pleated gills in bivalves. Most SFs feed in the intermediate flow region of Reynolds number 1-50 and have cleaning mechanisms that allow for continuous feeding. Comparison of structure-function patterns in SFs to current filtration technologies highlights potential solutions to common technical design challenges, such as mucus nets which increase particle adhesion in ascidians, vanes which reduce pressure losses in whale sharks and changing mesh sizes in the flamingo beak which allow quick adaptation to particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Hamann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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11
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Clark AS, San-Miguel A. A bioinspired, passive microfluidic lobe filtration system. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3762-3774. [PMID: 34581374 PMCID: PMC8486309 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size-based microfluidic filtration systems can be affected by clogging, which prevents their use in high-throughput and continuous applications. To address these concerns, we have developed two microfluidic lobe filters bioinspired by the filtration mechanism of two species of manta ray. These chips enable filtration of particles around 10-30 μm with precise control and high throughput by using two arrays of equally spaced filter lobes. For each filter design, we investigated multiple inlet flow rates and particle sizes to identify successful operational parameters. Filtration efficiency increases with fluid flow rate, suggesting that particle inertial effects play a key role in lobe filter separation. Microparticle filtration efficiencies up to 99% were obtainable with inlet flow rates of 20 mL min-1. Each filter design successfully increased microparticle concentrations by a factor of two or greater at different inlet flow rates ranging from 6-16 mL min-1. At higher inlet flow rates, ANSYS Fluent simulations of each device revealed a complex velocity profile that contains three local maxima and two inflection points. Ultimately, we show that distances from the lobe array to the closest local maxima and inflection point of the velocity profile can be used to successfully estimate lobe filtration efficiency at each operational flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Clark
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Adriana San-Miguel
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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12
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Harris JL, Hosegood P, Robinson E, Embling CB, Hilbourne S, Stevens GMW. Fine-scale oceanographic drivers of reef manta ray ( Mobula alfredi) visitation patterns at a feeding aggregation site. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4588-4604. [PMID: 33976833 PMCID: PMC8093739 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) are in decline and are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and disturbance at aggregation sites. Here, passive acoustic telemetry and a suite of advanced oceanographic technologies were used for the first time to investigate the fine-scale (5-min) influence of oceanographic drivers on the visitation patterns of 19 tagged M. alfredi to a feeding aggregation site at Egmont Atoll in the Chagos Archipelago. Boosted regression trees indicate that tag detection probability increased with the intrusion of cold-water bores propagating up the atoll slope through the narrow lagoon inlet during flood tide, potentially transporting zooplankton from the thermocline. Tag detection probability also increased with warmer near-surface temperature close to low tide, with near-surface currents flowing offshore, and with high levels of backscatter (a proxy of zooplankton biomass). These combinations of processes support the proposition that zooplankton carried from the thermocline into the lagoon during the flood may be pumped back out through the narrow inlet during an ebb tide. These conditions provide temporally limited feeding opportunities for M. alfredi, which are tied on the tides. Results also provide some evidence of the presence of Langmuir Circulation, which transports and concentrates zooplankton, and may partly explain why M. alfredi occasionally remained at the feeding location for longer than that two hours. Identification of these correlations provides unique insight into the dynamic synthesis of fine-scale oceanographic processes which are likely to influence the foraging ecology of M. alfredi at Egmont Atoll, and elsewhere throughout their range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Harris
- The Manta TrustDorsetUK
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Phil Hosegood
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Edward Robinson
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Clare B. Embling
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
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13
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Suman KH, Haque MN, Uddin MJ, Begum MS, Sikder MH. Toxicity and biomarkers of micro-plastic in aquatic environment: a review. Biomarkers 2020; 26:13-25. [PMID: 33305964 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1863470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) are found in all aquatic environments. Due to harmful impacts, MPs pose a great threat to the aquatic ecology. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the risk, bioavailability, and toxicity of MPs in aquatic organisms. Various factors affecting MPs bioavailability and level of risks at cellular and molecular level on aquatic organisms are comprehensively discussed. More specifically biomarkers for antioxidant response (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reductase, and glutathione S-transferase), neurotoxic impairment (acetylcholinesterase), lysosomal activity alteration, and genotoxicity have been discussed in detail. Biomarkers are powerful tool in the monitoring programme, but the collection of literature on biomarkers for MPs is limited. Thus, here we demonstrate how to evaluate MPs impact, in monitoring programme, on organisms using biomarkers in aquatic environment. This review would broaden the existing knowledge on the toxic effect and biomarkers of MPs and offer research priorities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Hassan Suman
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Fisheries Biology and Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Niamul Haque
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Most Shirina Begum
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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14
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Hosegood J, Humble E, Ogden R, de Bruyn M, Creer S, Stevens GMW, Abudaya M, Bassos-Hull K, Bonfil R, Fernando D, Foote AD, Hipperson H, Jabado RW, Kaden J, Moazzam M, Peel LR, Pollett S, Ponzo A, Poortvliet M, Salah J, Senn H, Stewart JD, Wintner S, Carvalho G. Phylogenomics and species delimitation for effective conservation of manta and devil rays. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4783-4796. [PMID: 33164287 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Practical biodiversity conservation relies on delineation of biologically meaningful units. Manta and devil rays (Mobulidae) are threatened worldwide, yet morphological similarities and a succession of recent taxonomic changes impede the development of an effective conservation strategy. Here, we generate genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from a geographically and taxonomically representative set of manta and devil ray samples to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and evaluate species boundaries under the general lineage concept. We show that nominal species units supported by alternative data sources constitute independently evolving lineages, and find robust evidence for a putative new species of manta ray in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, we uncover substantial incomplete lineage sorting indicating that rapid speciation together with standing variation in ancestral populations has driven phylogenetic uncertainty within Mobulidae. Finally, we detect cryptic diversity in geographically distinct populations, demonstrating that management below the species level may be warranted in certain species. Overall, our study provides a framework for molecular genetic species delimitation that is relevant to wide-ranging taxa of conservation concern, and highlights the potential for genomic data to support effective management, conservation and law enforcement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hosegood
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.,NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emily Humble
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Guy M W Stevens
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK
| | | | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Daniel Fernando
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.,Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrew D Foote
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Kaden
- RZSS WildGenes Lab, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lauren R Peel
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Save Our Seas Foundation - D'Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Pollett
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Philippines
| | | | - Jehad Salah
- Ministry of Agriculture Directorate General of Fisheries, Gaza City, Palestine
| | - Helen Senn
- RZSS WildGenes Lab, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua D Stewart
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Norwood Lane, Corscombe, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK
| | - Sabine Wintner
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gary Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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15
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Johansen JL, Akanyeti O, Liao JC. Oxygen consumption of drift-feeding rainbow trout: the energetic tradeoff between locomotion and feeding in flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/12/jeb220962. [PMID: 32591340 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To forage in fast, turbulent flow environments where prey is abundant, fishes must deal with the high associated costs of locomotion. Prevailing theory suggests that many species exploit hydrodynamic refuges to minimize the cost of locomotion while foraging. Here, we challenge this theory based on direct oxygen consumption measurements of drift-feeding trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) foraging in the freestream and from behind a flow refuge at velocities up to 100 cm s-1 We demonstrate that refuging is not energetically beneficial when foraging in fast flows because of a high attack cost and low prey capture success associated with leaving a station-holding refuge to intercept prey. By integrating optimum foraging theory with empirical data from respirometry and video tracking, we developed a mathematical model to predict when drift-feeding fishes should exploit or avoid refuges based on prey density, size and flow velocity. Our optimum foraging and refuging model provides new mechanistic insights into locomotor costs, habitat use and prey choice of fish foraging in current-swept habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Johansen
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, 9505 Oceanshore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96744, USA
| | - Otar Akanyeti
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, 9505 Oceanshore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - James C Liao
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, 9505 Oceanshore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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16
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Storm TJ, Nolan KE, Roberts EM, Sanderson SL. Oropharyngeal morphology related to filtration mechanisms in suspension-feeding American shad (Clupeidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:493-510. [PMID: 32342660 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To assess potential filtration mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy was used in a comprehensive quantification and analysis of the morphology and surface ultrastructure for all five branchial arches in the ram suspension-feeding fish, American shad (Alosa sapidissima, Clupeidae). The orientation of the branchial arches and the location of mucus cells on the gill rakers were more consistent with mechanisms of crossflow filtration and cross-step filtration rather than conventional dead-end sieving. The long, thin gill rakers could lead to a large area for the exit of water from the oropharyngeal cavity during suspension feeding (high fluid exit ratio). The substantial elongation of gill rakers along the dorsal-ventral axis formed d-type ribs with a groove aspect ratio of 0.5 and a Reynolds number of approximately 500, consistent with the potential operation of cross-step filtration. Mucus cell abundance differed significantly along the length of the raker and the height of the raker. The mucus cell abundance data and the observed sloughing of denticles along the gill raker margins closest to the interior of the oropharyngeal cavity suggest that gill raker growth may occur primarily at the raker tips, the denticle bases, and the internal raker margins along the length of the raker. These findings will be applied in ongoing experiments with 3D-printed physical models of fish oral cavities in flow tanks, and in future ecological studies on the diet and nutrition of suspension-feeding fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy James Storm
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine Ericson Nolan
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin Michele Roberts
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.,Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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17
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Shiffman DS, Ajemian MJ, Carrier JC, Daly-Engel TS, Davis MM, Dulvy NK, Grubbs RD, Hinojosa NA, Imhoff J, Kolmann MA, Nash CS, Paig-Tran EWM, Peele EE, Skubel RA, Wetherbee BM, Whitenack LB, Wyffels JT. Trends in Chondrichthyan Research: An Analysis of Three Decades of Conference Abstracts. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-19-179r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Shiffman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - M. J. Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Pierce, Florida 33431
| | - J. C. Carrier
- Department of Biology, Albion College, Albion, Michigan 49224
| | - T. S. Daly-Engel
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, Florida 32901
| | - M. M. Davis
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, P.O. Box 8, 194 McKown Point Road, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575
| | - N. K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - R. D. Grubbs
- Florida State University, Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Highway 98, St. Teresa, Florida 32358
| | - N. A. Hinojosa
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, UNCW Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403
| | - J. Imhoff
- Florida State University, Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Highway 98, St. Teresa, Florida 32358
| | - M. A. Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052
| | - C. S. Nash
- Department of Biology University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy., Pensacola, Florida
| | - E. W. M. Paig-Tran
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, California 92831
| | - E. E. Peele
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, UNCW Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403
| | - R. A. Skubel
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33146
| | - B. M. Wetherbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - L. B. Whitenack
- Departments of Biology and Geology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335
| | - J. T. Wyffels
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711; and South-East Zoo Alliance for Reproduction & Conservation, 581705 White Oak Road, Yulee, Florida 32097
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18
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Schroeder A, Marshall L, Trease B, Becker A, Sanderson SL. Development of helical, fish-inspired cross-step filter for collecting harmful algae. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:056008. [PMID: 31242471 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab2d13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new filter was developed to collect harmful algae colonies by adapting the cross-step filtration structures and mechanisms discovered recently in filter-feeding fish. Extending beyond previously published models that closely emulated the basic morphology of the fish, the new cross-step filter's major innovations are helical slots, radial symmetry, and rotation as an active anti-clogging mechanism. These innovations enable the transport of concentrated particles to the downstream end of the filter. This advance was made possible by recognizing that biologically imposed constraints such as bilateral symmetry do not apply to human-made filters. The use of helical slots was developed in a series of iterative tests that used water-tracing dye and algae-sized microspheres. The major products of the iterative tests were refinements in the helical design and an understanding of how varying the major structural parameters qualitatively influenced fluid flow and filter performance. Following the iterative tests, the clogging behavior of select filters was quantified at high particle concentrations. Vortices in the helical filter were effective at reducing clogging in the center of the slots. By considering the design space that is free of the biological constraints on the system and exploring the effects of variations in major structural parameters, our work has identified promising new directions for cross-step filtration and provided key insights into the biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schroeder
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo OH, United States of America. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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19
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Franzellitti S, Canesi L, Auguste M, Wathsala RHGR, Fabbri E. Microplastic exposure and effects in aquatic organisms: A physiological perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:37-51. [PMID: 30870694 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of microplastics (MPs) on aquatic life, given their ubiquitous presence in the water compartment, represents a growing concern. Consistently, scientific knowledge is advancing rapidly, although evidence on actual adverse effects is still highly fragmented. This paper summarizes the recent literature on MP impacts on aquatic organisms in an attempt to link routes of uptake, possible alterations of physiological processes, and outcomes at different levels of biological organization. Animal feeding strategies and MP biodistribution is discussed, alongside with relevant effects at molecular, cellular, and systemic level. Pathways from animal exposure to apical physiological responses are examined to define the relevance of MPs for animal health, and to point out open questions and research gaps. Emphasis is given to emerging threats posed by leaching of plastic additives, many of which have endocrine disruption potential. The potential role of MPs as substrates for microorganism growth and vehicle for pathogen spreading is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Rajapaksha H G R Wathsala
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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20
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Montuelle SJ, Kane EA. Food Capture in Vertebrates: A Complex Integrative Performance of the Cranial and Postcranial Systems. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Werth AJ, Rita D, Rosario MV, Moore MJ, Sformo TL. How do baleen whales stow their filter? A comparative biomechanical analysis of baleen bending. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189233. [PMID: 30337355 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bowhead and right whale (balaenid) baleen filtering plates, longer in vertical dimension (≥3-4 m) than the closed mouth, presumably bend during gape closure. This has not been observed in live whales, even with scrutiny of video-recorded feeding sequences. To determine what happens to the baleen during gape closure, we conducted an integrative, multifactorial study including materials testing, functional (flow tank and kinematic) testing and histological examination. We measured baleen bending properties along the dorsoventral length of plates and anteroposterior location within a rack of plates via mechanical (axial bending, composite flexure, compression and tension) tests of hydrated and air-dried tissue samples from balaenid and other whale baleen. Balaenid baleen is remarkably strong yet pliable, with ductile fringes, and low stiffness and high elasticity when wet; it likely bends in the closed mouth when not used for filtration. Calculation of flexural modulus from stress/strain experiments shows that the balaenid baleen is slightly more flexible where it emerges from the gums and at its ventral terminus, but kinematic analysis indicates plates bend evenly along their whole length. Fin and humpback whale baleen has similar material properties but less flexibility, with no dorsoventral variation. The internal horn tubes have greater external and hollow luminal diameter but lower density in the lateral relative to medial baleen of bowhead and fin whales, suggesting a greater capacity for lateral bending. Baleen bending has major consequences not only for feeding morphology and energetics but also for conservation given that entanglement in fishing gear is a leading cause of whale mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Werth
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA
| | - Diego Rita
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael V Rosario
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Todd L Sformo
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK 99723, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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22
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Divi RV, Strother JA, Paig-Tran EWM. Manta rays feed using ricochet separation, a novel nonclogging filtration mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat9533. [PMID: 30263959 PMCID: PMC6157963 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat9533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid-liquid filtration is a ubiquitous process found in industrial and biological systems. Although implementations vary widely, almost all filtration systems are based on a small set of fundamental separation mechanisms, including sieve, cross-flow, hydrosol, and cyclonic separation. Anatomical studies showed that manta rays have a highly specialized filter-feeding apparatus that does not resemble previously described filtration systems. We examined the fluid flow around the manta filter-feeding apparatus using a combination of physical modeling and computational fluid dynamics. Our results indicate that manta rays use a unique solid-fluid separation mechanism in which direct interception of particles with wing-like structures causes particles to "ricochet" away from the filter pores. This filtration mechanism separates particles smaller than the pore size, allows high flow rates, and resists clogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj V. Divi
- California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92867, USA
| | - James A. Strother
- Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.W.M.P.-T.); (J.A.S.)
| | - E. W. Misty Paig-Tran
- California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92867, USA
- Corresponding author. (E.W.M.P.-T.); (J.A.S.)
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23
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Werth AJ, Potvin J, Shadwick RE, Jensen MM, Cade DE, Goldbogen JA. Filtration area scaling and evolution in mysticetes: trophic niche partitioning and the curious cases of sei and pygmy right whales. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Werth
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, USA
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert E Shadwick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Megan M Jensen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - David E Cade
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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24
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Stevens GMW, Hawkins JP, Roberts CM. Courtship and mating behaviour of manta rays Mobula alfredi and M. birostris in the Maldives. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:344-359. [PMID: 30066396 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this 14 year study was to elucidate the entire courtship and mating behaviour of manta rays Mobula alfredi and M. birostris using behavioural observations, video and photographic records. From 2003 to 2016, over 11,000 surveys were undertaken at known manta ray aggregation sites in the Maldives to record any observed manta rays reproductive activity. From 47,591 photo-ID sightings, 4,247 individual M. alfredi were identified and 226 individual M. birostris from 229 photo-ID sightings, all recorded at 22 atolls across 265 different sites. Courtship activity was observed on 206 surveys at 30 different sites. A total of 229 courtship events were recorded, with 90% (n = 205) of them occurring at cleaning sites. The observed courtship activity was categorised into seven distinct stages which are described in detail: initiation, endurance, evasion, pre-copulatory positioning, copulation, post-copulatory holding and separation. Photographs provide the first scientific record of the entirety of manta rays courtship and mating. Both M. alfredi and M. birostris appear to engage in the same elaborate courtship rituals, exhibiting the same behaviours during all stages of the courtship and mating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy M W Stevens
- The Manta Trust, Dorchester, UK
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
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25
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Goldbogen JA, Madsen PT. The evolution of foraging capacity and gigantism in cetaceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/11/jeb166033. [PMID: 29895582 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extant diversity and rich fossil record of cetaceans provides an extraordinary evolutionary context for investigating the relationship between form, function and ecology. The transition from terrestrial to marine ecosystems is associated with a complex suite of morphological and physiological adaptations that were required for a fully aquatic mammalian life history. Two specific functional innovations that characterize the two great clades of cetaceans, echolocation in toothed whales (Odontoceti) and filter feeding in baleen whales (Mysticeti), provide a powerful comparative framework for integrative studies. Both clades exhibit gigantism in multiple species, but we posit that large body size may have evolved for different reasons and in response to different ecosystem conditions. Although these foraging adaptations have been studied using a combination of experimental and tagging studies, the precise functional drivers and consequences of morphological change within and among these lineages remain less understood. Future studies that focus at the interface of physiology, ecology and paleontology will help elucidate how cetaceans became the largest predators in aquatic ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - P T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Jensen MM, Saladrigas AH, Goldbogen JA. Comparative Three-Dimensional Morphology of Baleen: Cross-Sectional Profiles and Volume Measurements Using CT Images. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 300:1942-1952. [PMID: 28971628 PMCID: PMC5656919 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Baleen whales are obligate filter feeders, straining prey‐laden seawater through racks of keratinized baleen plates. Despite the importance of baleen to the ecology and natural history of these animals, relatively little work has been done on baleen morphology, particularly with regard to the three‐dimensional morphology and structure of baleen. We used computed tomography (CT) scanning to take 3D images of six baleen specimens representing five species, including three complete racks. With these images, we described the three‐dimensional shape of the baleen plates using cross‐sectional profiles from within the gum tissue to the tip of the plates. We also measured the percentage of each specimen that was composed of either keratinized plate material or was void space between baleen plates, and thus available for seawater flow. Baleen plates have a complex three‐dimensional structure with curvature that varies across the anterior‐posterior, proximal‐distal, and medial‐lateral (lingual‐labial) axes. These curvatures also vary with location along the baleen rack, and between species. Cross‐sectional profiles resemble backwards‐facing airfoils, and some specimens display S‐shaped, or reflexed, camber. Within a baleen specimen, the intra‐baleen void volume correlates with the average bristle diameter for a species, suggesting that essentially, thinner plates (with more space between them for flow) have thinner bristles. Both plate curvature and the relative proportions of plate and void volumes are likely to have implications for the mechanics of mysticete filtration, and future studies are needed to determine the particular functions of these morphological characters. Anat Rec, 300:1942–1952, 2017. © 2017 The Authors The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Jensen
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, 93950
| | - Amalia H Saladrigas
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, 93950
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, 93950
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27
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Cohen KE, Hernandez LP. Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). J Morphol 2018; 279:925-935. [PMID: 29637595 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Filter feeding fishes possess several morphological adaptations necessary to capture and concentrate small particulate matter from the water column. Filter feeding teleosts typically employ elongated and tightly packed gill rakers with secondary bony or epithelial modifications that increase filtering efficiency. The gill rakers of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, silver carp, are anatomically distinct from and more complex than the filtering apparatus of other teleostean fishes. The silver carp filtering apparatus is composed of biserial, fused filtering plates used to capture particles ranging in size from 4 to 80 μm. Early in ontogeny, at 15-25 mm standard length (SL), silver carp gill rakers are reminiscent of other more stereotypical teleostean rakers, characterized by individual lanceolate rakers that are tightly packed along the entirety of the branchial arches. At 30 mm SL, secondary epithelial projections and concomitant dermal ossification begin to stitch together individual gill rakers. During later juvenile stages, dermal bone further modifies the individual gill rakers and creates a bony scaffold that supports the now fully fused and porous epithelium. By adulthood, the stitching of bone and complete fusion of the overlying epithelium creates rigid filtering plates with morphologically distinct faces. The inner face of the plates is organized into a net-like matrix while the outer face has a sponge-like appearance comprised of differently sized pores. Here, we present morphological data from an ontogenetic series of the filtering apparatus within silver carp. These data inform hypotheses regarding both how these gill raker plates may have evolved from a more basal condition, as well as how this novel architecture allows this species to feed on exceedingly small phytoplankton, particles that represent a greater filtering challenge to the typical anatomy of the gill rakers of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly Elizabeth Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC
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28
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Brooks H, Haines GE, Lin MC, Sanderson SL. Physical modeling of vortical cross-step flow in the American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193874. [PMID: 29561890 PMCID: PMC5862459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vortical cross-step filtration in suspension-feeding fish has been reported recently as a novel mechanism, distinct from other biological and industrial filtration processes. Although crossflow passing over backward-facing steps generates vortices that can suspend, concentrate, and transport particles, the morphological factors affecting this vortical flow have not been identified previously. In our 3D-printed models of the oral cavity for ram suspension-feeding fish, the angle of the backward-facing step with respect to the model's dorsal midline affected vortex parameters significantly, including rotational, tangential, and axial speed. These vortices were comparable to those quantified downstream of the backward-facing steps that were formed by the branchial arches of preserved American paddlefish in a recirculating flow tank. Our data indicate that vortices in cross-step filtration have the characteristics of forced vortices, as the flow of water inside the oral cavity provides the external torque required to sustain forced vortices. Additionally, we quantified a new variable for ram suspension feeding termed the fluid exit ratio. This is defined as the ratio of the total open pore area for water leaving the oral cavity via spaces between branchial arches that are not blocked by gill rakers, divided by the total area for water entering through the gape during ram suspension feeding. Our experiments demonstrated that the fluid exit ratio in preserved paddlefish was a significant predictor of the flow speeds that were quantified anterior of the rostrum, at the gape, directly dorsal of the first ceratobranchial, and in the forced vortex generated by the first ceratobranchial. Physical modeling of vortical cross-step filtration offers future opportunities to explore the complex interactions between structural features of the oral cavity, vortex parameters, motile particle behavior, and particle morphology that determine the suspension, concentration, and transport of particles within the oral cavity of ram suspension-feeding fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Brooks
- Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Grant E. Haines
- Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - M. Carly Lin
- Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - S. Laurie Sanderson
- Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Germanov ES, Marshall AD, Bejder L, Fossi MC, Loneragan NR. Microplastics: No Small Problem for Filter-Feeding Megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:227-232. [PMID: 29422348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution can impact filter-feeding marine megafauna, namely mobulid rays, filter-feeding sharks, and baleen whales. Emerging research on these flagship species highlights potential exposure to microplastic contamination and plastic-associated toxins. Research and its wide communication are needed to understand the magnitude of the issue and improve marine stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitza S Germanov
- Faculty of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/@AliceInWaterlnd
| | - Andrea D Marshall
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/@QueenofMantas
| | - Lars Bejder
- Cetacean Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI, USA. https://twitter.com/@lbejder
| | - Maria Cristina Fossi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Neil R Loneragan
- Faculty of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia. https://twitter.com/@LoneraganNR
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30
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Cohen KE, Hernandez LP, Crawford CH, Flammang BE. Channeling vorticity: Modeling the filter-feeding mechanism in silver carp using μCT and 3D PIV. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.183350. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.183350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive silver carp are thriving within eutrophic environments in the United States due in part to their highly efficient filter-feeding mechanism. Like many filter feeding fishes, silver carp utilize modified gill rakers to capture a specific range of food; however, the greatly modified filtering morphology of silver carp allows them to feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton ranging in size from 4-85μm. The filtering apparatus of silver carp is comprised of rigid filtering plates where the outer anatomy of these plates is characterized by long parallel channels (riddled with openings of different sizes) that change in orientation along the length of the plate. Here we investigate the underlying morphology and concomitant hydrodynamics that support the filtration mechanisms of silver and bighead carp. Bighead carp are also invasive filter feeders but their filtering apparatus is morphologically distinct from silver carp composed of thin, flattened individual rakers more similar to that of filter feeders such as Brevoortia sp. or Anchoa sp. Gill rakers from adult silver and bighead carp were scanned using a micro CT scanner at 15.2 micron and 17.0 micron voxel resolution, respectively. Scans were segmented and reconstructed in 3D, printed as a 3D structure in resin, and placed in a 2200 L recirculating flow tank (into which 50 micron buoyant particles had been added) with water flowing across the model in an anteroposterior direction. Using 3D PIV, we determined how particles and fluid interact with the surface of the gill rakers/plates. Filtering plates in silver carp induce strong directed vortical flow whereas the filtering apparatus of bighead carp resulted in a type of haphazard crossflow filtration. The organized vortical flow established by silver carp likely increased the number of interactions that the particle-filled water has with the filtering membrane. This strong vortical organization is maintained only at 0.75BL(body lengths)/s and vortical flow is poorly developed and maintained at slower and faster speeds. Moreover, we found that absolute vorticity magnitude in silver carp is an order of magnitude greater than in bighead carp. Vortical flow established in the silver carp model suggests that this species is a more effective and likely efficient filter feeder than bighead carp, perhaps explaining the success of silver carp as an invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly E. Cohen
- The George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - L. Patricia Hernandez
- The George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Callie H. Crawford
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Brooke E. Flammang
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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31
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White WT, Corrigan S, Yang L, Henderson AC, Bazinet AL, Swofford DL, Naylor GJP. Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Kryukova NV. Functional analysis of the musculo-skeletal system of the gill apparatus in Heptranchias perlo (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchidae). J Morphol 2017; 278:1075-1090. [PMID: 28470783 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Musculo-skeletal morphology is an indispensable source for understanding functional adaptations. Analysis of morphology of the branchial apparatus of Hexanchiform sharks can provide insight into aspects of their respiration that are difficult to observe directly. In this study, I compare the structure of the musculo-skeletal system of the gill apparatus of Heptranchias perlo and Squalus acanthias in respect to their adaptation for one of two respiratory mechanisms known in sharks, namely, the active two-pump (oropharyngeal and parabranchial) ventilation and the ram-jet ventilation. In both species, the oropharyngeal pump possesses two sets of muscles, one for compression and the other for expansion. The parabranchial pump only has constrictors. Expansion of this pump occurs only due to passive elastic recoil of the extrabranchial cartilages. In Squalus acanthias the parabranchial chambers are large and equipped by powerful superficial constrictors. These muscles and the outer walls of the parabranchial chambers are much reduced in Heptranchias perlo, and thus it likely cannot use this pump. However, this reduction allows for vertical elongation of outer gill slits which, along with greater number of gill pouches, likely decreases branchial resistance and, at the same time, increases the gill surface area, and can be regarded as an adaptation for ram ventilation at lower speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V Kryukova
- Laboratory of morphological adaptations of vertebrates, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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33
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Rohner CA, Burgess KB, Rambahiniarison JM, Stewart JD, Ponzo A, Richardson AJ. Mobulid rays feed on euphausiids in the Bohol Sea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:161060. [PMID: 28572998 PMCID: PMC5451799 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mobulid rays have a conservative life history and are caught in direct fisheries and as by-catch. Their subsequent vulnerability to overexploitation has recently been recognized, but fisheries management can be ineffective if it ignores habitat and prey preferences and other trophic interactions of the target species. Here, we assessed the feeding ecology of four mobulids (Manta birostris, Mobula tarapacana, M. japanica, M. thurstoni) in the Bohol Sea, Philippines, using stomach contents analysis of fisheries specimens landed between November and May in 2013-2015. We show that the mobulids feed heavily on euphausiid krill while they are in the area for approximately six months of the year. We found almost no trophic separation among the mobulid species, with Euphausia diomedeae as the major prey item for all species, recorded in 81 of 89 total stomachs (91%). Mobula japanica and M. thurstoni almost exclusively had this krill in their stomach, while M. tarapacana had a squid and fish, and Ma. birostris had myctophid fishes and copepods in their stomachs in addition to E. diomedeae. This krill was larger than prey for other planktivorous elasmobranchs elsewhere and contributed a mean of 61 364 kcal per stomach (±105 032 kcal s.e., range = 0-631 167 kcal). Our results show that vertically migrating mesopelagic species can be an important food resource for large filter feeders living in tropical seas with oligotrophic surface waters. Given the conservative life history of mobulid rays, the identification of common foraging grounds that overlap with fishing activity could be used to inform future fishing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine B. Burgess
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane, Mozambique
- Shark and Ray Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua M. Rambahiniarison
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, Tejero, Jagna, 6308 Bohol, Philippines
| | - Joshua D. Stewart
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 0NT, UK
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, Tejero, Jagna, 6308 Bohol, Philippines
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, EcoScience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Potvin J, Werth AJ. Oral cavity hydrodynamics and drag production in Balaenid whale suspension feeding. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175220. [PMID: 28399142 PMCID: PMC5388472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Balaenid whales feed on large aggregates of small and slow-moving prey (predominantly copepods) through a filtration process enabled by baleen. These whales exhibit continuous filtration, namely, with the mouth kept partially opened and the baleen exposed to oncoming prey-laden waters while fluking. The process is an example of crossflow filtration (CFF) in which most of the particulates (prey) are separated from the substrate (water) without ever coming into contact with the filtering surface (baleen). This paper discusses the simulation of baleen filtration hydrodynamics based on a type of hydraulic circuit modeling commonly used in microfluidics, but adapted to the much higher Reynolds number flows typical of whale hydrodynamics. This so-called Baleen Hydraulic Circuit (BHC) model uses as input the basic characteristics of the flows moving through a section of baleen observed in a previous flume study by the authors. The model has low-spatial resolution but incorporates the effects of fluid viscosity, which doubles or more a whale's total body drag in comparison to non-feeding travel. Modeling viscous friction is crucial here since exposing the baleen system to the open ocean ends up tripling a whale's total wetted surface area. Among other findings, the BHC shows how CFF is enhanced by a large filtration surface and hence large body size; how it is carried out via the establishment of rapid anteroposterior flows transporting most of the prey-water slurry towards the oropharyngeal wall; how slower intra-baleen flows manage to transfer most of the substrate out of the mouth, all the while contributing only a fraction to overall oral cavity drag; and how these anteroposterior and intra-baleen flows lose speed as they approach the oropharyngeal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Werth
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, United States of America
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35
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Goldbogen JA, Cade DE, Calambokidis J, Friedlaender AS, Potvin J, Segre PS, Werth AJ. How Baleen Whales Feed: The Biomechanics of Engulfment and Filtration. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2017; 9:367-386. [PMID: 27620830 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Baleen whales are gigantic obligate filter feeders that exploit aggregations of small-bodied prey in littoral, epipelagic, and mesopelagic ecosystems. At the extreme of maximum body size observed among mammals, baleen whales exhibit a unique combination of high overall energetic demands and low mass-specific metabolic rates. As a result, most baleen whale species have evolved filter-feeding mechanisms and foraging strategies that take advantage of seasonally abundant yet patchily and ephemerally distributed prey resources. New methodologies consisting of multi-sensor tags, active acoustic prey mapping, and hydrodynamic modeling have revolutionized our ability to study the physiology and ecology of baleen whale feeding mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of the field by exploring several hypotheses that aim to explain how baleen whales feed. Despite significant advances, major questions remain about the processes that underlie these extreme feeding mechanisms, which enabled the evolution of the largest animals of all time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950; , ,
| | - D E Cade
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950; , ,
| | - J Calambokidis
- Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, Washington 98501;
| | - A S Friedlaender
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 97365;
| | - J Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103;
| | - P S Segre
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950; , ,
| | - A J Werth
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943;
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36
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Zeng Y, Wu Z, Zhang C, Meng Z, Jiang Z, Zhang J. DNA barcoding of Mobulid Ray Gill Rakers for Implementing CITES on Elasmobranch in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37567. [PMID: 27876850 PMCID: PMC5120345 DOI: 10.1038/srep37567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has been counted on for conserving threatened marine fish since it regulates the commercial international trade of these species. Implementation of the international treaty for Mantas included on CITES Appendix II is challenging due to insufficient information on species identification and markets management. To fill the gap in such aspects, we identified five species of Mobulid rays (Mobula spps. and Manta spp) by using COI and NADH2 mtDNA markers in dried ray gill rakers from Chinese markets, namely, Mobula japonica (representing 54.8% of the sample set), M. tarapacana (14.4%), M. kuhlii (13.3%), M. thurstoni (6.4%), along with Manta birostris (11.2%; CITES Appendix II). The utilization and conservation statuses of these species were discussed. Based on combination of DNA barcodes and key morphological characters, we developed a three-step process for identifying the gill rakers of Mobulid rays which has been adopted by frontline enforcement in China. We hope that our work can serve as a foundation and basis to reinforce objectives of international treaties, regulation of consumer-driven markets, regional cooperation, and national fishery management on endangered elasmobranchs in China as well as related countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Endangered Species Scientific Commission, People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongze Wu
- CITES Management Authority, People’s Republic of China, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhibin Meng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Endangered Species Scientific Commission, People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Endangered Species Scientific Commission, People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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37
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Stewart JD, Hoyos-Padilla EM, Kumli KR, Rubin RD. Deep-water feeding and behavioral plasticity in Manta birostris revealed by archival tags and submersible observations. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:406-413. [PMID: 27461910 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foraging drives many fundamental aspects of ecology, and an understanding of foraging behavior aids in the conservation of threatened species by identifying critical habitats and spatial patterns relevant to management. The world's largest ray, the oceanic manta (Manta birostris) is poorly studied and threatened globally by targeted fisheries and incidental capture. Very little information is available on the natural history, ecology and behavior of the species, complicating management efforts. This study provides the first data on the diving behavior of the species based on data returned from six tagged individuals, and an opportunistic observation from a submersible of a manta foraging at depth. Pop-off archival satellite tags deployed on mantas at the Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico recorded seasonal shifts in diving behavior, likely related to changes in the location and availability of zooplankton prey. Across seasons, mantas spent a large proportion of their time centered around the upper limit of the thermocline, where zooplankton often aggregate. Tag data reveal a gradual activity shift from surface waters to 100-150m across the tagging period, possibly indicating a change in foraging behavior from targeting surface-associated zooplankton to vertical migrators. The depth ranges accessed by mantas in this study carry variable bycatch risks from different fishing gear types. Consequently, region-specific data on diving behavior can help inform local management strategies that reduce or mitigate bycatch of this vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stewart
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 0NT, UK.
| | - Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla
- Pelagios Kakunja A.C., Sinaloa 1540, Las Garzas, 23070, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; Fins Attached, 19675 Still Glen Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80908, USA
| | - Katherine R Kumli
- Pacific Manta Research Group, University of California Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Rd., Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Robert D Rubin
- Pacific Manta Research Group, University of California Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Rd., Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA; Santa Rosa Junior College, 1501 Mendocino Ave, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA
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Armstrong AO, Armstrong AJ, Jaine FRA, Couturier LIE, Fiora K, Uribe-Palomino J, Weeks SJ, Townsend KA, Bennett MB, Richardson AJ. Prey Density Threshold and Tidal Influence on Reef Manta Ray Foraging at an Aggregation Site on the Great Barrier Reef. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153393. [PMID: 27144343 PMCID: PMC4856370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large tropical and sub-tropical marine animals must meet their energetic requirements in a largely oligotrophic environment. Many planktivorous elasmobranchs, whose thermal ecologies prevent foraging in nutrient-rich polar waters, aggregate seasonally at predictable locations throughout tropical oceans where they are observed feeding. Here we investigate the foraging and oceanographic environment around Lady Elliot Island, a known aggregation site for reef manta rays Manta alfredi in the southern Great Barrier Reef. The foraging behaviour of reef manta rays was analysed in relation to zooplankton populations and local oceanography, and compared to long-term sighting records of reef manta rays from the dive operator on the island. Reef manta rays fed at Lady Elliot Island when zooplankton biomass and abundance were significantly higher than other times. The critical prey density threshold that triggered feeding was 11.2 mg m-3 while zooplankton size had no significant effect on feeding. The community composition and size structure of the zooplankton was similar when reef manta rays were feeding or not, with only the density of zooplankton changing. Higher zooplankton biomass was observed prior to low tide, and long-term (~5 years) sighting data confirmed that more reef manta rays are also observed feeding during this tidal phase than other times. This is the first study to examine prey availability at an aggregation site for reef manta rays and it indicates that they feed in locations and at times of higher zooplankton biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia O. Armstrong
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia J. Armstrong
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fabrice R. A. Jaine
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Biophysical Oceanography Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Manta Ray and Whale Shark Research Centre, Marine Megafauna Foundation, Tofo Beach, Inhambane, Mozambique
| | - Lydie I. E. Couturier
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M.I.O), UMR 7294, UR 235, Campus de Luminy, Case 901, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Kym Fiora
- Lady Elliot Island Dive Shop, Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort, Great Barrier Reef, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian Uribe-Palomino
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, EcoScience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Scarla J. Weeks
- Biophysical Oceanography Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kathy A. Townsend
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mike B. Bennett
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- Project Manta, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, EcoScience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Sanderson SL, Roberts E, Lineburg J, Brooks H. Fish mouths as engineering structures for vortical cross-step filtration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11092. [PMID: 27023700 PMCID: PMC4820540 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension-feeding fishes such as goldfish and whale sharks retain prey without clogging their oral filters, whereas clogging is a major expense in industrial crossflow filtration of beer, dairy foods and biotechnology products. Fishes' abilities to retain particles that are smaller than the pore size of the gill-raker filter, including extraction of particles despite large holes in the filter, also remain unexplained. Here we show that unexplored combinations of engineering structures (backward-facing steps forming d-type ribs on the porous surface of a cone) cause fluid dynamic phenomena distinct from current biological and industrial filter operations. This vortical cross-step filtration model prevents clogging and explains the transport of tiny concentrated particles to the oesophagus using a hydrodynamic tongue. Mass transfer caused by vortices along d-type ribs in crossflow is applicable to filter-feeding duck beak lamellae and whale baleen plates, as well as the fluid mechanics of ventilation at fish gill filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Laurie Sanderson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - Erin Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - Jillian Lineburg
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - Hannah Brooks
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
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Baleen Hydrodynamics and Morphology of Cross-Flow Filtration in Balaenid Whale Suspension Feeding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150106. [PMID: 26918630 PMCID: PMC4769178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional view of mysticete feeding involves static baleen directly sieving particles from seawater using a simple, dead-end flow-through filtration mechanism. Flow tank experiments on bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) baleen indicate the long-standing model of dead-end filtration, at least in balaenid (bowhead and right) whales, is not merely simplistic but wrong. To recreate continuous intraoral flow, sections of baleen were tested in a flume through which water and buoyant particles circulated with variable flow velocity. Kinematic sequences were analyzed to investigate movement and capture of particles by baleen plates and fringes. Results indicate that very few particles flow directly through the baleen rack; instead much water flows anteroposteriorly along the interior (lingual) side of the rack, allowing items to be carried posteriorly and accumulate at the posterior of the mouth where they might readily be swallowed. Since water flows mainly parallel to rather than directly through the filter, the cross-flow mechanism significantly reduces entrapment and tangling of minute items in baleen fringes, obviating the need to clean the filter. The absence of copepods or other prey found trapped in the baleen of necropsied right and bowhead whales supports this hypothesis. Reduced through-baleen flow was observed with and without boundaries modeling the tongue and lips, indicating that baleen itself is the main if not sole agent of crossflow. Preliminary investigation of baleen from balaenopterid whales that use intermittent filter feeding suggests that although the biomechanics and hydrodynamics of oral flow differ, cross-flow filtration may occur to some degree in all mysticetes.
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Ferry LA, Paig-Tran EM, Gibb AC. Suction, Ram, and Biting: Deviations and Limitations to the Capture of Aquatic Prey. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:97-109. [PMID: 25980566 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When feeding, most aquatic organisms generate suction that draws prey into the mouth. The papers in this volume are a demonstration of this fact. However, under what circumstances is suction ineffective as a feeding mechanism? Here we consider the interplay between suction, ram, and biting, and analyze the contribution of each to the capture of prey by a wide variety of species of fish. We find, not surprisingly, that ram is the dominant contributor to feeding because suction, and biting, are only effective when very close to the prey. As species utilize more strongly ram-dominated modes of feeding, they may be released from the morphological and behavioral constraints associated with the need to direct a current of water into the head. Morphological and behavioral changes that facilitate larger gapes and stronger jaws are explored here, including predators that lack a protrusile upper jaw, predators with elongate jaws, predators that rely on suspension feeding, and predators that bite. Interestingly, while the mobility of the jaws and the shape of the opening of the mouth are modified in species that have departed from a primary reliance on suction feeding, the anterior-to-posterior wave of expansion persists. This wave may be greatly slowed in ram and biting species, but its retention suggests a fundamental importance to aquatic feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ferry
- *School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Mail Code 2352, Glendale, AZ 85069, USA; Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - E Misty Paig-Tran
- *School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Mail Code 2352, Glendale, AZ 85069, USA; Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Alice C Gibb
- *School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Mail Code 2352, Glendale, AZ 85069, USA; Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
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Holley LL, Heidman MK, Chambers RM, Sanderson SL. Mucous contribution to gut nutrient content in American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1457-1470. [PMID: 25809583 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and applied an approach to calculate the proportion of fish gut content composed of mucus secreted by the oropharyngeal cavity and gut. The amount of nitrogen in the contents of the foregut (oesophagus and gizzard) and the epibranchial organs of suspension-feeding American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum was significantly higher than the nitrogen in the homogeneous food source. Using data collected from suspension-feeding experiments and the nitrogen content of D. cepedianum mucus, a series of equations illustrated that mucus constituted c. 10% of D. cepedianum foregut content and 12% of epibranchial organ content by dry mass. Future quantification of fish feeding selectivity and absorption efficiency can use this approach to take into account the contribution of fish mucus to the nutrients in the gut contents. This study supports the conclusion that suspension-feeding D. cepedianum in a heterogeneous environment selectively ingest nutrient-rich particles, even when gut nutrient content is adjusted to take into account the contribution of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Holley
- Edge Engineering and Science, 16360 Park Ten Place, Suite 300, Houston, TX 77084, U.S.A
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Poortvliet M, Olsen JL, Croll DA, Bernardi G, Newton K, Kollias S, O'Sullivan J, Fernando D, Stevens G, Galván Magaña F, Seret B, Wintner S, Hoarau G. A dated molecular phylogeny of manta and devil rays (Mobulidae) based on mitogenome and nuclear sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 83:72-85. [PMID: 25462995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Manta and devil rays are an iconic group of globally distributed pelagic filter feeders, yet their evolutionary history remains enigmatic. We employed next generation sequencing of mitogenomes for nine of the 11 recognized species and two outgroups; as well as additional Sanger sequencing of two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes in an extended taxon sampling set. Analysis of the mitogenome coding regions in a Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian framework provided a well-resolved phylogeny. The deepest divergences distinguished three clades with high support, one containing Manta birostris, Manta alfredi, Mobula tarapacana, Mobula japanica and Mobula mobular; one containing Mobula kuhlii, Mobula eregoodootenkee and Mobula thurstoni; and one containing Mobula munkiana, Mobula hypostoma and Mobula rochebrunei. Mobula remains paraphyletic with the inclusion of Manta, a result that is in agreement with previous studies based on molecular and morphological data. A fossil-calibrated Bayesian random local clock analysis suggests that mobulids diverged from Rhinoptera around 30 Mya. Subsequent divergences are characterized by long internodes followed by short bursts of speciation extending from an initial episode of divergence in the Early and Middle Miocene (19-17 Mya) to a second episode during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (3.6 Mya - recent). Estimates of divergence dates overlap significantly with periods of global warming, during which upwelling intensity - and related high primary productivity in upwelling regions - decreased markedly. These periods are hypothesized to have led to fragmentation and isolation of feeding regions leading to possible regional extinctions, as well as the promotion of allopatric speciation. The closely shared evolutionary history of mobulids in combination with ongoing threats from fisheries and climate change effects on upwelling and food supply, reinforces the case for greater protection of this charismatic family of pelagic filter feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Poortvliet
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Universitetet i Nordland, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Jeanine L Olsen
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Donald A Croll
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Kelly Newton
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Universitetet i Nordland, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - John O'Sullivan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA.
| | - Daniel Fernando
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE 39182 Kalmar, Sweden; The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 0NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Guy Stevens
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 0NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Felipe Galván Magaña
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico.
| | - Bernard Seret
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CP 51, rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | - Sabine Wintner
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, 1A Herrwood Drive, Umhlanga Rocks 4320, South Africa; Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, University Road, Westville 3600, South Africa.
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Universitetet i Nordland, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
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Misty Paig-Tran EW, Summers AP. Comparison of the structure and composition of the branchial filters in suspension feeding elasmobranchs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:701-15. [PMID: 24443216 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The four, evolutionarily independent, lineages of suspension feeding elasmobranchs have two types of branchial filters. The first is a robust, flattened filter pad akin to a colander (e.g., whale sharks, mantas and devil rays) while the second more closely resembles the comb-like gill raker structure found in bony fishes (e.g., basking and megamouth sharks). The structure and the presence of mucus on the filter elements will determine the mechanical function of the filter and subsequent particle transport. Using histology and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the anatomy of the branchial filters in 12 of the 14 species of Chondrichthyian filter-feeding fishes. We hypothesized that mucus producing cells would be abundant along the filter epithelium and perform as a sticky mechanism to retain and transport particles; however, we found that only three species had mucus producing goblet cells. Two of these (Mobula kuhlii and Mobula tarapacana) also had branchial cilia, indicating sticky retention and transport. The remaining filter-feeding elasmobranchs did not have a sticky surface along the filter for particles to collect and instead must employ alternative mechanisms of filtration (e.g., direct sieving, inertial impaction or cross-flow). With the exception of basking sharks, the branchial filter is composed of a hyaline cartilage skeleton surrounded by a layer of highly organized connective tissue that may function as a support. Megamouth sharks and most of the mobulid rays have denticles along the surface of the filter, presumably to protect against damage from large particle impactions. Basking sharks have branchial filters that lack a cartilaginous core; instead they are composed entirely of smooth keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Misty Paig-Tran
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington
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