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Kapoor K. 3D visualization and printing: An "Anatomical Engineering" trend revealing underlying morphology via innovation and reconstruction towards future of veterinary anatomy. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:159-182. [PMID: 38236439 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The amalgamation of veterinary anatomy, technology and innovation has led to development of latest technological advancement in the field of veterinary medicine, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) imaging and reconstruction. 3D visualization technique followed by 3D reconstruction has been proven to enhance non-destructive 3D visualization grossly or microscopically, e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and glands. The core aim of this manuscript is to document non-invasive 3D visualization methods being adopted currently in veterinary anatomy to reveal underlying morphology and to reconstruct them by 3D softwares followed by printing, its applications, current challenges, trends and future opportunities. 3D visualization methods such as MRI, CT scans and micro-CT scans are utilised in revealing volumetric data and underlying morphology at microscopic levels as well. This will pave a way to transform and re-invent the future of teaching in veterinary medicine, in clinical cases as well as in exploring wildlife anatomy. This review provides novel insights into 3D visualization and printing as it is the future of veterinary anatomy, thus making it spread to become the plethora of opportunities for whole veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritima Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
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2
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Keklikoglou K, Arvanitidis C, Chatzigeorgiou G, Chatzinikolaou E, Karagiannidis E, Koletsa T, Magoulas A, Makris K, Mavrothalassitis G, Papanagnou ED, Papazoglou AS, Pavloudi C, Trougakos IP, Vasileiadou K, Vogiatzi A. Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques. J Imaging 2021; 7:jimaging7090172. [PMID: 34564098 PMCID: PMC8470083 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7090172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several imaging techniques are used in biological and biomedical studies. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a non-destructive imaging technique that allows the rapid digitisation of internal and external structures of a sample in three dimensions and with great resolution. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of some common imaging techniques applied in biological and biomedical fields, such as optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, are presented and compared with the micro-CT technique through five use cases. Finally, the ability of micro-CT to create non-destructively 3D anatomical and morphological data in sub-micron resolution and the necessity to develop complementary methods with other imaging techniques, in order to overcome limitations caused by each technique, is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleoniki Keklikoglou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
- Biology Department, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Christos Arvanitidis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
- LifeWatch ERIC, 41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Georgios Chatzigeorgiou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Eva Chatzinikolaou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Efstratios Karagiannidis
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (A.S.P.)
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Antonios Magoulas
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Makris
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.M.); (G.M.); (A.V.)
| | - George Mavrothalassitis
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.M.); (G.M.); (A.V.)
- IMBB, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni-Dimitra Papanagnou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.-D.P.); (I.P.T.)
| | - Andreas S. Papazoglou
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (A.S.P.)
| | - Christina Pavloudi
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (E.-D.P.); (I.P.T.)
| | - Katerina Vasileiadou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (C.A.); (G.C.); (E.C.); (A.M.); (C.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Angeliki Vogiatzi
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.M.); (G.M.); (A.V.)
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Gignac PM, O'Brien HD, Sanchez J, Vazquez-Sanroman D. Multiscale imaging of the rat brain using an integrated diceCT and histology workflow. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2153-2168. [PMID: 34173869 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in tissue visualization techniques have spurred significant gains in the biomedical sciences by enabling researchers to integrate their datasets across anatomical scales. Of particular import are techniques that enable the interpolation of multiple hierarchical scales in samples taken from the same individuals. In this study, we demonstrate that two-dimensional histology techniques can be employed on neural tissues following three-dimensional diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) without causing tissue degradation. This represents the first step toward a multiscale pipeline for brain visualization. We studied brains from adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats, comparing experimental (diceCT-stained then de-stained) to control (without diceCT) brains to examine neural tissues for immunolabeling integrity, compare somata sizes, and distinguish neurons from glial cells within the telencephalon and diencephalon. We hypothesized that if experimental and control samples do not differ significantly in morphological cell analysis, then brain tissues are robust to the chemical, temperature, and radiation environments required for these multiple, successive imaging protocols. Visualizations for experimental brains were first captured via micro-computed tomography scanning of isolated, iodine-infused specimens. Samples were then cleared of iodine, serially sectioned, and prepared again using immunofluorescent, fluorescent, and cresyl violet labeling, followed by imaging with confocal and light microscopy, respectively. Our results show that many neural targets are resilient to diceCT imaging and compatible with downstream histological staining as part of a low-cost, multiscale brain imaging pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Haley D O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Jimena Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Dolores Vazquez-Sanroman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA.
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DIFFUSIBLE IODINE-BASED CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AS A NECROPSY AID: A CASE REPORT EVALUATING RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN MACROCEPHALON MALEO. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:406-412. [PMID: 33827206 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the novel use of diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) as a digital necropsy aid. DiceCT was used postmortem to evaluate the cause of progressive respiratory disease in a juvenile maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). The technique facilitated soft-tissue contrast and a three-dimensional investigation of sinus and choanal anatomy as a means to identify normal and pathologic morphologies. Results showed right-sided narial occlusion by mucoid debris, along with left-sided choanal stenosis caused by osteomyelitis and reactive bone formation. The high spatial resolution afforded by diceCT enabled targeted histology and quantification of the clinical impact of pathologies, which contributed to an effective 60% loss in nasal airway aperture for this individual. This study demonstrates how adding diceCT to traditional necropsy can proffer additional understanding of an individual's pathology, and the resulting data can enhance research programs in vertebrate anatomy, evolution, and health.
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Lanzetti A, Ekdale EG. Enhancing CT imaging: A safe protocol to stain and de-stain rare fetal museum specimens using diffusible iodine-based staining (diceCT). J Anat 2021; 239:228-241. [PMID: 33665841 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) scanning is being increasingly employed in the study of natural history, particularly to investigate the internal anatomy of unique specimens in museum collections. Different techniques to enhance the contrast between tissues have been developed to improve the quality of the scans while preserving the integrity of these rare specimens. Diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) was found to be particularly effective and reversible for staining tissues in formalin preserved specimens. While it can also be effectively employed to stain ethanol-preserved specimens of small size, the reversibility of this process and the applicability to large-bodied animals has never been thoroughly tested. Here, we describe a novel diceCT protocol developed to stain and de-stain ethanol-preserved prenatal specimens of baleen whales (Mysticeti, Cetacea). These large (10-90 cm in length only considering early fetal stages) specimens present unique challenges as they are rare in collections and irreplaceable, therefore it is imperative to not damage them with the staining process. Before trying this protocol on baleen whales' specimens, we conducted a pilot study on commercially available fetal pigs using the same parameters. This allowed us to optimize the staining time to obtain the best results in CT scanning and to test first-hand the effect of de-staining on ethanol-based specimens. External coloration of the specimens is also a concern with iodine-staining, as stained specimens assume a bright red color that needs to be removed from both internal and external tissues before they can be stored. To test the reversibility of the stain in ethanol-preserved specimens with fur, we also conducted a small experiment using commercially acquired domestic mice. After these trials were successful, we applied the staining and de-staining protocol to multiple fetal specimens of mysticetes up to 90 cm in length, both ethanol- and formalin-preserved. Specimens were soaked in a solution of 1% pure iodine in 70% ethanol for 1-28 days, according to their size. After scanning, specimens are soaked in a solution of 3% sodium thiosulfate in 70% ethanol that is able to completely wash out the iodine from the tissues in a shorter time frame, between a few hours and 14 days. The same concentrations were used for formalin-preserved specimens, but DI water was used as solvent instead of ethanol. The staining technique proved particularly useful to enhance the contrast difference between cartilage, mineralized bone, teeth, and the surrounding soft tissues even when the specimens where scanned in medical-grade CT scans. The specimens did not suffer any visible damage or shrinkage due to the procedure, and in both the fetal samples and in the mice the color of the stain was completely removed by the de-staining process. We conclude therefore that this protocol can be safely applied to a variety of ethanol-preserved museum specimens to enhance the quality of the CT scanning and highlight internal morphological features without recurring to dissection or other irreversible procedures. We also provide tips to best apply this protocol, from how to mix the solutions to how to minimize the staining time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Lanzetti
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Eric G Ekdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA, USA
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Sohn JH, Fukui D, Nojiri T, Minowa K, Kimura J, Koyabu D. Three-Dimensional and Histological Observations on Male Genital Organs of Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnatomy of bat genital organs has been conventionally studied by gross and microscopic observations to date. Here, we employ both histological observation and diceCT (diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography) to study the detailed three-dimensional morphological structure of the male genital organs in bats, using the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. This is the first study to three-dimensionally describe the whole reproductive organs of bats in detail. Our highly resolved three-dimensional reconstruction reveals that the male organs of R. ferrumequinum consist of paired testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, and five accessory genital glands. The boundary between the ampullary and vesicular glands has been difficult to identify in previous observations, but our diceCT imaging allowed us to clearly differentiate the two. We found that the ampullary gland is located at the terminal part of the deferent ducts, and the vesicular gland lies distal to the ampullary glands. This species possesses a single and carrot-shaped urethral gland, which is not found in most chiropteran families. The presence of the urethral gland in this species and its secretions suggest that after copulation this species is capable of forming a vaginal plug, which can seal the female’s vaginal orifice to block the entrance of spermatozoa from other males. The presence of the urethral gland and elongated epididymal tail and the fact that some individuals can terminate their hibernation and reactivate imply forced copulation on hibernating females can occur in R. ferrumequinum.
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Nasoori A. Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:986-1019. [PMID: 32338826 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers, horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as AHOOO structures) in extant mammals. AHOOOs are extra-skeletal bones that originate from subcutaneous (dermal) tissues in a wide variety of mammals, and this review elaborates on the co-development of the bone and skin in these structures. During foetal stages, primordial cells for the bony compartments arise in subcutaneous tissues. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is assumed to play a key role in the differentiation of bone, cartilage, skin and other tissues in AHOOO structures. AHOOO ossification takes place after skeletal bone formation, and may depend on sexual maturity. Skin keratinization occurs in tandem with ossification and may be under the control of androgens. Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification participate in bony compartment formation. There is variation in gradients of density in different AHOOO structures. These gradients, which vary according to function and species, primarily reduce mechanical stress. Anchorage of AHOOOs to their surrounding tissues fortifies these structures and is accomplished by bone-bone fusion and Sharpey fibres. The presence of the integument is essential for the protection and function of the bony compartments. Three major functions can be attributed to AHOOOs: mechanical, visual, and thermoregulatory. This review provides the first extensive comparative description of the skeletal and integumentary systems of AHOOOs in a variety of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nasoori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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Ferstl S, Schwaha T, Ruthensteiner B, Hehn L, Allner S, Müller M, Dierolf M, Achterhold K, Pfeiffer F. Nanoscopic X-ray tomography for correlative microscopy of a small meiofaunal sea-cucumber. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3960. [PMID: 32127610 PMCID: PMC7054411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of correlative microscopy, light and electron microscopy form a powerful combination for morphological analyses in zoology. Due to sample thickness limitations, these imaging techniques often require sectioning to investigate small animals and thereby suffer from various artefacts. A recently introduced nanoscopic X-ray computed tomography (NanoCT) setup has been used to image several biological objects, none that were, however, embedded into resin, which is prerequisite for a multitude of correlative applications. In this study, we assess the value of this NanoCT for correlative microscopy. For this purpose, we imaged a resin-embedded, meiofaunal sea cucumber with an approximate length of 1 mm, where microCT would yield only little information about the internal anatomy. The resulting NanoCT data exhibits isotropic 3D resolution, offers deeper insights into the 3D microstructure, and thereby allows for a complete morphological characterization. For comparative purposes, the specimen was sectioned subsequently to evaluate the NanoCT data versus serial sectioning light microscopy (ss-LM). To correct for mechanical instabilities and drift artefacts, we applied an alternative alignment procedure for CT reconstruction. We thereby achieve a level of detail on the subcellular scale comparable to ss-LM images in the sectioning plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ferstl
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lorenz Hehn
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Allner
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mark Müller
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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A 3D journey on virtual surfaces and inner structure of ossa genitalia in Primates by means of a non-invasive imaging tool. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228131. [PMID: 31999734 PMCID: PMC6992188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel bio-imaging techniques such as micro-Computed Tomography provide an opportunity to investigate animal anatomy and morphology by overcoming limitations imposed by traditional anatomical drawings. The primate genital bones are complex anatomical structures whose occurrence in both male penis (baculum) and female clitoris (baubellum) may be difficult to assess in individual cadavers. We tested a 3-step methodological protocol, including different techniques ranging from inexpensive/simple to more expensive/sophisticated ones, by applying it to a sample of primate species, and resulting in different levels of data complexity: (1) presence/absence manual palpation method; (2) 2D X-ray plates; 3) 3D micro-CT scans. Manual palpation failed on 2 out of 23 specimens by detecting 1 false negative and 1 false positive; radiography failed once confirming the false positive, however firmly disproved by micro-CT; micro-CT analysis reported the presence of 9 bacula out of 11 male specimens and 1 baubellum out of 12 female specimens. A different baculum position was identified between strepsirrhine and haplorrhine species. We also aim to assess micro-CT as a non-invasive technique providing updated anatomical descriptions of primate ossa genitalia. Micro-CT 3D volumes showed the surface of some bones as rough, with a jagged appearance, whereas in others the surface appeared very smooth and coherent. In addition, four main types of bone internal structure were identified: 1) totally hollow; 2) hollow epiphyses and solid diaphysis with few or several channels inside; 3) totally solid with intricate Haversian channels; 4) totally solid with some channels (structure of single baubellum scanned). Ossa genitalia appeared as a living tissue having its own Haversian-like channels. The high resolution of micro-CT 3D-images of primate genital bones disclosed additional form variability to that available from genital bone 2D images of previous studies, and showed for the first time new internal and external morphological characters. Moreover, micro-CT non-invasive approach proved appropriate to recover much of scientific knowledge still hidden and often neglected in both museum specimens and primate cadavers only destined to necropsy.
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Jubilato FC, Comelis MT, Bueno LM, Taboga SR, Góes RM, Morielle‐Versute E. Histomorphology of the glans penis in Vespertilionidae and Phyllostomidae species (Chiroptera, Mammalia). J Morphol 2019; 280:1759-1776. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C. Jubilato
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manuela T. Comelis
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Bueno
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rejane M. Góes
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eliana Morielle‐Versute
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
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Iodine-Enhanced Micro-CT Imaging of Soft Tissue on the Example of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:7483745. [PMID: 31049044 PMCID: PMC6458925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7483745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography (μCT) is widely used for the study of mineralized tissues, but a similar use for soft tissues is hindered by their low X-ray attenuation. This limitation can be overcome by the recent development of different staining techniques. Staining with Lugol's solution, a mixture of one part iodine and two parts potassium iodide in water, stands out among these techniques for its low complexity and cost. Currently, Lugol staining is mostly used for anatomical examination of tissues. In the present study, we seek to optimize the quality and reproducibility of the staining for ex vivo visualization of soft tissues in the context of a peripheral nerve regeneration model in the rat. We show that the staining result not only depends on the concentration of the staining solution but also on the amount of stain in relation to the tissue volume and composition, necessitating careful adaptation of the staining protocol to the respective specimen tissue. This optimization can be simplified by a stepwise staining which we show to yield a similar result compared to staining in a single step. Lugol staining solution results in concentration-dependent tissue shrinkage which can be minimized but not eliminated. We compared the shrinkage of tendon, nerve, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and kidney with six iterations of Lugol staining. 60 ml of 0.3% Lugol's solution per cm3 of tissue for 24 h yielded good results on the example of a peripheral nerve regeneration model, and we were able to show that the regenerating nerve inside a silk fibroin tube can be visualized in 3D using this staining technique. This information helps in deciding the region of interest for histological imaging and provides a 3D context to histological findings. Correlating both imaging modalities has the potential to improve the understanding of the regenerative process.
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Hedrick BP, Yohe L, Vander Linden A, Dávalos LM, Sears K, Sadier A, Rossiter SJ, Davies KTJ, Dumont E. Assessing Soft-Tissue Shrinkage Estimates in Museum Specimens Imaged With Diffusible Iodine-Based Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (diceCT). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:284-291. [PMID: 29916341 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased accessibility of soft-tissue data through diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) enables comparative biologists to increase the taxonomic breadth of their studies with museum specimens. However, it is still unclear how soft-tissue measurements from preserved specimens reflect values from freshly collected specimens and whether diceCT preparation may affect these measurements. Here, we document and evaluate the accuracy of diceCT in museum specimens based on the soft-tissue reconstructions of brains and eyes of five bats. Based on proxies, both brains and eyes were roughly 60% of the estimated original sizes when first imaged. However, these structures did not further shrink significantly over a 4-week staining interval, and 1 week in 2.5% iodine-based solution yielded sufficient contrast for differentiating among soft-tissues. Compared to six "fresh" bat specimens imaged shortly after field collection (not fixed in ethanol), the museum specimens had significantly lower relative volumes of the eyes and brains. Variation in field preparation techniques and conditions, and long-term storage in ethanol may be the primary causes of shrinkage in museum specimens rather than diceCT staining methodology. Identifying reliable tissue-specific correction factors to adjust for the shrinkage now documented in museum specimens requires future work with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,Harvard University,Cambridge,MA 02138,USA
| | - Laurel Yohe
- 2Department of Ecology and Evolution,Stony Brook University,650 Life Sciences Building,Stony Brook,NY 11794,USA
| | - Abby Vander Linden
- 3Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,University of Massachusetts Amherst,Amherst,MA 01003,USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- 2Department of Ecology and Evolution,Stony Brook University,650 Life Sciences Building,Stony Brook,NY 11794,USA
| | - Karen Sears
- 4Department of Animal Biology,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL 61801,USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- 4Department of Animal Biology,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL 61801,USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- 5School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,Queen Mary University of London,London E1 4NS,UK
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- 5School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,Queen Mary University of London,London E1 4NS,UK
| | - Elizabeth Dumont
- 6School of Natural Sciences,University of California-Merced,Merced,CA 95343,USA
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Comelis MT, Bueno LM, Góes RM, Taboga S, Morielle-Versute E. Morphological and histological characters of penile organization in eleven species of molossid bats. ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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A simple setup for episcopic microtomy and a digital image processing workflow to acquire high-quality volume data and 3D surface models of small vertebrates. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Schultz NG, Lough-Stevens M, Abreu E, Orr T, Dean MD. The Baculum was Gained and Lost Multiple Times during Mammalian Evolution. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:644-56. [PMID: 27252214 PMCID: PMC6080509 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of male genitalia is a nearly ubiquitous pattern across sexually reproducing organisms, likely driven by the evolutionary pressures of male-male competition, male-female interactions, and perhaps pleiotropic effects of selection. The penis of many mammalian species contains a baculum, a bone that displays astonishing morphological diversity. The evolution of baculum size and shape does not consistently correlate with any aspects of mating system, hindering our understanding of the evolutionary processes affecting it. One potential explanation for the lack of consistent comparative results is that the baculum is not actually a homologous structure. If the baculum of different groups evolved independently, then the assumption of homology inherent in comparative studies is violated. Here, we specifically test this hypothesis by modeling the presence/absence of bacula of 954 mammalian species across a well-established phylogeny and show that the baculum evolved a minimum of nine times, and was lost a minimum of ten times. Three different forms of bootstrapping show our results are robust to species sampling. Furthermore, groups with a baculum show evidence of higher rates of diversification. Our study offers an explanation for the inconsistent results in the literature, and provides insight into the evolution of this remarkable structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Schultz
- *Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael Lough-Stevens
- *Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eric Abreu
- West Adams Preparatory High School, 1500 W Washington Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Teri Orr
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Matthew D Dean
- *Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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16
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Gignac PM, Kley NJ, Clarke JA, Colbert MW, Morhardt AC, Cerio D, Cost IN, Cox PG, Daza JD, Early CM, Echols MS, Henkelman RM, Herdina AN, Holliday CM, Li Z, Mahlow K, Merchant S, Müller J, Orsbon CP, Paluh DJ, Thies ML, Tsai HP, Witmer LM. Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues. J Anat 2016; 228:889-909. [PMID: 26970556 PMCID: PMC5341577 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologists have historically had to rely on destructive procedures to visualize the three‐dimensional (3‐D) anatomy of animals. More recently, however, non‐destructive techniques have come to the forefront. These include X‐ray computed tomography (CT), which has been used most commonly to examine the mineralized, hard‐tissue anatomy of living and fossil metazoans. One relatively new and potentially transformative aspect of current CT‐based research is the use of chemical agents to render visible, and differentiate between, soft‐tissue structures in X‐ray images. Specifically, iodine has emerged as one of the most widely used of these contrast agents among animal morphologists due to its ease of handling, cost effectiveness, and differential affinities for major types of soft tissues. The rapid adoption of iodine‐based contrast agents has resulted in a proliferation of distinct specimen preparations and scanning parameter choices, as well as an increasing variety of imaging hardware and software preferences. Here we provide a critical review of the recent contributions to iodine‐based, contrast‐enhanced CT research to enable researchers just beginning to employ contrast enhancement to make sense of this complex new landscape of methodologies. We provide a detailed summary of recent case studies, assess factors that govern success at each step of the specimen storage, preparation, and imaging processes, and make recommendations for standardizing both techniques and reporting practices. Finally, we discuss potential cutting‐edge applications of diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and the issues that must still be overcome to facilitate the broader adoption of diceCT going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Nathan J Kley
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Colbert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Donald Cerio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ian N Cost
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Philip G Cox
- Department of Archaeology, University of York and Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | | | | | - R Mark Henkelman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Nele Herdina
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Casey M Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samer Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Courtney P Orsbon
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Monte L Thies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Henry P Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Herdina AN, Kelly DA, Jahelková H, Lina PHC, Horáček I, Metscher BD. Testing hypotheses of bat baculum function with 3D models derived from microCT. J Anat 2015; 226:229-35. [PMID: 25655647 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The baculum (os penis) has been extensively studied as a taxon-specific character in bats and other mammals but its mechanical function is still unclear. There is a wide consensus in the literature that the baculum is probably a sexually selected character. Using a novel approach combining postmortem manipulation and three-dimensional (3D) imaging, we tested two functional hypotheses in the common noctule bat Nyctalus noctula, the common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii: (i) whether the baculum can protect the distal urethra and urethral opening from compression during erection and copulation; and (ii) whether the baculum and corpora cavernosa form a functional unit to support both the penile shaft and the more distal glans tip. In freshly dead or frozen and thawed bats, we compared flaccid penises with artificially 'erect' penises that were inflated with 10% formalin. Penises were stained with alcoholic iodine and imaged with a lab-based high-resolution x-ray microtomography system. Analysis of the 3D images enabled us to compare the changes in relative positions of the baculum, corpora cavernosa, urethra, and corpus spongiosum with one another between flaccid and 'erect' penises. Our results support both functional hypotheses, indicating that the baculum probably performs two different roles during erection. Our approach should prove valuable for comparing and testing the functions of different baculum morphologies in bats and other mammals. Moreover, we have validated an essential component of the groundwork necessary to extend this approach with finite element analysis for quantitative 3D biomechanical modeling of penis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nele Herdina
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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