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Hirose A, Nakamura G, Nikaido M, Fujise Y, Kato H, Kishida T. Localized Expression of Olfactory Receptor Genes in the Olfactory Organ of Common Minke Whales. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3855. [PMID: 38612665 PMCID: PMC11012115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Baleen whales (Mysticeti) possess the necessary anatomical structures and genetic elements for olfaction. Nevertheless, the olfactory receptor gene (OR) repertoire has undergone substantial degeneration in the cetacean lineage following the divergence of the Artiodactyla and Cetacea. The functionality of highly degenerated mysticete ORs within their olfactory epithelium remains unknown. In this study, we extracted total RNA from the nasal mucosae of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) to investigate ORs' localized expression. All three sections of the mucosae examined in the nasal chamber displayed comparable histological structure. However, the posterior portion of the frontoturbinal region exhibited notably high OR expression. Neither the olfactory bulb nor the external skin exhibited the expression of these genes. Although this species possesses four intact non-class-2 ORs, all the ORs expressed in the nasal mucosae belong to class-2, implying the loss of aversion to specific odorants. These anatomical and genomic analyses suggest that ORs are still responsible for olfaction within the nasal region of baleen whales, enabling them to detect desirable scents such as prey and potential mating partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hirose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Gen Nakamura
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Masato Nikaido
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | | | - Hidehiro Kato
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
- The Institute of Cetacean Research, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
| | - Takushi Kishida
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka 422-8017, Japan;
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
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Werth AJ, Crompton AW. Cetacean tongue mobility and function: A comparative review. J Anat 2023; 243:343-373. [PMID: 37042479 PMCID: PMC10439401 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans are atypical mammals whose tongues often depart from the typical (basal) mammalian condition in structure, mobility, and function. Their tongues are dynamic, innovative multipurpose tools that include the world's largest muscular structures. These changes reflect the evolutionary history of cetaceans' secondary adaptation to a fully aquatic environment. Cetacean tongues play no role in mastication and apparently a greatly reduced role in nursing (mainly channeling milk ingestion), two hallmarks of Mammalia. Cetacean tongues are not involved in drinking, breathing, vocalizing, and other non-feeding activities; they evidently play no or little role in taste reception. Although cetaceans do not masticate or otherwise process food, their tongues retain key roles in food ingestion, transport, securing/positioning, and swallowing, though by different means than most mammals. This is due to cetaceans' aquatic habitat, which in turn altered their anatomy (e.g., the intranarial larynx and consequent soft palate alteration). Odontocetes ingest prey via raptorial biting or tongue-generated suction. Odontocete tongues expel water and possibly uncover benthic prey via hydraulic jetting. Mysticete tongues play crucial roles driving ram, suction, or lunge ingestion for filter feeding. The uniquely flaccid rorqual tongue, not a constant volume hydrostat (as in all other mammalian tongues), invaginates into a balloon-like pouch to temporarily hold engulfed water. Mysticete tongues also create hydrodynamic flow regimes and hydraulic forces for baleen filtration, and possibly for cleaning baleen. Cetacean tongues lost or modified much of the mobility and function of generic mammal tongues, but took on noteworthy morphological changes by evolving to accomplish new tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Werth
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, USA
| | - A W Crompton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Roston RA, Roth VL. Different transformations underlie blowhole and nasal passage development in a toothed whale (Odontoceti: Stenella attenuata) and a baleen whale (Mysticeti: Balaenoptera physalus). J Anat 2021; 239:1141-1156. [PMID: 34287850 PMCID: PMC8546527 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorientation of the nasal passage away from the anteroposterior axis has evolved rarely in mammals. Unlike other mammals, cetaceans (e.g., whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have evolved a "blowhole": posteriorly repositioned nares that open dorsad. Accompanying the evolution of the blowhole, the nasal passage has rotated dorsally. Neonatal cetaceans possess a blowhole, but early in development, cetacean embryos exhibit head morphologies that resemble those of other mammals. Previous workers have proposed two developmental models for how the nasal passage reorients during prenatal ontogeny. In one model, which focused on external changes in the whole body, dorsad rotation of the head relative to the body results in dorsad rotation of the nasal passage relative to the body. A second model, based on details of the cartilaginous nasal skull, describes dorsad rotation of the nasal passage itself relative to the palate and longitudinal axis of the skull. To integrate and revise these models, we characterized both external and internal prenatal changes in a longitudinal plane that are relevant to nasal passage orientation in the body and head of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Odontoceti: Stenella attenuata). These changes were then compared to those in a prenatal series of a baleen whale, the fin whale (Mysticeti: Balaenoptera physalus), to determine if they were representative of both extant cetacean suborders. In both species, the angle between the nasal passage and the sagittal axis of the foramen magnum decreased with age. In S. attenuata, this was associated with basicranial retroflexion and midfacial lordosis: the skull appeared to fold dorsad with the presphenoid as the vertex of the angle. In contrast, in B. physalus, alignment of the nasal passage and the sagittal axis of the plane of the foramen magnum was associated with angular changes within the posterior skull (specifically, the orientations of the supraoccipital and foramen magnum relative to the posterior basicranium). With these results, we propose a new developmental model for prenatal reorientation of the odontocete nasal passage and discuss ways in which mysticetes likely deviate from this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Roston
- Department of OrthodonticsSchool of DentistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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Farnkopf IC, George JC, Kishida T, Hillmann DJ, Suydam RS, Thewissen JGM. Olfactory epithelium and ontogeny of the nasal chambers in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:643-667. [PMID: 34117725 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a species of baleen whale, we identify olfactory epithelium that suggests a functional sense of smell and document the ontogeny of the surrounding olfactory anatomy. Whales must surface to breathe, thereby providing an opportunity to detect airborne odorants. Although many toothed whales (odontocetes) lack olfactory anatomy, baleen whales (mysticetes) have retained theirs. Here, we investigate fetal and postnatal specimens of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Computed tomography (CT) reveals the presence of nasal passages and nasal chambers with simple ethmoturbinates through ontogeny. Additionally, we describe the dorsal nasal meatuses and olfactory bulb chambers. The cribriform plate has foramina that communicate with the nasal chambers. We show this anatomy within the context of the whole prenatal and postnatal skull. We document the tunnel for the ethmoidal nerve (ethmoid foramen) and the rostrolateral recess of the nasal chamber, which appears postnatally. Bilateral symmetry was apparent in the postnatal nasal chambers. No such symmetry was found prenatally, possibly due to tissue deformation. No nasal air sacs were found in fetal development. Olfactory epithelium, identified histologically, covers at least part of the ethmoturbinates. We identify olfactory epithelium using six explicit criteria of mammalian olfactory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of olfactory marker protein (OMP), which is only found in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Although it seems that these neurons are scarce in bowhead whales compared to typical terrestrial mammals, our results suggest that bowhead whales have a functional sense of smell, which they may use to find prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Farnkopf
- College of Arts and Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John Craig George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA
| | - Takushi Kishida
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, Japan.,Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel J Hillmann
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert S Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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Guo Z, Kohno N. A new kentriodontid (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the early to middle Miocene of the western North Pacific and a revision of kentriodontid phylogeny. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10945. [PMID: 33665037 PMCID: PMC7912617 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of an extinct dolphin belonging to the kentriodontids, i.e., Kentriodon sugawarai sp. nov., is described from the upper lower to lowest middle Miocene Kadonosawa Formation in Ninohe City, Iwate Prefecture, northern Japan. The holotype of Kentriodon sugawarai sp. nov., consists of a partial skull with ear bones, mandibular fragments, and some postcranial bones. This new species shares five unique characters with other species of Kentriodon. In addition, the new species differs from other species of the genus in displaying a narrow width of the squamosal lateral to the exoccipital in posterior view, the dorsolateral edge of the opening of the ventral infraorbital foramen that is formed by the maxilla and the lacrimal or the jugal, and at least three anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina. Our phylogenetic analysis based on 393 characters for 103 Odontoceti taxa yielded a consensus tree showing all previously identified kentriodontids as a monophyletic group that comprises the sister group of the crown Dephinoidea, which in turn include Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Monodontidae. Our analysis also indicates that the distinct innovation of the acoustic apparatus (i.e., 13 out of 29 derived characters are from tympanoperiotic) would have occurred in the ancestral lineage of the Delphinoidea (sensu lato) including the monophyletic Kentriodontidae during their initial evolution and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Guo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoki Kohno
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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Paolucci F, Fernández MS, Buono MR, Cuitiño JI. ‘Aulophyseter’ rionegrensis (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Physeteroidea) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina): a reappraisal. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The giant sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and the dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (Kogia breviceps) sperm whales represent the only three extant species of physeteroids. This group has diversified during the Miocene, and the Miocene marine sediments of Patagonia (Argentina) hold one of the most important fossil records of physeteroids. In particular, ‘Aulophyseter’ rionegrensis (Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation, Miocene), described based on two subcomplete skulls nearly a century ago, has been a problematic taxon because its generic assignation has been questioned in different works. Besides, recent phylogenetic analyses have also failed to recover the putative congeneric sister-group relationship between ‘A.’ rionegrensis and A. morricei (the type species). In this contribution, we re-describe ‘A.’ rionegrensis, evaluate its phylogenetic position and provide a taxonomic review of Aulophyseter. A detailed morphological comparison between ‘A.’ rionegrensis and A. morricei reveals several anatomical differences between them. Phylogenetic analyses recover ‘A.’ rionegrensis as a crown physeteroid, nested within Physeteridae, but not closely related to A. morricei. We provide the new generic name Cozzuoliphyseter gen. nov. for its reception. A preliminary re-assessment of material previously referred to Aulophyseter indicates that A. mediatlanticus, and also historical material of A. morricei, need to be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Paolucci
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marta S Fernández
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica R Buono
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT. Bvd. Brown, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - José I Cuitiño
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT. Bvd. Brown, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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Viglino M, Gaetán CM, Cuitiño JI, Buono MR. First Toothless Platanistoid from the Early Miocene of Patagonia: the Golden Age of Diversification of the Odontoceti. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Tollis M, Robbins J, Webb AE, Kuderna LFK, Caulin AF, Garcia JD, Bèrubè M, Pourmand N, Marques-Bonet T, O’Connell MJ, Palsbøll PJ, Maley CC. Return to the Sea, Get Huge, Beat Cancer: An Analysis of Cetacean Genomes Including an Assembly for the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1746-1763. [PMID: 31070747 PMCID: PMC6657726 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans are a clade of highly specialized aquatic mammals that include the largest animals that have ever lived. The largest whales can have ∼1,000× more cells than a human, with long lifespans, leaving them theoretically susceptible to cancer. However, large-bodied and long-lived animals do not suffer higher risks of cancer mortality than humans-an observation known as Peto's Paradox. To investigate the genomic bases of gigantism and other cetacean adaptations, we generated a de novo genome assembly for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and incorporated the genomes of ten cetacean species in a comparative analysis. We found further evidence that rorquals (family Balaenopteridae) radiated during the Miocene or earlier, and inferred that perturbations in abundance and/or the interocean connectivity of North Atlantic humpback whale populations likely occurred throughout the Pleistocene. Our comparative genomic results suggest that the evolution of cetacean gigantism was accompanied by strong selection on pathways that are directly linked to cancer. Large segmental duplications in whale genomes contained genes controlling the apoptotic pathway, and genes inferred to be under accelerated evolution and positive selection in cetaceans were enriched for biological processes such as cell cycle checkpoint, cell signaling, and proliferation. We also inferred positive selection on genes controlling the mammalian appendicular and cranial skeletal elements in the cetacean lineage, which are relevant to extensive anatomical changes during cetacean evolution. Genomic analyses shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying cetacean traits, including gigantism, and will contribute to the development of future targets for human cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tollis
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | | | - Andrew E Webb
- Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Aleah F Caulin
- Genomics and Computational Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Martine Bèrubè
- Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Instituto de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG‐CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary J O’Connell
- Computational and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Per J Palsbøll
- Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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Viglino M, Buono MR, Fordyce RE, Cuitiño JI, Fitzgerald EMG. Anatomy and phylogeny of the large shark-toothed dolphinPhoberodon arctirostrisCabrera, 1926 (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina). Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Viglino
- Instituto Paleontológico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mónica R Buono
- Instituto Paleontológico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - R Ewan Fordyce
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - José I Cuitiño
- Instituto Paleontológico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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Bianucci G, Bosio G, Malinverno E, de Muizon C, Villa IM, Urbina M, Lambert O. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172302. [PMID: 29765678 PMCID: PMC5936943 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is the only extant survivor of the large clade Platanistoidea, having a well-diversified fossil record from the Late Oligocene to the Middle Miocene. Based on a partial skeleton collected from the Chilcatay Formation (Chilcatay Fm; southern coast of Peru), we report here a new squalodelphinid genus and species, Macrosqualodelphis ukupachai. A volcanic ash layer, sampled near the fossil, yielded the 40Ar/39Ar age of 18.78 ± 0.08 Ma (Burdigalian, Early Miocene). The phylogenetic analysis places Macrosqualodelphis as the earliest branching squalodelphinid. Combined with several cranial and dental features, the large body size (estimated body length of 3.5 m) of this odontocete suggests that it consumed larger prey than the other members of its family. Together with Huaridelphis raimondii and Notocetus vanbenedeni, both also found in the Chilcatay Fm, this new squalodelphinid further demonstrates the peculiar local diversity of the family along the southeastern Pacific coast, possibly related to their partition into different dietary niches. At a wider geographical scale, the morphological and ecological diversity of squalodelphinids confirms the major role played by platanistoids during the Early Miocene radiation of crown odontocetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Bosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio e di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Malinverno
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio e di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian de Muizon
- Département Origines et Évolution, CR2P (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Igor M. Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio e di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Urbina
- Departamento de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Olivier Lambert
- DO Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium
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Post K, Louwye S, Lambert O. Scaldiporia vandokkumi, a new pontoporiid (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Late Miocene to earliest Pliocene of the Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3991. [PMID: 29109917 PMCID: PMC5671118 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The family Pontoporiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Inioidea) is currently represented in our oceans by just one species of diminutive dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei, franciscana). Although P. blainvillei is limited to coastal waters of the South Atlantic along Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, multiple Miocene and Pliocene fossils indicate the past presence of members of the family in the South Atlantic, South Paciifc and North Atlantic oceans. Our comprehension of the origin and diversity of this clade and of the relationships of its members with other inioids is hampered by the fact that part of the described fossil specimens, especially from the North Atlantic realm, are cranial fragments often associated to limited stratigraphic information. Methods Based on an almost complete fossil cranium of pontoporiid from the Westerschelde estuary, The Netherlands, whose preservation allows for detailed morphological observations, we describe a new genus and species. The latter is compared to other pontoporiids, as well as a few non-pontoporiid inioids. A phylogenetic analysis is performed to investigate the relationship of S. vandokkumi with the best-known extinct and extant inioids. Palynological analysis of the sediment associated to the holotype is used to assess its geological age. Results and discussion The new genus and species Scaldiporia vandokkumi is characterized among others by greatly thickened premaxillary eminences reaching the level of the antorbital notch. Palynologically dated from the late Tortonian—earliest Zanclean (7.6–5 Ma, Late Miocene—earliest Pliocene), this new pontoporiid confirms the surprising past diversity of marine inioids in the North Atlantic area. Finally the content of the pontoporiid subfamily Brachydelphininae is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Post
- Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Louwye
- Paleontology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Lambert
- D.O. Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium
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Sánchez-Villagra MR, Forasiepi AM. On the development of the chondrocranium and the histological anatomy of the head in perinatal stages of marsupial mammals. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28203388 PMCID: PMC5303607 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-017-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelphis domestica, Dromiciops gliroides, Perameles sp. and Macropus eugenii. The marsupial chondrocranium is generally characterized by the great breadth of the lamina basalis, absence of pila metoptica and large otic capsules. Its most anterior portion (cupula nasi anterior) is robust, and anterior to it there are well-developed tactile sensory structures, functionally important in the neonate. Investigations of ossification centers at and around the nasal septum are needed to trace the presence of certain bones (e.g., mesethmoid, parasphenoid) across marsupial taxa. In many adult marsupials, the tympanic floor is formed by at least three bones: alisphenoid (alisphenoid tympanic process), ectotympanic and petrosal (rostral and caudal tympanic processes); the squamosal also contributes in some diprotodontians. The presence of an entotympanic in marsupials has not been convincingly demonstrated. The tubal element surrounding the auditory tube in most marsupials is fibrous connective tissue rather than cartilage; the latter is the case in most placentals recorded to date. However, we detected fibrocartilage in a late juvenile of Dromiciops, and a similar tissue has been reported for Tarsipes. Contradictory reports on the presence of the tegmen tympani can be found in the literature. We describe a small tegmen tympani in Macropus. Several heterochronic shifts in the timing of development of the chondocranium and associated structures (e.g., nerves, muscles) and in the ossification sequence have been interpreted as largely being influenced by functional requirements related to the altriciality of the newborn marsupial during early postnatal life. Comparative studies of chondocranial development of mammals can benefit from a solid phylogenetic framework, research on non-classical model organisms, and integration with imaging and sectional data derived from computer-tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006 Switzerland
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Huggenberger S, Leidenberger S, Oelschläger HHA. Asymmetry of the nasofacial skull in toothed whales (Odontoceti). J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Huggenberger
- Department II of Anatomy University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - S. Leidenberger
- Swedish Species Information Centre/ArtDatabanken Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. H. A. Oelschläger
- Department of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie) Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
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