1
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Piek M, Ryd D, Töger J, Testud F, Hedström E, Aletras AH. Fetal 3D cardiovascular cine image acquisition using radial sampling and compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:594-604. [PMID: 36156292 PMCID: PMC10087603 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore a fetal 3D cardiovascular cine acquisition using a radial image acquisition and compressed-sensing reconstruction and compare image quality and scan time with conventional multislice 2D imaging. METHODS Volumetric fetal cardiac data were acquired in 26 volunteers using a radial 3D balanced SSFP pulse sequence. Cardiac gating was performed using a Doppler ultrasound device. Images were reconstructed using a parallel-imaging and compressed-sensing algorithm. Multiplanar reformatting to standard cardiac views was performed before image analysis. Clinical 2D images were used for comparison. Qualitative and quantitative image evaluation were performed by two experienced observers (scale: 1-4). Volumes, mass, and function were assessed. RESULTS Average scan time for the 3D imaging was 6 min, including one localizer. A 2D imaging stack covering the entire heart including localizer sequences took at least 6.5 min, depending on planning complexity. The 3D acquisition was successful in 7 of 26 subjects (27%). Overall image contrast and perceived resolution were lower in the 3D images. Nonetheless, the 3D images had, on average, a moderate cardiac diagnostic quality (median [range]: 3 [1-4]). Standard clinical 2D acquisitions had a high cardiac diagnostic quality (median [range]: 4 [3, 4]). Cardiac measurements were not different between 2D and 3D images (all p > 0.16). CONCLUSION The presented free-breathing whole-heart fetal 3D radial cine MRI acquisition and reconstruction method enables retrospective visualization of all cardiac views while keeping examination times short. This proof-of-concept work produced images with diagnostic quality, while at the same time reducing the planning complexity to a single localizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Piek
- Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ryd
- Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Töger
- Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Hedström
- Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anthony H Aletras
- Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical-Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Braunstorfer L, Romanowicz J, Powell AJ, Pattee J, Browne LP, van der Geest RJ, Moghari MH. Non-contrast free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance with a novel 3D radial leaf trajectory. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 94:64-72. [PMID: 36122675 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a non-contrast free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence with a novel 3D radial leaf trajectory. METHODS We used a respiratory navigator to trigger acquisition of 3D cine data at end-expiration to minimize respiratory motion in our 3D cine SSFP sequence. We developed a novel 3D radial leaf trajectory to reduce gradient jumps and associated eddy-current artifacts. We then reconstructed the 3D cine images with a resolution of 2.0mm3 using an iterative nonlinear optimization algorithm. Prospective validation was performed by comparing ventricular volumetric measurements from a conventional breath-hold 2D cine ventricular short-axis stack against the non-contrast free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine dataset in each patient (n = 13). RESULTS All 3D cine SSFP acquisitions were successful and mean scan time was 07:09 ± 01:31 min. End-diastolic ventricular volumes for left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) measured from the 3D datasets were smaller than those from 2D (LV: 159.99 ± 42.99 vs. 173.16 ± 47.42; RV: 180.35 ± 46.08 vs. 193.13 ± 49.38; p-value≤0.044; bias<8%), whereas ventricular end-systolic volumes were more comparable (LV: 79.12 ± 26.78 vs. 78.46 ± 25.35; RV: 97.18 ± 32.35 vs. 102.42 ± 32.53; p-value≥0.190, bias<6%). The 3D cine data had a lower subjective image quality score. CONCLUSION Our non-contrast free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine sequence with novel leaf trajectory was robust and yielded smaller ventricular end-diastolic volumes compared to 2D cine imaging. It has the potential to make examinations easier and more comfortable for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Braunstorfer
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, BY, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Romanowicz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, School of Medicine, The University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J Powell
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack Pattee
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, CO, USA
| | - Lorna P Browne
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, and School of Medicine, The University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rob J van der Geest
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mehdi H Moghari
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, and School of Medicine, The University of Colorado, CO, USA
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3
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Darçot E, Yerly J, Colotti R, Masci PG, Chaptinel J, Feliciano H, Bianchi V, van Heeswijk RB. Accelerated and high-resolution cardiac T 2 mapping through peripheral k-space sharing. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:220-233. [PMID: 30058085 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop high-spatial-resolution cardiac T2 mapping that allows for a reduced acquisition time while maintaining its precision. We implemented and optimized a new golden-angle radial T2 mapping technique named SKRATCH (Shared k-space Radial T2 Characterization of the Heart) that shares k-space peripheries of T2 -weighted images while preserving their contrasts. METHODS Six SKRATCH variants (gradient-recalled echo and balanced SSFP, free-breathing and breath-held, with and without a saturation preparation) were implemented, and their precision was compared with a navigator-gated reference technique in phantoms and 22 healthy volunteers at 3 T. The optimal breath-held SKRATCH technique was applied in a small cohort of patients with subacute myocardial infarction. RESULTS The faster free-breathing SKRATCH technique reduced the acquisition time by 52.4%, while maintaining the precision and spatial resolution of the reference technique. Similarly, the most precise and robust breath-held SKRATCH technique demonstrated homogenous T2 values that did not significantly differ from the navigator-gated reference (T2 = 39.9 ± 3.4 ms versus 39.5 ± 3.4 ms, P > .20, respectively). All infarct patients demonstrated a large T2 elevation in the ischemic regions of the myocardium. CONCLUSION The optimized SKRATCH technique enabled the accelerated acquisition of high-spatial-resolution T2 maps, was validated in healthy adult volunteers, and was successfully applied to a small initial group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Darçot
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Yerly
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Colotti
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pier Giorgio Masci
- Center for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance, Cardiology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Chaptinel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helene Feliciano
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Bianchi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Moghari MH, Barthur A, Amaral ME, Geva T, Powell AJ. Free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine magnetic resonance imaging with prospective respiratory motion compensation. Magn Reson Med 2017; 80:181-189. [PMID: 29222852 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a new prospective respiratory motion compensation algorithm for free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging. METHODS In a 3D cine SSFP sequence, 4 excitations per cardiac cycle are re-purposed to prospectively track heart position. Specifically, their 1D image is reconstructed and routed into the scanner's standard diaphragmatic navigator processing system. If all 4 signals are in end-expiration, cine image data from the entire cardiac cycle is accepted for image reconstruction. Prospective validation was carried out in patients (N = 17) by comparing in each a conventional breath-hold 2D cine ventricular short-axis stack and a free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine data set. RESULTS All 3D cine SSFP acquisitions were successful and the mean scan time was 5.9 ± 2.7 min. Left and right ventricular end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes by 3D cine SSFP were all larger than those from 2D cine SSFP. This bias was < 6% except for right ventricular end-systolic volume that was 12%. The 3D cine images had a lower ventricular blood-to-myocardium contrast ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, mass, and subjective quality score. CONCLUSION The novel prospective respiratory motion compensation method for 3D cine SSFP imaging was robust and efficient and yielded slightly larger ventricular volumes and lower mass compared to breath-hold 2D cine imaging. Magn Reson Med 80:181-189, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi H Moghari
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashita Barthur
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria E Amaral
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tal Geva
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Powell
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Spear TJ, Stromp TA, Leung SW, Vandsburger MH. Influence of longitudinal position on the evolution of steady-state signal in cardiac cine balanced steady-state free precession imaging. Acta Radiol Open 2017; 6:2058460117729186. [PMID: 29201434 PMCID: PMC5700791 DOI: 10.1177/2058460117729186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) techniques use cine balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) to measure myocardial signal intensity and probe underlying physiological parameters. This correlation assumes that steady-state is maintained uniformly throughout the heart in space and time. Purpose To determine the effects of longitudinal cardiac motion and initial slice position on signal deviation in cine bSSFP imaging by comparing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) acquisitions. Material and Methods Nine healthy volunteers completed cardiac MRI on a 1.5-T scanner. Short axis images were taken at six slice locations using both 2D and 3D cine bSSFP. 3D acquisitions spanned two slices above and below selected slice locations. Changes in myocardial signal intensity were measured across the cardiac cycle and compared to longitudinal shortening. Results For 2D cine bSSFP, 46% ± 9% of all frames and 84% ± 13% of end-diastolic frames remained within 10% of initial signal intensity. For 3D cine bSSFP the proportions increased to 87% ± 8% and 97% ± 5%. There was no correlation between longitudinal shortening and peak changes in myocardial signal. The initial slice position significantly impacted peak changes in signal intensity for 2D sequences (P < 0.001). Conclusion The initial longitudinal slice location significantly impacts the magnitude of deviation from steady-state in 2D cine bSSFP that is only restored at the center of a 3D excitation volume. During diastole, a transient steady-state is established similar to that achieved with 3D cine bSSFP regardless of slice location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Spear
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tori A Stromp
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Steve W Leung
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Moriel H Vandsburger
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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6
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Kawaji K, Patel MB, Cantrell CG, Tanaka A, Marino M, Tamura S, Wang H, Wang Y, Carroll TJ, Ota T, Patel AR. A fast, noniterative approach for accelerated high-temporal resolution cine-CMR using dynamically interleaved streak removal in the power-spectral encoded domain with low-pass filtering (DISPEL) and modulo-prime spokes (MoPS). Med Phys 2017; 44:3450-3463. [PMID: 28339110 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce a pair of accelerated non-Cartesian acquisition principles that when combined, exploit the periodicity of k-space acquisition, and thereby enable acquisition of high-temporal cine Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR). METHODS The mathematical formulation of a noniterative, undersampled non-Cartesian cine acquisition and reconstruction is presented. First, a low-pass filtering step that exploits streaking artifact redundancy is provided (i.e., Dynamically Interleaved Streak removal in the Power-spectrum Encoded domain with Low-pass filtering [DISPEL]). Next, an effective radial acquisition for the DISPEL approach that exploits the property of prime numbers is described (i.e., Modulo-Prime Spoke [MoPS]). Both DISPEL and MoPS are examined using numerical simulation of a digital heart phantom to show that high-temporal cine-CMR is feasible without removing physiologic motion vs aperiodic interleaving using Golden Angles. The combined high-temporal cine approach is next examined in 11 healthy subjects for a time-volume curve assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance vs conventional Cartesian cine-CMR reference. RESULTS The DISPEL method was first shown using simulation under different streak cycles to allow separation of undersampled radial streaking artifacts from physiologic motion with a sufficiently frequent streak-cycle interval. Radial interleaving with MoPS is next shown to allow interleaves with pseudo-Golden-Angle variants, and be more compatible with DISPEL against irrational and nonperiodic rotation angles, including the Golden-Angle-derived rotations. In the in vivo data, the proposed method showed no statistical difference in the systolic performance, while diastolic parameters sensitive to the cine's temporal resolution were statistically significant (P < 0.05 vs Cartesian cine). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a high-temporal resolution cine-CMR using DISPEL and MoPS, whose streaking artifact was separated from physiologic motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kawaji
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mita B Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marco Marino
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Satoshi Tamura
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Takeyoshi Ota
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amit R Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Chen Z, Xue R, Zhang P, Sun K, Zuo Z, An J, Chen J, He S, Chen L, Wang DJJ. Multi-phase passband balanced SSFP fMRI with 50ms sampling rate at 7Tesla enables high precision in resolving 100ms neuronal events. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 35:20-28. [PMID: 27580519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Passband balanced steady state free precession (b-SSFP) fMRI employs the flat portion of the SSFP off-resonance response to obtain microscopic susceptibility changes elicited by changes in blood oxygenation following enhancement in neuronal activity. This technique can reduce geometric distortion and signal dropout while maintaining rapid acquisition and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with traditional fMRI techniques. In the study, we developed a novel multi-phase passband b-SSFP fMRI technique that can achieve a spatial resolution of a few mm3 and a high temporal sampling rate of 50ms per slice at 7Tesla. This technique was further applied for an event-related (ER) fMRI paradigm. As a comparison, gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) with similar spatial resolution and temporal sampling rate was carried out for the same ER-fMRI experiment. Experiments with visual cortex stimulation were carried out at 7Tesla to demonstrate whether the multi-phase b-SSFP technique and GE-EPI are able to differentiate temporal delays in hemodynamic response function (HRF) separated by 100ms in stimulus onset. Consistent with ERP results, the upslope of the HRF of both techniques can differentiate 100ms delay in stimulus onset, with the former showing a lower level of intersubject variability. The present study demonstrated that the multi-phase passband b-SSFP fMRI technique can be applied for resolving neuronal events on the order of 100ms at ultrahigh magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaibao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jing An
- Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Beijing MRI Center for Brain Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Danny J J Wang
- UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Beijing, China; UCLA-Beijing Joint Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Kober F, Jao T, Troalen T, Nayak KS. Myocardial arterial spin labeling. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:22. [PMID: 27071861 PMCID: PMC4830031 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) technique for mapping regional myocardial blood flow. It does not require any contrast agents, is compatible with stress testing, and can be performed repeatedly or even continuously. ASL-CMR has been performed with great success in small-animals, but sensitivity to date has been poor in large animals and humans and remains an active area of research. This review paper summarizes the development of ASL-CMR techniques, current state-of-the-art imaging methods, the latest findings from pre-clinical and clinical studies, and future directions. We also explain how successful developments in brain ASL and small-animal ASL-CMR have helped to inform developments in large animal and human ASL-CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kober
- />Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS CRMBM UMR 7339, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Terrence Jao
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Thomas Troalen
- />Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS CRMBM UMR 7339, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Krishna S. Nayak
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
- />Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA
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9
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Current state of the art cardiovascular MR imaging techniques for assessment of ischemic heart disease. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 53:335-44. [PMID: 25726998 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is increasingly being used to evaluate patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease, because of its ability to acquire images in any orientation and the wide variety of sequences available to characterize normal and abnormal structure and function. Substantial improvements have been made in the hardware and software used to perform CMR, resulting in better and more consistent image quality. There has been a greater emphasis recently in developing and validating quantitative CMR techniques. This article reviews advances in CMR techniques for assessing cardiac function, myocardial perfusion, late gadolinium enhancement, and tissue characterization with T1 and T2 mapping sequences.
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10
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Zhang S, Joseph AA, Voit D, Schaetz S, Merboldt KD, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Hennemuth A, Lotz J, Frahm J. Real-time magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac function and flow-recent progress. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2014; 4:313-29. [PMID: 25392819 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac structure, function and flow are most commonly studied by ultrasound, X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. However, cardiovascular MRI is hitherto limited to electrocardiogram (ECG)-synchronized acquisitions and therefore often results in compromised quality for patients with arrhythmias or inabilities to comply with requested protocols-especially with breath-holding. Recent advances in the development of novel real-time MRI techniques now offer dynamic imaging of the heart and major vessels with high spatial and temporal resolution, so that examinations may be performed without the need for ECG synchronization and during free breathing. This article provides an overview of technical achievements, physiological validations, preliminary patient studies and translational aspects for a future clinical scenario of cardiovascular MRI in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arun A Joseph
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk Voit
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schaetz
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dietmar Merboldt
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Unterberg-Buchwald
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anja Hennemuth
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joachim Lotz
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- 1 Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen 37070, Germany ; 2 DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ; 3 Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, 4 Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany ; 5 Fraunhofer MEVIS Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
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11
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Barkauskas KJ, Rajiah P, Ashwath R, Hamilton JI, Chen Y, Ma D, Wright KL, Gulani V, Griswold MA, Seiberlich N. Quantification of left ventricular functional parameter values using 3D spiral bSSFP and through-time non-Cartesian GRAPPA. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:65. [PMID: 25231607 PMCID: PMC4160541 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-014-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard clinical acquisition for left ventricular functional parameter analysis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) uses a multi-breathhold multi-slice segmented balanced SSFP sequence. Performing multiple long breathholds in quick succession for ventricular coverage in the short-axis orientation can lead to fatigue and is challenging in patients with severe cardiac or respiratory disorders. This study combines the encoding efficiency of a six-fold undersampled 3D stack of spirals balanced SSFP sequence with 3D through-time spiral GRAPPA parallel imaging reconstruction. This 3D spiral method requires only one breathhold to collect the dynamic data. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were recruited for imaging at 3 T. The 3D spiral technique was compared against 2D imaging in terms of systolic left ventricular functional parameter values (Bland-Altman plots), total scan time (Welch's t-test) and qualitative image rating scores (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). RESULTS Systolic left ventricular functional values were not significantly different (i.e. 3D-2D) between the methods. The 95% confidence interval for ejection fraction was -0.1 ± 1.6% (mean ± 1.96*SD). The total scan time for the 3D spiral technique was 48 s, which included one breathhold with an average duration of 14 s for the dynamic scan, plus 34 s to collect the calibration data under free-breathing conditions. The 2D method required an average of 5 min 40s for the same coverage of the left ventricle. The difference between 3D and 2D image rating scores was significantly different from zero (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.05); however, the scores were at least 3 (i.e. average) or higher for 3D spiral imaging. CONCLUSION The 3D through-time spiral GRAPPA method demonstrated equivalent systolic left ventricular functional parameter values, required significantly less total scan time and yielded acceptable image quality with respect to the 2D segmented multi-breathhold standard in this study. Moreover, the 3D spiral technique used just one breathhold for dynamic imaging, which is anticipated to reduce patient fatigue as part of the complete cardiac examination in future studies that include patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabhakar Rajiah
- />Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Ravi Ashwath
- />Pediatric Cardiology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Jesse I Hamilton
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Yong Chen
- />Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Dan Ma
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Katherine L Wright
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Vikas Gulani
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
- />Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Mark A Griswold
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
- />Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- />Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
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12
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de Marvao A, Dawes TJW, Shi W, Minas C, Keenan NG, Diamond T, Durighel G, Montana G, Rueckert D, Cook SA, O’Regan DP. Population-based studies of myocardial hypertrophy: high resolution cardiovascular magnetic resonance atlases improve statistical power. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:16. [PMID: 24490638 PMCID: PMC3914701 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-16-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac phenotypes, such as left ventricular (LV) mass, demonstrate high heritability although most genes associated with these complex traits remain unidentified. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have relied on conventional 2D cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) as the gold-standard for phenotyping. However this technique is insensitive to the regional variations in wall thickness which are often associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and require large cohorts to reach significance. Here we test whether automated cardiac phenotyping using high spatial resolution CMR atlases can achieve improved precision for mapping wall thickness in healthy populations and whether smaller sample sizes are required compared to conventional methods. METHODS LV short-axis cine images were acquired in 138 healthy volunteers using standard 2D imaging and 3D high spatial resolution CMR. A multi-atlas technique was used to segment and co-register each image. The agreement between methods for end-diastolic volume and mass was made using Bland-Altman analysis in 20 subjects. The 3D and 2D segmentations of the LV were compared to manual labeling by the proportion of concordant voxels (Dice coefficient) and the distances separating corresponding points. Parametric and nonparametric data were analysed with paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank test respectively. Voxelwise power calculations used the interstudy variances of wall thickness. RESULTS The 3D volumetric measurements showed no bias compared to 2D imaging. The segmented 3D images were more accurate than 2D images for defining the epicardium (Dice: 0.95 vs 0.93, P<0.001; mean error 1.3 mm vs 2.2 mm, P<0.001) and endocardium (Dice 0.95 vs 0.93, P<0.001; mean error 1.1 mm vs 2.0 mm, P<0.001). The 3D technique resulted in significant differences in wall thickness assessment at the base, septum and apex of the LV compared to 2D (P<0.001). Fewer subjects were required for 3D imaging to detect a 1 mm difference in wall thickness (72 vs 56, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS High spatial resolution CMR with automated phenotyping provides greater power for mapping wall thickness than conventional 2D imaging and enables a reduction in the sample size required for studies of environmental and genetic determinants of LV wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio de Marvao
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Timothy JW Dawes
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wenzhe Shi
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christopher Minas
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Niall G Keenan
- Department of Cardiology, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Tamara Diamond
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giuliana Durighel
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stuart A Cook
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 17 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore 168752, Singapore
- Duke-NUS, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Declan P O’Regan
- From the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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13
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High-resolution 3D whole-heart coronary MRA: a study on the combination of data acquisition in multiple breath-holds and 1D residual respiratory motion compensation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 27:435-43. [PMID: 24402560 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-013-0428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To study a scan protocol for coronary magnetic resonance angiography based on multiple breath-holds featuring 1D motion compensation and to compare the resulting image quality to a navigator-gated free-breathing acquisition. Image reconstruction was performed using L1 regularized iterative SENSE. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of respiratory motion on the Cartesian sampling scheme were minimized by performing data acquisition in multiple breath-holds. During the scan, repetitive readouts through a k-space center were used to detect and correct the respiratory displacement of the heart by exploiting the self-navigation principle in image reconstruction. In vivo experiments were performed in nine healthy volunteers and the resulting image quality was compared to a navigator-gated reference in terms of vessel length and sharpness. RESULTS Acquisition in breath-hold is an effective method to reduce the scan time by more than 30% compared to the navigator-gated reference. Although an equivalent mean image quality with respect to the reference was achieved with the proposed method, the 1D motion compensation did not work equally well in all cases. CONCLUSION In general, the image quality scaled with the robustness of the motion compensation. Nevertheless, the featured setup provides a positive basis for future extension with more advanced motion compensation methods.
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14
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Voit D, Zhang S, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Sohns JM, Lotz J, Frahm J. Real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 1.5 T using balanced SSFP and 40 ms resolution. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:79. [PMID: 24028285 PMCID: PMC3847592 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) commonly employs ECG-synchronized cine acquisitions with balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) contrast at 1.5 T, recent developments at 3 T demonstrate significant potential for T1-weighted real-time imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution using undersampled radial FLASH. The purpose of this work was to combine both ideas and to evaluate a corresponding real-time CMR method at 1.5 T with SSFP contrast. METHODS Radial gradient-echo sequences with fully balanced gradients and at least 15-fold undersampling were implemented on two CMR systems with different gradient performance. Image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (NLINV) was performed offline and resulted in real-time SSFP CMR images at a nominal resolution of 1.8 mm and with acquisition times of 40 ms. RESULTS Studies of healthy subjects demonstrated technical feasibility in terms of robustness and general image quality. Clinical applicability with access to quantitative evaluations (e.g., ejection fraction) was confirmed by preliminary applications to 27 patients with typical indications for CMR including arrhythmias and abnormal wall motion. Real-time image quality was slightly lower than for cine SSFP recordings, but considered diagnostic in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Extending conventional cine approaches, real-time radial SSFP CMR with NLINV reconstruction provides access to individual cardiac cycles and allows for studies of patients with irregular heartbeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Voit
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Unterberg-Buchwald
- Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37075Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan M Sohns
- Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37075Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Lotz
- Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37075Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Cardiovascular Research Center), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Free-breathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial data sampling in abdominal MRI: preliminary observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197:650-7. [PMID: 21862807 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.5881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of a free-breathing 3D gradient-recalled echo sequence with radial data sampling (radial 3D GRE) in abdominal MRI compared with a standard 3D GRE volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence for imaging of cooperative patients and to perform a preliminary assessment in imaging of noncooperative patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five consecutively registered patients who underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI with the free-breathing radial 3D GRE technique constituted the study population. Two readers independently and blindly evaluated the images. RESULTS Overall image quality with the contrast-enhanced radial 3D GRE sequence was lower than but rated at least nearly as good as that with the 3D GRE VIBE sequence (p < 0.0001). Higher scores were recorded for 3D GRE VIBE images with respect to pixel graininess, streaking artifact, and sharpness (p = 0.0009 to p < 0.0001). Except for sharpness of vessels on unenhanced images, results for the radial 3D GRE sequence did not differ significantly in the comparison of cooperative and noncooperative patients (p = 0.004). For imaging of noncooperative patients, radial 3D GRE images of children had higher ratings for shading (unenhanced, p = 0.0004; contrast-enhanced, p < 0.0001) and streaking artifacts on contrast-enhanced images (p = 0.0017) than did those of adults. Overall image quality was higher for pediatric patients. In lesion analysis, use of the 3D GRE VIBE sequence was associated with significantly greater detectability, confidence, and conspicuity than was use of the radial 3D GRE sequence (p = 0.00026-0.011). CONCLUSION A free-breathing radial 3D GRE sequence is feasible for abdominal MRI and may find application in imaging of patients who are unable to suspend respiration, especially children.
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Codella NCF, Spincemaille P, Prince M, Wang Y. A radial self-calibrated (RASCAL) generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method using weight interpolation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:844-854. [PMID: 21834008 PMCID: PMC3241961 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method for radial k-space sampling is presented that calculates GRAPPA weights without synthesized or acquired calibration data. Instead, GRAPPA weights are fitted to the undersampled data as if they were the calibration data. Because the relative k-space shifts associated with these GRAPPA weights vary for a radial trajectory, new GRAPPA weights can be resampled for arbitrary shifts through interpolation, which are then used to generate missing projections between the acquired projections. The method is demonstrated in phantoms and in abdominal and brain imaging. Image quality is similar to radial GRAPPA using fully sampled calibration data, and improved relative to a previously described self-calibrated radial GRAPPA technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel C. F. Codella
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Martin Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
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17
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Spincemaille P, Liu J, Nguyen T, Prince MR, Wang Y. Z intensity-weighted position self-respiratory gating method for free-breathing 3D cardiac CINE imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:861-8. [PMID: 21524873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A free-breathing 3D cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) technique was developed using the z intensity-weighted position (ZIP) which is the center of mass of a projection along the slice direction as a respiratory gating signal. The ZIP signal was continuously acquired using a slice encoded k-space center sampling in every TR. The performance of this gating method was compared with a method using the k-space center signal (KC) and with conventional 2D breath-hold cine SSFP in healthy subjects by measuring image quality and left ventricular function. The preliminary data obtained here demonstrated that the ZIP gating method provided superior respiratory motion artifact suppression when compared to the KC gating and provided left ventricular ejection fractions, and end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes similar to those obtained with the breath-hold 2D cine SSFP acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 416 East 55th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA.
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18
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Rochitte CE, Azevedo CF, Rosário MA, Siqueira MHR, Monsão V, Saranathan M, Foo TK, Kalil Filho R, Cerri GG, Ramires JAF. Single-Breathhold Four-Dimensional Assessment of Left Ventricular Morphological and Functional Parameters by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using the VAST Technique. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2011; 5:90-8. [PMID: 21673978 PMCID: PMC3111704 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401105010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac volumes, function, and mass is of paramount importance in cardiology. In the present study we sought to determine whether the 3D cine-magnetic resonance (MR) technique, using the variable asymmetric sampling in time (VAST) approach, provided an accurate assessment of LV functional parameters when compared with the conventional 2D cine-MR technique. Methods: A total of 43 consecutive patients referred for a CMR examination for clinical reasons and 14 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Cine images were acquired using a steady-state free precession pulse sequence. Two different multiphase acquisitions were performed: conventional 2D cine-MR and 3D cine-MR. The short-axis cine images acquired by both cine-MR techniques were used for the quantitative assessment of LV end-diastolic, end-systolic and stroke volumes, LV mass and ejection fraction. Results: All CMR examinations were completed successfully, with both cine-MR imaging techniques yielding interpretable diagnostic results in all patients. Regarding the quantitative assessment, Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated a good agreement between the measurements of both cine-MR techniques for all LV parameters. In addition, the agreement between 2D and 3D cine-MR techniques for the qualitative assessment of LV global function was perfect (kappa = 1.0, P<0.001) for the two observers in consensus. The assessment performed by the third independent observer also demonstrated very good agreement (kappa = 0.88, P<0.001). Conclusion: The single breathhold 3D cine-MR technique provides an accurate and reproducible quantitative assessment of LV volumes, mass and function when compared with the conventional 2D cine-MR method.
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Frydrychowicz A, François CJ, Turski PA. Four-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography: potential clinical applications. Eur J Radiol 2011; 80:24-35. [PMID: 21333479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other magnetic resonance angiographic techniques, phase contrast imaging (PC-MRI) offers co-registered morphologic images and velocity data within a single acquisition. While the basic principle of PC-MRI dates back almost 3 decades, novel time-resolved three-dimensional PC-MRI (4D PC-MRI) approaches have become increasingly researched over the past years. So-called 4D PC-MRI includes three-directional velocity encoding in a three-dimensional imaging volume over time, thereby providing the opportunity to comprehensively analyze human hemodynamics in vivo. Moreover, its large volume coverage offers the option to study systemic hemodynamic effects. Additionally, this offers the possibility to re-visit flow in any location of interest without being limited to predetermined two-dimensional slices. The attention received for hemodynamic research is partially based on flow-based theories of atherogenesis and arterial remodeling. 4D PC-MRI can be used to calculate flow-related vessel wall parameters and may hence serve as a diagnostic tool in preemptive medicine. Furthermore, technical improvements including the availability of sufficient computing power, data storage capabilities, and optimized acceleration schemes for data acquisition as well as comprehensive image processing algorithms have largely facilitated recent research progresses. We will present an overview of the potential of this relatively young imaging paradigm. After acquisition and processing the data in morphological and phase difference images, various visualization strategies permit the qualitative analysis of hemodynamics. A multitude of quantitative parameters such as pulse wave velocities and estimates of wall shear stress which might serve as future biomarkers can be extracted. Thereby, exciting new opportunities for vascular imaging and diagnosis are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Frydrychowicz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States.
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20
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Maffei E, Messalli G, Martini C, Rossi A, van Pelt N, van Geuns RJ, Weustink AC, Mollet NR, Nieman K, Aldrovandi A, Imbriaco M, Bogaert J, Cademartiri F. Magnetic resonance assessment of left ventricular volumes and mass using a single-breath-hold 3D k-t BLAST cine b-SSFP in comparison with multiple-breath-hold 2D cine b-SSFP. Insights Imaging 2011; 2:39-45. [PMID: 22865424 PMCID: PMC3288975 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-010-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the feasibility of single-breath-hold three-dimensional cine b-SSFP (balanced steady-state free precession gradient echo) sequence (3D-cine), accelerated with k-t BLAST (broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique), compared with multiple-breath-hold 2D cine b-SSFP (2D-cine) sequence for assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. Methods Imaging was performed using 1.5-T MRI (Achieva, Philips, The Netherlands) in 46 patients with different cardiac diseases. Global functional parameters, LV mass, imaging time and reporting time were evaluated and compared in each patient. Results Functional parameters and mass were significantly different in the two sequences [3D end-diastolic volume (EDV) = 129 ± 44 ml vs 2D EDV = 134 ± 49 ml; 3D end-systolic volume (ESV) = 77 ± 44 ml vs 2D ESV = 73 ± 50 ml; 3D ejection fraction (EF) = 43 ± 15% vs 2D EF = 48 ± 15%; p < 0.05], although an excellent correlation was found for LV EF (r = 0.99). Bland-Altman analysis showed small confidence intervals with no interactions on volumes (EF limits of agreement = 2.7; 7.6; mean bias 5%). Imaging time was significantly lower for 3D-cine sequence (18 ± 1 s vs 95 ± 23 s; p < 0.05), although reporting time was significantly longer for the 3D-cine sequence (29 ± 7 min vs 8 ± 3 min; p < 0.05). Conclusions A 3D-cine sequence can be advocated as an alternative to 2D-cine sequence for LV EF assessment in patients for whom shorter imaging time is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Maffei
- Department of Radiology and Cardiology, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
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Liu J, Wieben O, Jung Y, Samsonov AA, Reeder SB, Block WF. Single breathhold cardiac CINE imaging with multi-echo three-dimensional hybrid radial SSFP acquisition. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 32:434-40. [PMID: 20677274 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To achieve single breathhold whole heart cardiac CINE imaging with improved spatial resolution and temporal resolution by using a multi-echo three-dimensional (3D) hybrid radial SSFP acquisition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multi-echo 3D hybrid radial SSFP acquisitions were used to acquire cardiac CINE imaging within a single breathhold. An optimized interleaving scheme was developed for view ordering throughout the cardiac cycle. RESULTS Whole heart short axis views were acquired with a spatial resolution of 1.3 x 1.3 x 8.0 mm(3) and temporal resolution of 45 ms, within a single 17 s breathhold. The technique was validated on eight healthy volunteers by measuring the left ventricular volume throughout the cardiac cycle and comparing with the conventional 2D multiple breathhold technique. The left ventricle functional measurement bias of our proposed 3D technique from the conventional 2D technique: end diastolic volume -3.3 mL +/- 13.7 mL, end systolic volume 1.4 mL +/- 6.1 mL, and ejection fraction -1.7% +/- 4.3%, with high correlations 0.94, 0.97, and 0.91, accordingly. CONCLUSION A multi-echo 3D hybrid radial SSFP acquisition was developed to allow for a whole heart cardiac CINE exam in a single breathhold. Cardiac function measurements in volunteers compared favorably with the standard multiple breathhold exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Liu J, Spincemaille P, Codella NCF, Nguyen TD, Prince MR, Wang Y. Respiratory and cardiac self-gated free-breathing cardiac CINE imaging with multiecho 3D hybrid radial SSFP acquisition. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:1230-7. [PMID: 20432294 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A respiratory and cardiac self-gated free-breathing three-dimensional cine steady-state free precession imaging method using multiecho hybrid radial sampling is presented. Cartesian mapping of the k-space center along the slice encoding direction provides intensity-weighted position information, from which both respiratory and cardiac motions are derived. With in plan radial sampling acquired at every pulse repetition time, no extra scan time is required for sampling the k-space center. Temporal filtering based on density compensation is used for radial reconstruction to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. High correlation between the self-gating signals and external gating signals is demonstrated. This respiratory and cardiac self-gated, free-breathing, three-dimensional, radial cardiac cine imaging technique provides image quality comparable to that acquired with the multiple breath-hold two-dimensional Cartesian steady-state free precession technique in short-axis, four-chamber, and two-chamber orientations. Functional measurements from the three-dimensional cardiac short axis cine images are found to be comparable to those obtained using the standard two-dimensional technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Cornell Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Radiology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Qi Y, Mukundan S, Rockman HA, Johnson GA. Cardiovascular phenotyping of the mouse heart using a 4D radial acquisition and liposomal Gd-DTPA-BMA. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:979-87. [PMID: 20373399 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MR microscopy has enormous potential for small-animal cardiac imaging because it is capable of producing volumetric images at multiple time points to accurately measure cardiac function. MR has not been used as frequently as ultrasound to measure cardiac function in the small animal because the MR methods required relatively long scan times, limiting throughput. Here, we demonstrate four-dimensional radial acquisition in conjunction with a liposomal blood pool agent to explore functional differences in three populations of mice: six C57BL/6J mice, six DBA/2J mice, and six DBA/2J CSQ+ mice, all with the same gestational age and approximately the same weight. Cardiovascular function was determined by measuring both left ventricular and right ventricular end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction. Statistical significance was observed in end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, and ejection fraction for left ventricular measurements between all three populations of mice. No statistically significant difference was observed in stroke volume in either the left or right ventricle for any of the three populations of mice. This study shows that MRI is capable of efficient, high-throughput, four-dimensional cardiovascular phenotyping of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bucholz
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Davarpanah AH, Chen YP, Kino A, Farrelly CT, Keeling AN, Sheehan JJ, Ragin AB, Weale PJ, Zuehlsdorff S, Carr JC. Accelerated two- and three-dimensional cine MR imaging of the heart by using a 32-channel coil. Radiology 2009; 254:98-108. [PMID: 20019138 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2541090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare accelerated real-time two-dimensional (2D) and segmented three-dimensional (3D) cine steady-state free precession magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques by using a 32-channel coil with a conventional 2D cine imaging approach for imaging the heart and to evaluate any difference caused by free breathing and breath holding for real-time imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant study, 10 healthy volunteers and 22 consecutive patients who were suspected of having or were known to have heart disease underwent cardiac MR imaging by using a 32-channel coil. A conventional multisection 2D real-time cine sequence was used as the reference standard, and three additional accelerated cine sequences were implemented. Volumetric parameters, including ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume(SV), and myocardial mass, were derived. Wall motion and image quality were assessed by two radiologists. In addition, image time was registered. An additional set of images was acquired by using real-time sequences with free breathing, and quantitative measurements were compared with measurements on images obtained with breath holding. For quantitative analysis, repeated-measures analysis of variance, paired t test, and Bland-Altman analysis were used; for qualitative analysis, nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. RESULTS All volumetric measurements were significantly correlated with those of the standard sequence (r > 0.80, P < .01). No significant difference among protocols was observed in terms of mean levels for EF or ESV (P > .05). However, a significant difference was indicated for EDV and SV (P < .01).The accelerated protocols had significantly shorter image times (P < .001). Wall motion scores were concordant with the standard sequence in 43-44 (93%-96%) segments for the accelerated protocols, with a strong interreader agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, > or =0.93). No significant difference was identified between real-time protocols with free breathing and those with breath holding for measurement of volumetric parameters. CONCLUSION Accelerated real-time 2D and segmented 3D cine techniques are comparable to the standard clinical protocol in assessment of left ventricular global and regional parameters in substantially shorter image times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Davarpanah
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Peters DC, Nezafat R, Eggers H, Stehning C, Manning WJ. 2D free-breathing dual navigator-gated cardiac function validated against the 2D breath-hold acquisition. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 28:773-7. [PMID: 18777547 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a free-breathing cardiac cine acquisition, with potential to simplify cardiac MR studies, provide registered slices, and increase spatial resolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 2D free-breathing (FB) navigator-gated cine radial acquisition for cardiac function was developed that used two navigators (one placed prior to the QRS, and another 500 msec after the QRS complex, after systole) to provide complete motion-compensated assessment of systole, without loss of end-diastole. Eleven subjects were studied. RESULTS The 2D FB method provided results visually and quantitatively similar to the 2D breath-hold (BH) methods. Comparison of volumes measured with FB to those measured by standard 2D BH cine resulted in mean bias+/-2 standard deviations of 1.0 mL+/-13.7 mL, 1.1 mL+/-7.6 mL, 3.0 g+/-18.8 g, and 0.3%+/-2.5%, for end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, left ventricular (LV) mass, and ejection fraction, respectively. Slice misregistration was identified in four (36%) of the BH studies, but none (0%) of the FB studies. In subjects with slice misregistration, there was greater discordance in LV volume measurements (P<0.05 for end-diastolic mass). CONCLUSION The FB cine acquisition provided results qualitatively and quantitatively similar to 2D BH methods with improved slice registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Peters
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Trieb T, Glodny B, Scheiblhofer M, Wolf C, Metzler B, Pachinger O, Jaschke WR, Schocke MF. Inter- and intra-rater reproducibility of semiautomatic determination of volume parameters in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 2008; 68:476-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Qi Y, Mukundan S, Johnson GA. Four-dimensional MR microscopy of the mouse heart using radial acquisition and liposomal gadolinium contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:111-8. [PMID: 18581419 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) has become an important tool for small animal cardiac imaging. In relation to competing technologies (microCT and ultrasound), MR is limited by spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and acquisition time. All three of these limitations have been addressed by developing a four-dimensional (4D) (3D plus time) radial acquisition (RA) sequence. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has been optimized by minimizing the echo time (TE) (300 us). The temporal resolution and throughput have been improved by center-out trajectories resulting in repetition time (TR) <2.5 ms. The contrast has been enhanced through the use of a liposomal blood pool agent that reduces the T(1) of the blood to <400 ms. We have developed protocols for three specific applications: 1) high-throughput with spatial resolution of 87 x 87 x 352 um(3) (voxel volume = 2.7 nL) and acquisition time of 16 min; 2) high-temporal resolution with spatial resolution of 87 x 87 x 352 um(3) (voxel volume = 2.7 nL) and temporal resolution at 4.8 ms and acquisition time of 32 minutes; and 3) high-resolution isotropic imaging at 87 x 87 x 87 um(3) (voxel volume = 0.68 nL) and acquisition time of 31 min. The 4D image arrays allow direct measure of cardiac functional parameters dependent on chamber volumes, e.g., ejection fraction (EF), end diastolic volume (EDV), and end systolic volume (ESV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bucholz
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Sardanelli F, Quarenghi M, Di Leo G, Boccaccini L, Schiavi A. Segmentation of cardiac cine MR images of left and right ventricles: interactive semiautomated methods and manual contouring by two readers with different education and experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:785-92. [PMID: 18302202 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test interactive semiautomated methods (ISAM) vs. manual contouring (MC) in segmenting cardiac cine MR images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short-axis images of 10 consecutive patients (1.5-81.5 years of age) were evaluated by a trained radiologist (R1) and a low-trained engineer (R2). Each of them performed four independent reading sessions: two using ISAM and two using MC. Left ventricle (LV) myocardial mass (LVMM), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and right ventricle (RV) ejection fraction (RVEF) were obtained. Bland-Altman analysis and Wilcoxon test were used. RESULTS The bias +/- 2 standard deviations (SD) of ISAM vs. MC for LVMM (g) was -5.7 +/- 13.4 (R1) and -5.5 +/- 26.3 (R2); for LVEF (%) it was -1.4 +/- 13.0 and -2.9 +/- and 6.8; for RVEF (%) it was 2.6 +/- 17.0 and 1.0 +/- 16.7. Considering both readers/methods, intraobserver bias +/- 2 SD ranged from 0.3 +/- 25.3 to -6.8 +/- 23.0, from 0.2 +/- 8.0 to -4.4 +/- 15.8, and from -0.0 +/- 26.4 to -4.6 +/- 27.8, respectively. Interobserver bias +/- 2 SD was -25.9 +/- 46.0 (ISAM) and 26.1 +/- 36.4 (MC), -1.4 +/- 8.6 (ISAM) and 0.1 +/- 17.9 (MC), and 0.7 +/- 23.3 and 2.3 +/- 29.8, respectively. Larger SDs were systematically found for RVEF vs. LVEF. Segmentation times: five minutes for LV with ISAM (both readers); for LV with MC, six (R1) vs. nine minutes (R2) (P < 0.001); five to six minutes for RV (both methods /readers). R2 significantly reduced LV segmentation times from nine (MC) to five minutes (ISAM) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A highly reproducible LV segmentation was performed in a short time by R1. The advantage of ISAM vs. MC for LV segmentation was a time saving only for R2. For RVEF, a lower reproducibility was observed for both methods and readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan School of Medicine, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
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Huber S, Muthupillai R, Mojibian H, Cheong B, Kouwenhoven M, Flamm SD. Rapid assessment of regional and global left ventricular function using three-dimensional k-t BLAST imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:727-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hergan K, Schuster A, Frühwald J, Mair M, Burger R, Töpker M. Comparison of left and right ventricular volume measurement using the Simpson's method and the area length method. Eur J Radiol 2008; 65:270-8. [PMID: 17498903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare ventricular volume measurement using a volumetric approach in the three standard cardiac planes and ventricular volume estimation by a geometrical model, the Area-Length method (ALM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six healthy volunteers were examined (27 males, 29 females) on a 1.5T MR-unit with ECG-triggered steady state free precision (SSFP) Cine-MR sequences and parallel image acquisition. Multiple slices in standardized planes including the short-axis view (sa), 4-chamber view (4ch), left and right 2-chamber views (2ch) were used to cover the whole heart. End-systolic and end-diastolic ventricular volumes (EDV, ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated with Simpson's rule in all planes and with ALM in the 2ch and 4ch planes. Global function parameters measured in the sa plane were compared with those obtained in the other imaging planes. RESULTS A very good correlation is observed when comparing functional parameters calculated with Simpson's rule in all imaging planes: for instance, the mean EDV/ESV of the left and right ventricle of the female population group measured in sa, 4ch, and 2ch: left ventricle EDV/ESV 114.3/44.4, 120.9/46.5, and 117.7/45.3 ml; right ventricle EDV/ESV 106.6/46.0, 101.2/41.1, and 103.5/43.0 ml. Functional parameters of the left ventricle calculated with ALM in 2ch and 4ch correlate to parameters obtained in sa with Simpson's rule in the range of 5-10%: for instance, the EDV/ESV of the left ventricle of the male population group measured in the sa, 4ch, and 2ch: 160.3/63.5, 163.1/59.0, and 167.0/65.7 ml. Functional parameters of the right ventricle measured with ALM in 4ch are 40-50% lower and calculated in 2ch almost double as high as compared with the parameters obtained in sa with Simpson's rule: for instance, male right ventricular EDV/ESV measured in sa, 4ch, and 2ch: 153.4/68.1, 97.5/34.5, and 280.2/123.2 ml. The EF correlates for all imaging planes measured with the Simpson's rule in both ventricles and using ALM in the left ventricle except for males with an overestimation of less than 6%. The EF of the right ventricle is calculated higher using ALM in 4ch and 2ch compared to the EF calculated in sa: female/male EF of the right ventricle measured in the sa, 4ch, and 2ch: 56.8/55.7, 66.0/65.0, and 60.0/57.0%. CONCLUSION In the setting of healthy volunteers the ALM method should not be used in 2ch and 4ch planes of the right ventricle because of lacking correlation of global functional parameters compared to those obtained in the sa plane. Using Simpson's rule functional parameters correlate well to each other in the different imaging planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Hergan
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
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31
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Amano Y, Suzuki Y, van Cauteren M. Evaluation of global cardiac functional parameters using single-breath-hold three-dimensional cine steady-state free precession MR imaging with two types of speed-up techniques: Comparison with two-dimensional cine imaging. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2008; 32:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rettmann DW, Saranathan M, Wu KC, Azevedo CF, Bluemke DA, Foo TKF. High temporal resolution breathheld 3D FIESTA CINE imaging: validation of ventricular function in patients with chronic myocardial infarction. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:1141-6. [PMID: 17520725 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a gated single-breathhold, high temporal resolution three-dimensional (3D) CINE imaging technique and to evaluate its accuracy in volumetric and functional quantification in patients with chronic myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3D CINE steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence was developed incorporating variable temporal sampling of the low and high spatial frequency k-space data to reduce breathhold time and parallel imaging to increase temporal resolution. Reconstruction with retrospective interpolation enabled complete R-R interval coverage. Feasibility was assessed in eight patients with chronic myocardial infarction and ventricular functional values were compared to those of a 2D CINE acquisition. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the 3D CINE and 2D CINE for end-diastolic volume (168 +/- 73 vs. 177 +/- 59 mL, respectively; P < 0.27), end-systolic volume (81 +/- 62 vs. 79 +/- 53 mL; P < 0.81), and ejection fraction (EF) measurements (55 +/- 14% vs. 58 +/- 14%; P < 0.14). The mean difference in EF was less than 2.5%. A wall motion assessment indicated a good agreement, with a weighted kappa value of 0.62. CONCLUSION High temporal resolution 3D CINE SSFP imaging of the whole heart can be obtained in a single breathhold and yield ventricular function measurements similar to 2D CINE methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan W Rettmann
- Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Arunachalam A, Samsonov A, Block WF. Self-calibrated GRAPPA method for 2D and 3D radial data. Magn Reson Med 2007; 57:931-8. [PMID: 17457884 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A fast parallel MRI (pMRI) reconstruction method is presented for 2D and 3D radial trajectories. A limitation of the radial generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) method is the need to acquire training data prior to the actual scan. This can be eliminated by the use of self-calibration when synthesizing the missing data for each coil reconstruction. The training data for each coil are estimated by multiplying the conventionally reconstructed composite image, which contains the aliasing artifacts from undersampling, with each coil's spatial sensitivity profile. An estimate of the individual receiver spatial sensitivity profiles is obtained from the k-space data that fulfill the Nyquist sampling criterion. The frequency domain representation of the training data is then calculated at the acquired k-space sample points and at the unacquired locations at which we desire to synthesize k-space data. Fitting the acquired k-space samples to the unacquired points creates reconstruction weights that are used to synthesize unacquired radial lines. The in vivo feasibility of the method for 2D radial trajectories is illustrated with an example of 2D abdominal imaging. Preliminary results obtained after applying the method on a 3D radial steady-state free precession (SSFP) data set are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Arunachalam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Mascarenhas NB, Muthupillai R, Cheong B, Pereyra M, Flamm SD. Fast 3D cine steady-state free precession imaging with sensitivity encoding for assessment of left ventricular function in a single breath-hold. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187:1235-9. [PMID: 17056910 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.06.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compares single breath-hold 3D cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRI using sensitivity encoding (SENSE) with standard 2D cine SSFP imaging in the quantitative evaluation of global left ventricular (LV) function. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LV function of 22 healthy volunteers and 15 patients was evaluated using a standard 2D SSFP sequence and a 3D SSFP sequence with SENSE at 1.5 T. Ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and LV mass were calculated with each method, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and myocardium-to-blood contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were measured. Agreement between the two methods was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis, and results were compared using a paired Student's t test (p < 0.05). The local institutional review board approved the study protocol, and all participants gave signed informed consent. The study complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. RESULTS Both techniques produced similar estimates of ejection fraction (mean bias +/- SD, -1.2% +/- 3.6%) and LV mass (mean bias, +/- SD-1.2 +/- 10.9 g). No significant differences were found in calculated volumes, ejection fraction, or LV mass between the two methods. Acquisition time was reduced by 82%, to a single breath-hold (18 +/- 3 seconds), with the 3D SSFP technique. SNR and CNR were significantly lower with the 3D method than with the standard method. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional SSFP imaging with SENSE can reduce acquisition time to a single breath-hold and can provide LV function quantification comparable to that obtained with conventional 2D SSFP imaging.
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Madore B, Farnebäck G, Westin CF, Durán-Mendicuti A. A new strategy for respiration compensation, applied toward 3D free-breathing cardiac MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:727-37. [PMID: 16824968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In thorax and abdomen imaging, image quality may be affected by breathing motion. Cardiac MR images are typically obtained while the patient holds his or her breath, to avoid respiration-related artifacts. Although useful, breath-holding imposes constraints on scan duration, which in turn limits the achievable resolution and SNR. Longer scan times would be required to improve image quality, and effective strategies are needed to compensate for respiratory motion. A novel approach at respiratory compensation, targeted toward 3D free-breathing cardiac MRI, is presented here. The method aims at suppressing the negative effects of respiratory-induced cardiac motion while capturing the heart's beating motion. The method is designed so that the acquired data can be reconstructed in two different ways: First, a time series of images is reconstructed to quantify and correct for respiratory motion. Then, the corrected data are reconstructed a final time into a cardiac-phase series of images to capture the heart's beating motion. The method was implemented, and initial results are presented. A cardiac-phase series of 3D images, covering the entire heart, was obtained for two free-breathing volunteers. The present method may prove especially useful in situations where breath-holding is not an option, for example, for very sick, mentally impaired or infant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Madore
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sermesant M, Moireau P, Camara O, Sainte-Marie J, Andriantsimiavona R, Cimrman R, Hill DLG, Chapelle D, Razavi R. Cardiac function estimation from MRI using a heart model and data assimilation: advances and difficulties. Med Image Anal 2006; 10:642-56. [PMID: 16765630 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a framework to estimate local ventricular myocardium contractility using clinical MRI, a heart model and data assimilation. First, we build a generic anatomical model of the ventricles including muscle fibre orientations and anatomical subdivisions. Then, this model is deformed to fit a clinical MRI, using a semi-automatic fuzzy segmentation, an affine registration method and a local deformable biomechanical model. An electromechanical model of the heart is then presented and simulated. Finally, a data assimilation procedure is described, and applied to this model. Data assimilation makes it possible to estimate local contractility from given displacements. Presented results on fitting to patient-specific anatomy and assimilation with simulated data are very promising. Current work on model calibration and estimation of patient parameters opens up possibilities to apply this framework in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sermesant
- INRIA, team ASCLEPIOS, 2004 route des Lucioles, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Slavin GS, Rettmann DW. Addressing efficiency and residual magnetization cross talk in multi-slice 2D steady-state free precession imaging of the heart. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:965-9. [PMID: 15799058 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an efficient method for achieving steady state in multi-slice 2D balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging of cardiac function. With current techniques, data acquisition for each slice is preceded by one or two heartbeats of dummy excitations. Depending on the number of heartbeats required for data acquisition, these dummy heartbeats can represent a large fraction of the total imaging time. As described here, FIESTA-SP (FIESTA with steady-state preparation) increases the imaging efficiency to nearly 100% by eliminating dummy heartbeats. Steady state for each slice is achieved using a linear flip angle series of excitations during the first cardiac phase of the first heartbeat for each slice. Because imaging proceeds immediately from one slice to the next, a heretofore-unseen issue arises where residual magnetization from each slice contaminates subsequent acquisitions. Accelerating the approach to steady state for each slice and eliminating slice cross talk are important for both multi-slice and interactive real-time imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Gibbons
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Wang WT, Grimm RC, Riederer SJ. A modified projection reconstruction trajectory for reduction of undersampling artifacts. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 21:179-86. [PMID: 15666405 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To reduce undersampling artifacts for a given number of repetitions of the projection reconstruction (PR) sequence by modifying its k-space trajectory to sample more mid-frequencies while reducing the sampling coverage of the peripheral spatial frequencies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The single k-space spoke measured per repetition in the standard PR was modified so that one complete and two partial spokes were measured per repetition but with decreased k-space extent. The point spread functions (PSFs) and undersampling artifacts of the modified PR were compared with those of the standard PR for various numbers of projections. Phantom and in vivo images were used to assess the relative performance. RESULTS PSF analysis indicated that the modified PR method provided reduced undersampling artifacts with somewhat reduced spatial resolution. The phantom and in vivo images corroborated this. CONCLUSION The modified PR trajectory provides reduced undersampling artifact vs. the standard PR, particularly when the number of projections is limited and the artifact level is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tung Wang
- Magnetic Resonance Research Laboratory, Radiology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Hansen MS, Baltes C, Tsao J, Kozerke S, Pruessmann KP, Eggers H. k-t BLAST reconstruction from non-Cartesiank-t space sampling. Magn Reson Med 2005; 55:85-91. [PMID: 16323167 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current implementations of k-t Broad-use Linear Acqusition Speed-up Technique (BLAST) require the sampling in k-t space to conform to a lattice. To permit the use of k-t BLAST with non-Cartesian sampling, an iterative reconstruction approach is proposed in this work. This method, which is based on the conjugate gradient (CG) method and gridding reconstruction principles, can efficiently handle data that are sampled along non-Cartesian trajectories in k-t space. The approach is demonstrated on prospectively gated radial and retrospectively gated Cartesian imaging. Compared to a sliding window (SW) reconstruction, the resulting image series exhibit lower artifact levels and improved temporal fidelity. The proposed approach thus allows investigators to combine the specific advantages of non-Cartesian imaging or retrospective gating with the acceleration provided by k-t BLAST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hansen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
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