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Veronesi F, Salamanna F, Martini L, Fini M. Naturally Occurring Osteoarthritis Features and Treatments: Systematic Review on the Aged Guinea Pig Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137309. [PMID: 35806306 PMCID: PMC9266929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, several in vivo models have been used to reproduce the onset and monitor the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), and guinea pigs represent a standard model for studying naturally occurring, age-related OA. This systematic review aims to characterize the guinea pig for its employment in in vivo, naturally occurring OA studies and for the evaluation of specific disease-modifying agents. The search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge in the last 10 years. Of the 233 records screened, 49 studies were included. Results showed that within a relatively short period of time, this model develops specific OA aspects, including cartilage degeneration, marginal osteophytes formation, and subchondral bone alterations. Disease severity increases with age, beginning at 3 months with mild OA and reaching moderate–severe OA at 18 months. Among the different strains, Dunkin Hartley develops OA at a relatively early age. Thus, disease-modifying agents have mainly been evaluated for this strain. As summarized herein, spontaneous development of OA in guinea pigs represents an excellent model for studying disease pathogenesis and for evaluating therapeutic interventions. In an ongoing effort at standardization, a detailed characterization of specific OA models is necessary, even considering the main purpose of these models, i.e., translatability to human OA.
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Kondo S, Nakagawa Y, Mizuno M, Katagiri K, Tsuji K, Kiuchi S, Ono H, Muneta T, Koga H, Sekiya I. Transplantation of Aggregates of Autologous Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Cartilage Defects in the Femoral Condyle and the Femoral Groove in Microminipigs. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2338-2347. [PMID: 31306591 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519859855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated that patients with cartilage defects of the knee benefit from arthroscopic transplantation of autologous synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), qualitative histologic findings, and Lysholm score. However, the effectiveness was limited by the number of cells obtained, so large-sized defects (>500 mm2) were not investigated. The use of MSC aggregates may enable treatment of larger defects by increasing the number of MSCs adhering to the cartilage defect. PURPOSE To investigate whether transplantation of aggregates of autologous synovial MSCs with 2-step surgery could promote articular cartilage regeneration in microminipig osteochondral defects. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Synovial MSCs derived from a microminipig were examined for in vitro colony-forming and multidifferentiation abilities. An aggregate of 250,000 synovial MSCs was formed with hanging drop culture, and 16 aggregates (for each defect) were implanted on both osteochondral defects (6 × 6 × 1.5 mm) created in the medial femoral condyle and femoral groove (MSC group). The defects in the contralateral knee were left empty (control group). The knee joints were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks by macroscopic findings and histology. MRI T1rho mapping images were acquired at 12 weeks. For cell tracking, synovial MSCs were labeled with ferucarbotran before aggregate formation and were observed with MRI at 1 week. RESULTS Synovial MSCs showed in vitro colony-forming and multidifferentiation abilities. Regenerative cartilage formation was significantly better in the MSC group than in the control group, as indicated by International Cartilage Repair Society score (macro), modified Wakitani score (histology), and T1rho mapping (biochemical MRI) in the medial condyle at 12 weeks. Implanted cells, labeled with ferucarbotran, were observed in the osteochondral defects at 1 week with MRI. No significant difference was noted in the modified Wakitani score at 4 weeks in the medial condyle and at 4 and 12 weeks in the femoral groove. CONCLUSION Transplantation of autologous synovial MSC aggregates promoted articular cartilage regeneration at the medial femoral condyle at 12 weeks in microminipigs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aggregates of autologous synovial MSCs could expand the indications for cartilage repair with synovial MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Kondo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Katagiri
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Muneta
- National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Novak T, Fites Gilliland K, Xu X, Worke L, Ciesielski A, Breur G, Neu CP. In Vivo Cellular Infiltration and Remodeling in a Decellularized Ovine Osteochondral Allograft. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1274-1285. [PMID: 27673714 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in decellularized tissues has steadily gained as potential solutions for degenerative diseases and traumatic events, replacing sites of missing tissue, and providing the relevant biochemistry and microstructure for tissue ingrowth and regeneration. Osteoarthritis, a progressive and debilitating disease, is often initiated with the formation of a focal defect in the otherwise smooth surface of articular cartilage. Decellularized cartilage tissue, which maintains the structural complexity of the native extracellular matrix, has the potential to provide a clinically relevant solution to focal defects or large tissue damage, possibly even circumventing or complementing current techniques such as microfracture and mosaicplasty. However, it is currently unclear whether implantation of decellularized cartilage in vivo may provide a mechanically and biochemically relevant platform to promote cell remodeling and repair. We examined whole decellularized osteochondral allografts implanted in the ovine trochlear groove to investigate cellular remodeling and repair tissue quality compared to empty defects and contralateral controls (healthy cartilage). At 3 months postsurgery, cells were observed in both the decellularized tissue and empty defects, although both at significantly lower levels than healthy cartilage. Qualitative and quantitative histological analysis demonstrated maintenance of cartilage features of the decellularized implant similar to healthy cartilage groups. Noninvasive analysis by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging showed no difference in T1ρ and T2* between all groups. Investigation of the mechanical properties of repair tissue showed significantly lower elasticity in decellularized implants and empty defects compared to healthy cartilage, but similar tribological quantities. Overall, this study suggests that decellularized cartilage implants are subject to cellular remodeling in an in vivo environment and may provide a potential tissue engineering solution to cartilage defect interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Novak
- 1 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Xin Xu
- 1 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Logan Worke
- 1 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Gert Breur
- 4 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Corey P Neu
- 1 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
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A novel rabbit model of early osteoarthritis exhibits gradual cartilage degeneration after medial collateral ligament transection outside the joint capsule. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34423. [PMID: 27756901 PMCID: PMC5069470 DOI: 10.1038/srep34423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Though many surgical animal models have been used to induce osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint, they always open the capsule of the joint. Any surgical procedures that incises the capsule may cause inflammation, pain, and possibly altered gait. One common disadvantage of these surgically induced animal models is that they may affect the initial structures and synovial fluid in joint. These animal models may not be suitable for research into synovial fluid changes during early OA. This study aimed to create an animal model of early OA by resecting the medial collateral ligament (MCL) outside of the capsule. At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after surgery, eight knees from each group were harvested. The joint gap was measured on posteroanterior radiographs after MCL-transection (MCLT). Gross examination and histological analysis were performed to evaluate cartilage damage to the medial femoral condyles, and knee joints were scanned using a Micro-CT system. The MCLT group experienced early stage OA from 3 to 6 weeks according to the histological scores. IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-13 content in the synovial fluid were higher after MCLT than anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) at 1 and 2 weeks.
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Xing RL, Zhao LR, Wang PM. Bisphosphonates therapy for osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1704. [PMID: 27757376 PMCID: PMC5047862 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-turnover type bone metabolism derangement has been considered to be one of the major causes of osteoarthritis (OA). Bisphosphonates can attach to hydroxyapatite binding sites on bony surfaces, particularly those which are undergoing active bone resorption. To evaluate the effectiveness of bisphosphonates in OA treatment, literature databases were searched from inception to February 28, 2016 for clinical studies of bisphosphonates for OA treatment. All randomized controlled trials in which bisphosphonates therapy was compared with a placebo or a conventional medication, were selected. 15/1145 studies were eligible for analysis, which included 3566 participants. Bisphosphonates therapy improved pain, stiffness and function significantly in OA assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scale (MD = 4.59; 95 % CI 2.83-6.34; P < 0.00001; MD = 1.43; 95 % CI 0.83-2.23; P = 0.0005; MD = 2.01; 95 % CI 1.27-2.75; P < 0.00001). Bisphosphonates also reduced osteophyte score significantly (MD = -0.51; 95 % CI -0.84 to -0.19; P = 0.002). However, no significant differences were found in subjective improvement, osteoarthritis progression, the number of required acetaminophen treatment or joint replacement. In conclusion, bisphosphonates therapy is effective in relieving pain,stiffness and accelerating functional recovery in OA. Limitations of the studies we analysed included the differences in duration of bisphosphonates use, the doses and types of bisphosphonates and the lack of long-term data on OA joint structure modification after bisphosphonates therapy. More targeted studies are required to evaluate on the effectiveness of bisphosphonates for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hanzhong Road 155#, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - L R Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hanzhong Road 155#, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - P M Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hanzhong Road 155#, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
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Kuyinu EL, Narayanan G, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Animal models of osteoarthritis: classification, update, and measurement of outcomes. J Orthop Surg Res 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 26837951 PMCID: PMC4738796 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most commonly occurring forms of arthritis in the world today. It is a debilitating chronic illness causing pain and immense discomfort to the affected individual. Significant research is currently ongoing to understand its pathophysiology and develop successful treatment regimens based on this knowledge. Animal models have played a key role in achieving this goal. Animal models currently used to study osteoarthritis can be classified based on the etiology under investigation, primary osteoarthritis, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis, to better clarify the relationship between these models and the pathogenesis of the disease. Non-invasive animal models have shown significant promise in understanding early osteoarthritic changes. Imaging modalities play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of OA and the correlation with pain. These imaging studies would also allow in vivo surveillance of the disease as a function of time in the animal model. This review summarizes the current understanding of the disease pathogenesis, invasive and non-invasive animal models, imaging modalities, and pain assessment techniques in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Kuyinu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Ganesh Narayanan
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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7
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Głodek J, Adamiak Z, Przeworski A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Reptiles, Rodents, and Lagomorphs for Clinical Diagnosis and Animal Research. Comp Med 2016; 66:216-219. [PMID: 27298246 PMCID: PMC4907530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MRI is a great diagnostic tool for evaluating exotic animals, particularly in clinical practice and in research with animal models. Here we review various aspects of MRI of reptiles, rodents, and lagomorphs, including the indications for this modality, the preparation of subjects, and protocols for imaging various organs and the musculoskeletal system. Protocols for the anesthesia and immobilization of subjects to facilitate their imaging are discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Głodek
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamiak
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Przeworski
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Marenzana M, Vande Velde G. Refine, reduce, replace: Imaging of fibrosis and arthritis in animal models. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:715-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nakagawa Y, Sekiya I, Kondo S, Tabuchi T, Ichinose S, Koga H, Tsuji K, Muneta T. Relationship between MRIT1rho value and histological findings of intact and radially incised menisci in microminipigs. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 43:434-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shimpei Kondo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration; Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
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10
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Jiang X, Tian F, Wang W, Yan J, Liu H, Liu B, Song H, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang L. Effect of calcitonin pretreatment on naturally occurring intervertebral disc degeneration in guinea pig. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:10367-10379. [PMID: 26379827 PMCID: PMC4565210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous study suggested protective effects of calcitonin (CT) on experimental osteoarthritis. The aim of the present study was to provide evidence of whether CT pretreatment could prevent naturally occurring intervertebral disc degeneration in guinea pigs. METHODS Forty-two 3 months old female guinea pigs were randomly assigned into 2 groups as follows: Twenty-four were treated by normal saline as control group and sacrificed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age (6 animals at each time point), the other 18 were received salmon CT (8 ug/kg/day, everyday) treatment at 3 months of age and sacrificed at the age of 6, 9 and 12 months respectively. Van Gieson stain and the histological score were used to identify the histological changes of the lumbar intervertebral discs. The disc height and vertebral body height were measured. Immunohistochemistry measurements for glycosaminoglycan, type II collagen, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 expressions were performed. Bone quality and microstructural changes in the L3-6 lumbar vertebral bodies were assessed by bone mineral density (BMD), micro-CT analysis and biomechanical testing. RESULTS Histological analysis indicated significantly higher disc degeneration scores in 9-month-old guinea pigs in comparison with younger animals, and grew higher with increasing age. CT treatment significantly reduced the histological score, and increased the disc height and the ratio to vertebral body height in 12 months old animals, as well as upregulated the glycosaminoglycan, type II collagen and inhibited the MMP-1 expression. Micro-CT analysis showed decreased percent bone volume (BV/TV) and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), structural model index (SMI) in 12 months old animals in comparison with the younger animals. Markedly increased BV/TV and decreased Tb.Sp were observed in CT treated animals when compared with control animals. The biomechanical properties including maximum load, maximum stress, yield stress and elastic modulus increased from 3 to 6 months old and thereafter maintained in a stable level, which were enhanced by CT treatment. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with CT could prevent naturally occurring intervertebral disc degeneration in guinea pigs, which might be related to the modulation of extracellular matrix metabolism and the integrity and biomechanical properties in adjacent vertebral body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyin Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanjiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United UniversityTangshan 063000, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is unquestionably one of the most important chronic health issues in humans, affecting millions of individuals and costing billions of dollars annually. Despite widespread awareness of this disease and its devastating impact, the pathogenesis of early OA is not completely understood, hampering the development of effective tools for early diagnosis and disease-modifying therapeutics. Most human tissue available for study is obtained at the time of joint replacement, when OA lesions are end stage and little can be concluded about the factors that played a role in disease development. To overcome this limitation, over the past 50 years, numerous induced and spontaneous animal models have been utilized to study disease onset and progression, as well as to test novel therapeutic interventions. Reflecting the heterogeneity of OA itself, no single "gold standard" animal model for OA exists; thus, a challenge for researchers lies in selecting the most appropriate model to answer a particular scientific question of interest. This review provides general considerations for model selection, as well as important features of species such as mouse, rat, guinea pig, sheep, goat, and horse, which researchers should be mindful of when choosing the "best" animal model for their intended purpose. Special consideration is given to key variations in pathology among species as well as recommended guidelines for reporting the histologic features of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Nakagawa Y, Muneta T, Kondo S, Mizuno M, Takakuda K, Ichinose S, Tabuchi T, Koga H, Tsuji K, Sekiya I. Synovial mesenchymal stem cells promote healing after meniscal repair in microminipigs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1007-17. [PMID: 25683149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The induction of synovial tissue to the meniscal lesion is crucial for meniscal healing. Synovial Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source because of their high proliferative and chondrogenic potentials. We examined whether transplantation of synovial MSCs promoted healing after meniscal repair of extended longitudinal tear of avascular area in a microminipig model. DESIGN Longitudinal tear lesion was made in medial menisci and sutured in both knees, and then a synovial MSC suspension was administered for 10 min only in unilateral knee. The sutured meniscus was evaluated morphologically and biomechanically at 2, 4, and 12 weeks. The behavior of transplanted MSCs was also examined. RESULTS The meniscal healing at 12 weeks was significantly better in the MSC group than in the control group; macroscopically, histologically and by T1rho mapping analysis. Transmission electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that the meniscus lesion was occupied by dense collagen fibrils only in the MSC group. Biomechanical analysis revealed that the tensile strength to failure of the meniscus higher in the MSC group than in the control group in each microminipig. Synovial tissue covered better along the superficial layer from the outer zone into the lesion of the meniscus in the MSC group at 2 and 4 weeks in each microminipig. Synovial MSCs labeled with ferucarbotran were detected in the meniscus lesion and adjacent synovium by MRI at 2 weeks. CONCLUSION Transplantation of synovial MSCs promoted healing after meniscal repair with induction of synovium into the longitudinal tear in the avascular zone of meniscus in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - T Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - S Kondo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - M Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Takakuda
- Department of Biodesign, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - S Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - H Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Tsuji
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - I Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Goebel L, Müller A, Bücker A, Madry H. High resolution MRI imaging at 9.4 Tesla of the osteochondral unit in a translational model of articular cartilage repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:91. [PMID: 25888208 PMCID: PMC4404065 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-destructive structural evaluation of the osteochondral unit is challenging. Here, the capability of high-field magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) at 9.4 Tesla (T) was explored to examine osteochondral repair ex vivo in a preclinical large animal model. A specific aim of this study was to detect recently described alterations of the subchondral bone associated with cartilage repair. Methods Osteochondral samples of medial femoral condyles from adult ewes containing full-thickness articular cartilage defects treated with marrow stimulation were obtained after 6 month in vivo and scanned in a 9.4 T μMRI. Ex vivo imaging of small osteochondral samples (typical volume: 1–2 cm3) at μMRI was optimised by variation of repetition time (TR), time echo (TE), flip angle (FA), spatial resolution and number of excitations (NEX) from standard MultiSliceMultiEcho (MSME) and three-dimensional (3D) spoiled GradientEcho (SGE) sequences. Results A 3D SGE sequence with the parameters: TR = 10 ms, TE = 3 ms, FA = 10 °, voxel size = 120 × 120 × 120 μm3 and NEX = 10 resulted in the best fitting for sample size, image quality, scanning time and artifacts. An isovolumetric voxel shape allowed for multiplanar reconstructions. Within the osteochondral unit articular cartilage, cartilaginous repair tissue and bone marrow could clearly be distinguished from the subchondral bone plate and subarticular spongiosa. Specific alterations of the osteochondral unit associated with cartilage repair such as persistent drill holes, subchondral bone cysts, sclerosis of the subchondral bone plate and of the subarticular spongiosa and intralesional osteophytes were precisely detected. Conclusions High resolution, non-destructive ex vivo analysis of the entire osteochondral unit in a preclinical large animal model that is sufficient for further analyses is possible using μMRI at 9.4 T. In particular, 9.4 T is capable of accurately depicting alterations of the subchondral bone that are associated with osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany. .,Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, University of the Greater Region, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Arno Bücker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany. .,Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, University of the Greater Region, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
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14
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Goebel L, Zurakowski D, Müller A, Pape D, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. 2D and 3D MOCART scoring systems assessed by 9.4 T high-field MRI correlate with elementary and complex histological scoring systems in a translational model of osteochondral repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1386-95. [PMID: 25278050 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the 2D and 3D MOCART system obtained with 9.4 T high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the ex vivo analysis of osteochondral repair in a translational model and to correlate the data with semiquantitative histological analysis. METHODS Osteochondral samples representing all levels of repair (sheep medial femoral condyles; n = 38) were scanned in a 9.4 T high-field MRI. The 2D and adapted 3D MOCART systems were used for grading after point allocation to each category. Each score was correlated with corresponding reconstructions between both MOCART systems. Data were next correlated with corresponding categories of an elementary (Wakitani) and a complex (Sellers) histological scoring system as gold standards. RESULTS Correlations between most 2D and 3D MOCART score categories were high, while mean total point values of 3D MOCART scores tended to be 15.8-16.1 points higher compared to the 2D MOCART scores based on a Bland-Altman analysis. "Defect fill" and "total points" of both MOCART scores correlated with corresponding categories of Wakitani and Sellers scores (all P ≤ 0.05). "Subchondral bone plate" also correlated between 3D MOCART and Sellers scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Most categories of the 2D and 3D MOCART systems correlate, while total scores were generally higher using the 3D MOCART system. Structural categories "total points" and "defect fill" can reliably be assessed by 9.4 T MRI evaluation using either system, "subchondral bone plate" using the 3D MOCART score. High-field MRI is valuable to objectively evaluate osteochondral repair in translational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - D Zurakowski
- Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - A Müller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 57, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - D Pape
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier, Clinique d'Eich, 76, Rue d'Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - M Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - H Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Straße, Building 37, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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15
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Zhang RX, Ren K, Dubner R. Osteoarthritis pain mechanisms: basic studies in animal models. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1308-15. [PMID: 23973145 PMCID: PMC3771690 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex and painful disease of the whole joint. At present there are no satisfying agents for treating OA. To promote OA research and improved treatment, this review summarizes current preclinical evidence on the development of OA. METHODS Preclinical OA research was searched and key findings are summarized and commented. RESULTS Mechanisms of OA-associated pain have been studied in rodent knee OA models produced by intra-knee injection of the chondrocyte glycolytic inhibitor mono-iodoacetate (MIA), surgery, or spontaneous development in some species. These models are clinically relevant in terms of histological damage and functional changes, and are used to study mechanisms underlying mechanical, thermal, ambulatory, body weight supporting-evoked, and ongoing OA pain. Recent peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal biochemical and electrophysiological studies in these models suggest that peripheral pro-inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides sensitize knee nociceptors. Spinal cytokines and neuropeptides promote OA pain, and peripheral and spinal cannabinoids inhibit OA pain respectively through cannabinoid-1 (CB1) and CB1/CB2 receptors. TRPV1 and metalloproteinases contribute and supraspinal descending facilitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)/5-HT 3 receptors may also contribute to OA pain. Conditioned place preference tests demonstrate that OA pain induces aversive behaviors, suggesting the involvement of brain. During OA, brain functional connectivity is enhanced, but at present it is unclear how this change is related to OA pain. CONCLUSION Animal studies demonstrate that peripheral and central sensitization contributes to OA pain, involving inflammatory cytokines, neuropeptides, and a variety of chemical mediators. Interestingly, brainstem descending facilitation of 5-HT/5-HT3 receptors plays a role OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Zhang
- Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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16
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Teeple E, Jay GD, Elsaid KA, Fleming BC. Animal models of osteoarthritis: challenges of model selection and analysis. AAPS J 2013; 15:438-46. [PMID: 23329424 PMCID: PMC3675748 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. New treatment approaches require an understanding of the pathophysiology of OA and its biomechanical, inflammatory, genetic, and environmental risk factors. The purpose of animal models of OA is to reproduce the pattern and progression of degenerative damage in a controlled fashion, so that opportunities to monitor and modulate symptoms and disease progression can be identified and new therapies developed. This review discusses the features, strengths, and weaknesses of the common animal models of OA; considerations to be taken when choosing a method for experimental induction of joint degeneration; and the challenges of measuring of OA progression and symptoms in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Teeple
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin Street Coro West, Suite 106, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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17
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A review of translational animal models for knee osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2012; 2012:764621. [PMID: 23326663 PMCID: PMC3541554 DOI: 10.1155/2012/764621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis remains a tremendous public health concern, both in terms of health-related quality of life and financial burden of disease. Translational research is a critical step towards understanding and mitigating the long-term effects of this disease process. Animal models provide practical and clinically relevant ways to study both the natural history and response to treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Many factors including size, cost, and method of inducing osteoarthritis are important considerations for choosing an appropriate animal model. Smaller animals are useful because of their ease of use and cost, while larger animals are advantageous because of their anatomical similarity to humans. This evidence-based review will compare and contrast several different animal models for knee osteoarthritis. Our goal is to inform the clinician about current research models, in order to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from the "bench" to the "bedside."
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