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Bae WC, Statum S, Masuda K, Chung CB. T1rho MR properties of human patellar cartilage: correlation with indentation stiffness and biochemical contents. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:649-656. [PMID: 37740079 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage degeneration involves structural, compositional, and biomechanical alterations that may be detected non-invasively using quantitative MRI. The goal of this study was to determine if topographical variation in T1rho values correlates with indentation stiffness and biochemical contents of human patellar cartilage. DESIGN Cadaveric patellae from unilateral knees of 5 donors with moderate degeneration were imaged at 3-Telsa with spiral chopped magnetization preparation T1rho sequence. Indentation testing was performed, followed by biochemical analyses to determine water and sulfated glycosaminoglycan contents. T1rho values were compared to indentation stiffness, using semi-circular regions of interest (ROIs) of varying sizes at each indentation site. ROIs matching the resected tissues were analyzed, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to compare T1rho values to biochemical contents. RESULTS Grossly, superficial degenerative change of the cartilage (i.e., roughened texture and erosion) corresponded with regions of high T1rho values. High T1rho values correlated with low indentation stiffness, and the strength of correlation varied slightly with the ROI size. Spatial variations in T1rho values correlated positively with that of the water content (R2 = 0.10, p < 0.05) and negatively with the variations in the GAG content (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.01). Multivariate correlation (R2 = 0.23, p < 0.01) was stronger than either of the univariate correlations. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the sensitivity of T1rho values to spatially varying function and composition of cartilage and that the strength of correlation depends on the method of data analysis and consideration of multiple variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won C Bae
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 9427 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0997, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive MC-114, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
| | - Sheronda Statum
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 9427 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0997, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive MC-114, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0863, USA
| | - Christine B Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, 9427 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0997, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive MC-114, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
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Malhi BS, Moazamian D, Shin SH, Athertya JS, Silva L, Jerban S, Jang H, Chang E, Ma Y, Carl M, Du J. Bi-Exponential 3D UTE-T1ρ Relaxation Mapping of Ex Vivo Human Knee Patellar Tendon at 3T. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:66. [PMID: 38247943 PMCID: PMC10813751 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess the bi-exponential relaxation times and fractions of the short and long components of the human patellar tendon ex vivo using three-dimensional ultrashort echo time T1ρ (3D UTE-T1ρ) imaging. Materials and Methods: Five cadaveric human knee specimens were scanned using a 3D UTE-T1ρ imaging sequence on a 3T MR scanner. A series of 3D UTE-T1ρ images were acquired and fitted using single-component and bi-component models. Single-component exponential fitting was performed to measure the UTE-T1ρ value of the patellar tendon. Bi-component analysis was performed to measure the short and long UTE-T1ρ values and fractions. Results: The single-component analysis showed a mean single-component UTE-T1ρ value of 8.4 ± 1.7 ms for the five knee patellar tendon samples. Improved fitting was achieved with bi-component analysis, which showed a mean short UTE-T1ρ value of 5.5 ± 0.8 ms with a fraction of 77.6 ± 4.8%, and a mean long UTE-T1ρ value of 27.4 ± 3.8 ms with a fraction of 22.4 ± 4.8%. Conclusion: The 3D UTE-T1ρ sequence can detect the single- and bi-exponential decay in the patellar tendon. Bi-component fitting was superior to single-component fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavsimran Singh Malhi
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Dina Moazamian
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Soo Hyun Shin
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Jiyo S. Athertya
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia Silva
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Eric Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michael Carl
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
- General Electric Health Care, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (B.S.M.); (D.M.); (S.H.S.); (J.S.A.); (L.S.); (S.J.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (Y.M.); (M.C.)
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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3
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Moazamian D, Athertya JS, Dwek S, Lombardi AF, Mohammadi HS, Sedaghat S, Jang H, Ma Y, Chung CB, Du J, Jerban S, Chang EY. Achilles tendon and enthesis assessment using ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) T1 and magnetization transfer (MT) modeling in psoriatic arthritis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5040. [PMID: 37740595 PMCID: PMC10754405 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques (T1 and magnetization transfer [MT] modeling) for imaging of the Achilles tendons and entheses in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared with asymptomatic volunteers. The heels of twenty-six PsA patients (age 59 ± 15 years, 41% female) and twenty-seven asymptomatic volunteers (age 33 ± 11 years, 47% female) were scanned in the sagittal plane with UTE-T1 and UTE-MT modeling sequences on a 3-T clinical scanner. UTE-T1 and macromolecular proton fraction (MMF; the main outcome of MT modeling) were calculated in the tensile portions of the Achilles tendon and at the enthesis (close to the calcaneus bone). Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to examine statistically significant differences between the two cohorts. UTE-T1 in the entheses was significantly higher for the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (967 ± 145 vs. 872 ± 133 ms, p < 0.01). UTE-T1 in the tendons was also significantly higher for the PsA group (950 ± 145 vs. 850 ± 138 ms, p < 0.01). MMF in the entheses was significantly lower in the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (15% ± 3% vs. 18% ± 3%, p < 0.01). MMF in the tendons was also significantly lower in the PsA group compared with the asymptomatic group (17% ± 4% vs. 20% ± 5%, p < 0.01). Percentage differences in MMF between the asymptomatic and PsA groups (-16.6% and -15.0% for the enthesis and tendon, respectively) were higher than the T1 differences (10.8% and 11.7% for the enthesis and tendon, respectively). The results suggest higher T1 and lower MMF in the Achilles tendons and entheses in PsA patients compared with the asymptomatic group. This study highlights the potential of UTE-T1 and UTE-MT modeling for quantitative evaluation of entheses and tendons in PsA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Moazamian
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiyo S Athertya
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Sophia Dwek
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Sam Sedaghat
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Christine B. Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wang N, Wen Q, Maharjan S, Mirando AJ, Qi Y, Hilton MJ, Spritzer CE. Magic angle effect on diffusion tensor imaging in ligament and brain. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 92:243-250. [PMID: 35777687 PMCID: PMC10155228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the magic angle effect on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements in rat ligaments and mouse brains. METHODS Three rat knee joints and three mouse brains were scanned at 9.4 T using a modified 3D diffusion-weighted spin echo pulse sequence with the isotropic spatial resolution of 45 μm. The b value was 1000 s/mm2 for rat knee and 4000 s/mm2 for mouse brain. DTI model was used to investigate the quantitative metrics at different orientations with respect to the main magnetic field. The collagen fiber structure of the ligament was validated with polarized light microscopy (PLM) imaging. RESULTS The signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and DTI metrics in the ligament were strongly dependent on the collagen fiber orientation with respect to the main magnetic field from both simulation and actual MRI scans. The variation of fractional anisotropy (FA) was about ~32%, and the variation of mean diffusivity (MD) was ~11%. These findings were further validated with the numerical simulation at different SNRs (~10.0 to 86.0). Compared to the ligament, the DTI metrics showed little orientation dependence in mouse brains. CONCLUSION Magic angle effect plays an important role in DTI measurements in the highly ordered collagen-rich tissues, while MD showed less orientation dependence than FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Qiuting Wen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Surendra Maharjan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yi Qi
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Spritzer
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Changes in Natural Silk Fibres by Hydration, Tensile Loading and Heating as Studied by 1H NMR: Anisotropy in NMR Relaxation Times. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173665. [PMID: 36080741 PMCID: PMC9460615 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B. mori silkworm natural silk is a fibrous biopolymer with a block copolymer design containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Using 1H NMR relaxation, this work studied B. mori natural silk fibres oriented at 0° and 90° to the static magnetic field B0 to clarify how measured NMR parameters reflect the structure and anisotropic properties of hydrated silk fibres. The FTIR method was applied to monitor the changes in the silk I and β-sheet conformations. Unloaded B. mori silk fibres at different hydration levels (HL), the silk threads before and after tensile loading in water, and fibres after a stepped increase in temperature have been explored. NMR data discovered two components in T1 and T2 relaxations for both orientations of silk fibres (0° and 90°). For the slower T2 component, the results showed an obvious anisotropic effect with higher relaxation times for the silk fibres oriented at 90° to B0. The T1 component (water protons, HL = 0.11) was sequentially decreased over a range of fibres: 0° oriented, randomly oriented, silk B. mori cocoon, 90° oriented. The degree of anisotropy in T2 relaxation was decreasing with increasing HL. The T2 in silk threads oriented at 0° and 90° also showed anisotropy in increased HL (to 0.42 g H2O/g dry matter), at tensile loading, and at an increasing temperature towards 320 K. The changes in NMR parameters and different relaxation mechanisms affecting water molecular interactions and silk properties have been discussed. The findings provide new insights relating to the water anisotropy in hydrated Bombyx mori silk fibres at tensile loading and under a changing HL and temperature.
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Furman G, Meerovich V, Sokolovsky V, Xia Y, Salem S, Shavit T, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Ben-Eliezer N. Determining the internal orientation, degree of ordering, and volume of elongated nanocavities by NMR: Application to studies of plant stem. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 341:107258. [PMID: 35753185 PMCID: PMC9986720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the fibril nanostructure of fresh celery samples by modeling the anisotropic behavior of the transverse relaxation time (T2) in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Experimental results are interpreted within the framework of a previously developed theory, which was successfully used to model the nanostructures of several biological tissues as a set of water filled nanocavities, hence explaining the anisotropy the T2 relaxation time in vivo. An important feature of this theory is to determine the degree of orientational ordering of the nanocavities, their characteristic volume, and their average direction with respect to the macroscopic sample. Results exhibit good agreement between theory and experimental data, which are, moreover, supported by optical microscopic resolution. The quantitative NMR approach presented herein can be potentially used to determine the internal ordering of biological tissues noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Furman
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Victor Meerovich
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Salem
- Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Tamar Shavit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Noam Ben-Eliezer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
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Hager B, Schreiner MM, Walzer SM, Hirtler L, Mlynarik V, Berg A, Deligianni X, Bieri O, Windhager R, Trattnig S, Juras V. Transverse Relaxation Anisotropy of the Achilles and Patellar Tendon Studied by MR Microscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:1091-1103. [PMID: 35122454 PMCID: PMC9545006 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T2* anisotropy affects the clinical assessment of tendons (magic‐angle artifact) and may be a source of T2*‐misinterpretation. Purpose To analyze T2*‐anisotropy and T2*‐decay of Achilles and patellar tendons in vitro at microscopic resolution using a variable‐echo‐time (vTE) sequence. Study Type Prospective. Specimen Four human Achilles and four patellar tendons. Field Strength/Sequence A 7 T MR‐microscopy; 3D‐vTE spoiled‐gradient‐echo‐sequence (T2*‐mapping). Assessment All tendons were measured at 0° and 55° relative to B0. Additional angles were measured for one Achilles and one patellar tendon for a total of 11 angles ranging from 0° to 90°. T2*‐decay was analyzed with mono‐ and bi‐exponential signal fitting. Mono‐exponential T2*‐values (T2*m), short and long T2*‐components (T2*s, T2*l), and the fraction of the short component Fs of the bi‐exponential T2*‐fit were calculated. T2*‐decay characteristics were compared with morphological MRI and histologic findings based on a region‐of‐interest analysis. Statistical Tests Akaike information criterion (AICC), F‐test, and paired t‐test. A P value smaller than the α‐level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results T2*m‐values between fiber‐to‐field angles of 0° and 55° were increased on average from T2*m (0°) = 1.92 msec to T2*m (55°) = 29.86 msec (15.5‐fold) in the Achilles and T2*m (0°) = 1.46 msec to T2*m (55°) = 23.33 msec (16.0‐fold) in the patellar tendons. The changes in T2*m‐values were statistically significant. For the whole tendon, according to F‐test and AICC, a bi‐exponential model was preferred for angles close to 0°, while the mono‐exponential model tended to be preferred at angles close to 55°. Conclusion MR‐microscopy provides a deeper insight into the relationship between T2*‐decay (mono‐ vs. bi‐exponential model) and tendon heterogeneity. Changes in fiber‐to‐field angle result in significant changes in T2*‐values. Thus, we conclude that awareness of T2*‐anisotropy should be noted in quantitative T2*‐mapping of tendons to avoid T2*‐misinterpretation such as a false positive detection of degeneration due to large fiber‐to‐field angles. Evidence Level 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hager
- Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in the Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus M Schreiner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja M Walzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Mlynarik
- Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in the Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Berg
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xeni Deligianni
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Basel Muscle MRI, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Fang Y, Zhu D, Wu W, Yu W, Li S, Ma Y. Assessment of Achilles Tendon Changes After Long‐Distance Running Using Ultrashort Echo Time Magnetization Transfer
MR
Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:814-823. [PMID: 35060638 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Fang
- Department of Radiology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Dantian Zhu
- Department of Radiology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Radiology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Department of Radiology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Shaolin Li
- Department of Radiology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Ya‐Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology University of California, San Diego San Diego California USA
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Zhao Q, Ridout RP, Shen J, Wang N. Effects of Angular Resolution and b Value on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Knee Joint. Cartilage 2021; 13:295S-303S. [PMID: 33843284 PMCID: PMC8804734 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211007909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influences of the diffusion gradient directions (angular resolution) and the strength of the diffusion gradient (b value) on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics and tractography of various connective tissues in knee joint. DESIGN Two rat knee joints were scanned on a preclinical 9.4-T system using a 3-dimensional diffusion-weighted spin echo pulse sequence. One protocol with b value of 500, 1500, and 2500 s/mm2 were acquired separately using 43 diffusion gradient directions. The other protocol with b value of 1000 s/mm2 was performed using 147 diffusion gradient directions. The in-plane resolution was 45 µm isotropic. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were compared at different angular resolution. Tractography was quantitatively evaluated at different b values and angular resolutions in cartilage, ligament, meniscus, and growth plate. RESULTS The ligament showed higher FA value compared with growth plate and cartilage. The FA values were largely overestimated at the angular resolution of 6. Compared with FA, MD showed less sensitivity to the angular resolution. The fiber tracking was failed at low angular resolution (6 diffusion gradient directions) or high b value (2500 s/mm2). The quantitative measurements of tract length and track volume were strongly dependent on angular resolution and b value. CONCLUSIONS To obtain consistent DTI outputs and tractography in knee joint, the scan may require a proper b value (ranging from 500 to 1500 s/mm2) and sufficient angular resolution (>14) with signal-to-noise ratio >10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai
University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rees P. Ridout
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jikai Shen
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging
Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Nian Wang, Department of Radiology and
Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA.
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Furman G, Goren S, Meerovich V, Panich A, Sokolovsky V, Xia Y. Anisotropy of transverse and longitudinal relaxations in liquids entrapped in nano- and micro-cavities of a plant stem. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 331:107051. [PMID: 34455368 PMCID: PMC8842490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the anisotropy of 1H NMR spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxations in a fresh celery stem experimentally and modeled the sample theoretically as the water-containing nano- and micro-cavities. The angular dependence of the spin-lattice and the spin-spin relaxation times was obtained, which clearly shows the presence of water-filled nano- and micro-cavities in the celery stem, which have elongated shapes and are related to non-spherical vascular cells in the stem. To explain the experimental data, we applied the relaxation theory developed by us and used previously to interpret similar effects in liquids in nanocavities located in biological tissues such as cartilages and tendons. Good agreement between the experimental data and theoretical results was obtained by adjusting the fitting parameters. The obtained values of standard deviations (0.33 for the mean polar angle and 0.1 for the mean azimuthal angle) indicate a noticeable ordering of the water-filled nano- and micro-cavities in the celery stem. Our approach allows the use of the NMR technique to experimentally determine the order parameters of the microscopic vascular structures in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Furman
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Shaul Goren
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Victor Meerovich
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Panich
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, US
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11
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Furman G, Kozyrev A, Meerovich V, Sokolovsky V, Xia Y. Dynamics of Zeeman and dipolar states in the spin locking in a liquid entrapped in nano-cavities: Application to study of biological systems. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 325:106933. [PMID: 33636633 PMCID: PMC8889562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the application of the spin locking method to study the spin dynamics and spin-lattice relaxation of nuclear spins-1/2 in liquids or gases enclosed in a nano-cavity. Two cases are considered: when the amplitude of the radio-frequency field is much greater than the local field acting the nucleus and when the amplitude of the radio-frequency field is comparable or even less than the local field. In these cases, temperatures of two spin reservoirs, the Zeeman and dipole ones, change in different ways: in the first case, temperatures of the Zeeman and dipolar reservoirs reach the common value relatively quickly, and then turn to the lattice temperature; in the second case, at the beginning of the process, these temperatures are equal, and then turn to the lattice temperature with different relaxation times. Good agreement between the obtained theoretical results and the experimental data is achieved by fitting the parameters of the distribution of the orientation of nanocavities. The parameters of this distribution can be used to characterize the fine structure of biological samples, potentially enabling the detection of degradative changes in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Furman
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Andrey Kozyrev
- Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University LETI, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor Meerovich
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Vladimir Sokolovsky
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yang Xia
- Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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12
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Furman G, Meerovich V, Sokolovsky V, Xia Y. Spin-lattice relaxation in liquid entrapped in a nanocavity. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 311:106669. [PMID: 31881481 PMCID: PMC8829806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider the spin lattice relaxation in bulk liquid and liquid entrapped in a nanocavity. The kinetic equation which describes the spin lattice relaxation is obtained by using the theory of the nonequilibrium state operator. A solution of the kinetic equation gives the quadrature expression for the relaxation time, T1. The calculated relaxation time agrees well with the experimental data. The spin-lattice relaxation time is calculated for nanocavities with a characteristic size much less than 700 nm, with the assumption that the spin-lattice relaxation mechanism is determined by nanocavity fluctuations. The resulting expression shows an explicit dependence of the relaxation time T1 on the volume, density of nuclear spins, and parameters of the cavity (shape and orientation relatively to the applied field). To compare with the experiment on the detection of the anisotropy of the relaxation time, we average the expression that describes the relaxation time over the orientation of the nanocavities relative to the applied magnetic field. The good agreement with the experimental data for fibril tissues was achieved by adjustment of few fitting parameters - the standard deviation, averaged fiber direction, and weight factors - which characterize the ordering of fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Furman
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
| | - Victor Meerovich
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Vladimir Sokolovsky
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Physics Department, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. For many years, MRI of the musculoskeletal system has relied mostly on conventional sequences with qualitative analysis. More recently, using quantitative MRI applications to complement qualitative imaging has gained increasing interest in the MRI community, providing more detailed physiologic or anatomic information. CONCLUSION. In this article, we review the current state of quantitative MRI, technical and software advances, and the most relevant clinical and research musculoskeletal applications of quantitative MRI.
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Single- and Bicomponent Analyses of T2⁎ Relaxation in Knee Tendon and Ligament by Using 3D Ultrashort Echo Time Cones (UTE Cones) Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8597423. [PMID: 30906782 PMCID: PMC6398070 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8597423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The collagen density is not detected in the patellar tendon (PT), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in clinic. We assess the technical feasibility of three-dimension multiecho fat saturated ultrashort echo time cones (3D FS-UTE-Cones) acquisitions for single- and bicomponent T2⁎ analysis of bound and free water pools in PT, PCL, and ACL in clinic. The knees of five healthy volunteers and six knee joint samples from cadavers were scanned via 3D multiecho FS-UTE-Cones acquisitions on a clinical scanner. Single-component fitting of T2⁎M and bicomponent fitting of short T2⁎ (T2⁎S), long T2⁎ (T2⁎L), short T2⁎ fraction (Frac_S), and long T2⁎ fraction (Frac_L) were performed within tendons and ligaments. Our results showed that biexponential fitting was superior to single-exponential fitting in PT, PCL, and ACL. For knee joint samples, there was no statistical difference among all data in PT, PCL, and ACL. For volunteers, all parameters of bicomponent fitting were statistically different across PT, PCL, and ACL, except for T2⁎S, T2⁎L, and T2⁎M resulting in flawed measurements due to the magic angle effect. 3D multiecho FS-UTE-Cones acquisition allows high resolution T2⁎ mapping in PT, PCL, and ACL of keen joint samples and PT and PCL of volunteers. The T2⁎ values and their fractions can be characterized by bicomponent T2⁎ analysis that is superior to single-component T2⁎ analysis, except for ACL of volunteers.
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Naghibi H, Mazzoli V, Gijsbertse K, Hannink G, Sprengers A, Janssen D, Van den Boogaard T, Verdonschot N. A noninvasive MRI based approach to estimate the mechanical properties of human knee ligaments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 93:43-51. [PMID: 30769233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the main tibiofemoral ligaments is an essential step in developing patient-specific computational models of the knee joint for personalized surgery pre-planning. Tensile tests are commonly performed in-vitro to characterize the mechanical stiffness and rupture force of the knee ligaments which makes the technique unsuitable for in-vivo application. The time required for the limited noninvasive approaches for properties estimation based on knee laxity remained the main obstacle in clinical implementation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique can be a platform to noninvasively assess the knee ligaments. In this study the aim was to explore the potential role of quantitative MRI and dimensional properties, in characterizing the mechanical properties of the main tibiofemoral ligaments. After MR scanning of six cadaveric legs, all 24 main tibiofemoral bone-ligaments-bone specimens were tested in vitro. During the tensile test cross sectional area of the specimens was captured using ultrasound and force-displacement curve was extracted. Digital image correlation technique was implemented to check the strain behavior of the specimen and rupture region and to assure the fixation of ligament bony block during the test. The volume of the specimen was measured using manual segmentation data, and quantitative MR parameters as T2*, T1ρ, and T2 were calculated. Linear mixed statistical models for repeated measures were used to examine the association of MRI parameters and dimensional measurements with the mechanical properties (stiffness and rupture force). The results shows that while the mechanical properties were mostly correlated to the volume, inclusion of the MR parameters increased the correlation strength for stiffness (R2 ≈ 0.48) and partial rupture force (R2 = 0.53). Inclusion of ligament type in the statistical analysis enhanced the correlation of mechanical properties with MR parameters and volume as for stiffness (R2 = 0.60) and partial rupture (R2 = 0.57). In conclusion, this study revealed the potentials in using quantitative MR parameters, T1ρ, T2 and T2*, combined with specimen volume to estimate the essential mechanical properties of all main tibiofemoral ligaments required for subject-specific computational modeling of human knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Naghibi
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Robotics and Mechatronics Group, The Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Valentina Mazzoli
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Gijsbertse
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjon Hannink
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Sprengers
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Janssen
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Van den Boogaard
- Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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16
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Furman G, Meerovich V, Sokolovsky V, Xia Y. Spin locking in liquid entrapped in nanocavities: Application to study connective tissues. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 299:66-73. [PMID: 30580046 PMCID: PMC6942517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Study of the spin-lattice relaxation in the spin-locking state offers important information about atomic and molecular motions, which cannot be obtained by spin lattice relaxation in strong external magnetic fields. The application of this technique for the investigation of the spin-lattice relaxation in biological samples with fibril structures reveals an anisotropy effect for the relaxation time under spin locking, T1ρ. To explain the anisotropy of the spin-lattice relaxation under spin-locking in connective tissue a model which represents a tissue by a set of nanocavities containing water is used. The developed model allows us to estimate the correlation time for water molecular motion in articular cartilage, τc=30μs and the averaged nanocavity volume, V≃5400nm3. Based on the developed model which represents a connective tissue by a set of nanocavities containing water, a good agreement with the experimental data from an articular cartilage and a tendon was demonstrated. The fitting parameters were obtained for each layer in each region of the articular cartilage. These parameters vary with the known anatomic microstructures of the tissue. Through Gaussian distributions to nanocavity directions, we have calculated the anisotropy of the relaxation time under spin locking T1ρ for a human Achilles tendon specimen and an articular cartilage. The value of the fitting parameters obtained at matching of calculation to experimental results can be used in future investigations for characterizing the fine fibril structure of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Furman
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Victor Meerovich
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladimir Sokolovsky
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4451, USA
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17
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Wang N, Mirando AJ, Cofer G, Qi Y, Hilton MJ, Johnson GA. Diffusion tractography of the rat knee at microscopic resolution. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3775-3786. [PMID: 30671998 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whole knee joint tractography, including articular cartilage, ligaments, meniscus, and growth plate using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at microscopic resolution. METHODS Three rat knee joints were scanned using a modified 3D diffusion-weighted spin echo pulse sequence with 90- and 45-μm isotropic spatial resolution at 9.4T. The b values varied from 250 to 1250 s/mm2 with 4 times undersampling in phase directions. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were compared at different spatial resolution and b values. Tractography was evaluated at multiple b values and angular resolutions in different connective tissues, and compared with conventional histology. The mean tract length and tract volume in various types of tissues were also quantified. RESULTS DTI metrics (FA and MD) showed consistent quantitative results at 90- and 45-μm isotropic spatial resolutions. Tractography of various connective tissues was found to be sensitive to the spatial resolution, angular resolution, and diffusion weightings. Higher spatial resolution (45 μm) supported tracking the cartilage collagen fiber tracts from the superficial zone to the deep zone, in a continuous and smooth progression in the transitional zone. Fiber length and fiber volume in the growth plate were strongly dependent on angular resolution and b values, whereas tractography in ligaments was found to be less dependent on spatial resolution. CONCLUSION High spatial and angular resolution DTI and diffusion tractography can be valuable for knee joint research because of its visualization capacity for collagen fiber orientations and quantitative evaluation of tissue's microscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gary Cofer
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yi Qi
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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18
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Wengler K, Fukuda T, Tank D, Huang M, Gould ES, Schweitzer ME, He X. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in human achilles tendon. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:1690-1699. [PMID: 29741808 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited microcirculation has been implicated in Achilles tendinopathy and may affect healing and disease progression. Existing invasive and noninvasive approaches to evaluate tendon microcirculation lack sensitivity and spatial coverage. PURPOSE To develop a novel Achilles tendon intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI protocol to overcome the limitations from low tendon T2 /T2 * value and low intratendinous blood volume and blood velocity to evaluate tendon microcirculation. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS Sixteen healthy male participants (age 31.0 ± 2.1) were recruited. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A stimulated echo readout-segmented echo planar imaging (ste-RS-EPI) IVIM sequence at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT The feasibility of the proposed ste-RS-EPI IVIM protocol combined with Achilles tendon magic angle effect was evaluated. The sensitivity of the protocol was assessed by an exercise-induced intratendinous hemodynamic response in healthy participants. The vascular origin of the observed IVIM signal was validated by varying the diffusion mixing time and echo time. STATISTICAL TESTS Two-tailed t-tests were used to evaluate differences (P < 0.05 was considered significant). RESULTS Consistent with known tendon hypovascularity, the midportion Achilles tendon at baseline showed significantly lower IVIM-derived perfusion fraction (fp ) (3.1 ± 0.9%) compared to the proximal and distal Achilles tendon (6.0 ± 1.8% and 6.1 ± 2.0%, respectively; P < 0.01). Similarly, the midportion Achilles tendon exhibited significantly lower baseline blood flow index (D*×fp ) (40.9 ± 19.2, 18.3 ± 5.3, and 32.0 ± 9.4 in proximal, midportion, and distal Achilles tendon, respectively; P < 0.01). Eccentric heel-raise exercise led to ∼2 times increase of Achilles tendon blood flow in healthy participants. Consistent with its vascular origin, the estimated fp demonstrated a high dependency to IVIM protocol parameters, while the T1 /T2 -corrected absolute intratendinous microvascular blood volume fraction (Vb ) did not vary. DATA CONCLUSION Achilles tendon ste-RS-EPI IVIM noninvasively assessed baseline values and exercise-induced changes to tendon microcirculation in healthy tendon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1690-1699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wengler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Dharmesh Tank
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mingqian Huang
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Elaine S Gould
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mark E Schweitzer
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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19
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Wengler K, Tank D, Fukuda T, Paci JM, Huang M, Schweitzer ME, He X. Diffusion tensor imaging of human Achilles tendon by stimulated echo readout-segmented EPI (ste-RS-EPI). Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2464-2474. [PMID: 29732609 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Healing, regeneration, and remodeling of the injured Achilles tendon are associated with notable changes in tendon architecture. However, assessing Achilles microstructural properties with conventional diffusion tension imaging (DTI) remains a challenge because of very short T2 / <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> values of the tendon. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a novel Achilles tendon DTI protocol for a non-invasive investigation of the changes of microstructural integrity in tendinopathy. METHODS A novel stimulated echo readout-segmented EPI (ste-RS-EPI) DTI sequence was proposed to achieve a TE of ∼14-20 ms for typical b-values of 400-800 s/mm2 on clinical 3T MRI scanners. To further boost tendon MR signal, the Achilles was positioned at the magic angle (∼55 °) with respect to the scanner B0 field. The sensitivity of the developed protocol was evaluated in 19 healthy participants and 6 patients with clinically confirmed tendinopathy. RESULTS Compared to spin echo RS-EPI DTI protocol, ste-RS-EPI provided an ∼100-200% increase in Achilles MR signal. Tendinopathic Achilles demonstrated a high degree of microstructural disruption based on DTI tractography analysis, with significantly lower (P < 0.05) axial diffusivity (1.20 ± 0.19 vs. 1.39 ± 0.10 × 10-3 mm2 /s), radial diffusivity (0.72 ± 0.11 vs. 0.81 ± 0.08 × 10-3 mm2 /s), and mean diffusivity (0.87 ± 0.14 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07 × 10-3 mm2 /s), but no significant difference in fractional anisotropy (0.38 ± 0.04 vs. 0.38 ± 0.05; P = 0.86). CONCLUSION Achilles tendon ste-RS-EPI DTI can non-invasively detect the tendinopathy-induced changes to microstructural integrity, consistent with the disruption of collagen arrangement and increased cellularity. This study demonstrated the robustness and sensitivity of the proposed protocol in Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wengler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Dharmesh Tank
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - James M Paci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mingqian Huang
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mark E Schweitzer
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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20
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Bae WC, Ruangchaijatuporn T, Chung CB. New Techniques in MR Imaging of the Ankle and Foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2017; 25:211-225. [PMID: 27888849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foot and ankle disorders are common in everyday clinical practice. MR imaging is frequently required for diagnosis given the variety and complexity of foot and ankle anatomy. Although conventional MR imaging plays a significant role in diagnosis, contemporary management increasingly relies on advanced imaging for monitoring therapeutic response. There is an expanding need for identification of biomarkers for musculoskeletal tissues. Advanced imaging techniques capable of imaging these tissue substrates will be increasingly used in routine clinical practice. Radiologists should therefore become familiar with these innovative MR techniques. Many such techniques are already widely used in other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won C Bae
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, MC 114, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, UCSD MSK Imaging Research Lab, University of California, San Diego, 9427 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0997, USA
| | - Thumanoon Ruangchaijatuporn
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Christine B Chung
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, MC 114, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, UCSD MSK Imaging Research Lab, University of California, San Diego, 9427 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0997, USA.
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21
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Ma YJ, Chang EY, Bydder GM, Du J. Can ultrashort-TE (UTE) MRI sequences on a 3-T clinical scanner detect signal directly from collagen protons: freeze-dry and D2 O exchange studies of cortical bone and Achilles tendon specimens. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:912-7. [PMID: 27148693 PMCID: PMC4909542 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort-TE (UTE) sequences can obtain signal directly from short-T2 , collagen-rich tissues. It is generally accepted that bound and free water can be detected with UTE techniques, but the ability to detect protons directly on the collagen molecule remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the potential of UTE sequences on a 3-T clinical scanner to detect collagen protons via freeze-drying and D2 O-H2 O exchange studies. Experiments were performed on bovine cortical bone and human Achilles tendon specimens, which were either subject to freeze-drying for over 66 h or D2 O-H2 O exchange for 6 days. Specimens were imaged using two- and three-dimensional UTE with Cones trajectory techniques with a minimum TE of 8 μs at 3 T. UTE images before treatment showed high signal from all specimens with bi-component T2 * behavior. Bovine cortical bone showed a shorter T2 * component of 0.36 ms and a longer T2 * component of 2.30 ms with fractions of 78.2% and 21.8% by volume, respectively. Achilles tendon showed a shorter T2 * component of 1.22 ms and a longer T2 * component of 15.1 ms with fractions of 81.1% and 18.9% by volume, respectively. Imaging after freeze-drying or D2 O-H2 O exchange resulted in either the absence or near-absence of signal. These results indicate that bound and free water are the sole sources of UTE signal in bovine cortical bone and human Achilles tendon samples on a clinical 3-T scanner. Protons on the native collagen molecule are not directly visible when imaged using UTE sequences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Graeme M. Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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Gilani IA, Sepponen R. Quantitative rotating frame relaxometry methods in MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:841-861. [PMID: 27100142 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular degeneration and biochemical changes in tissue can be quantified using rotating frame relaxometry in MRI. It has been shown in several studies that the rotating frame longitudinal relaxation rate constant (R1ρ ) and the rotating frame transverse relaxation rate constant (R2ρ ) are sensitive biomarkers of phenomena at the cellular level. In this comprehensive review, existing MRI methods for probing the biophysical mechanisms that affect the rotating frame relaxation rates of the tissue (i.e. R1ρ and R2ρ ) are presented. Long acquisition times and high radiofrequency (RF) energy deposition into tissue during the process of spin-locking in rotating frame relaxometry are the major barriers to the establishment of these relaxation contrasts at high magnetic fields. Therefore, clinical applications of R1ρ and R2ρ MRI using on- or off-resonance RF excitation methods remain challenging. Accordingly, this review describes the theoretical and experimental approaches to the design of hard RF pulse cluster- and adiabatic RF pulse-based excitation schemes for accurate and precise measurements of R1ρ and R2ρ . The merits and drawbacks of different MRI acquisition strategies for quantitative relaxation rate measurement in the rotating frame regime are reviewed. In addition, this review summarizes current clinical applications of rotating frame MRI sequences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtiza Ali Gilani
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Raimo Sepponen
- Department of Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
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UTE bi-component analysis of T2* relaxation in articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:364-73. [PMID: 26382110 PMCID: PMC4898889 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine T2* relaxation in articular cartilage using ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging and bi-component analysis, with an emphasis on the deep radial and calcified cartilage. METHODS Ten patellar samples were imaged using two-dimensional (2D) UTE and Car-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences. UTE images were fitted with a bi-component model to calculate T2* and relative fractions. CPMG images were fitted with a single-component model to calculate T2. The high signal line above the subchondral bone was regarded as the deep radial and calcified cartilage. Depth and orientation dependence of T2*, fraction and T2 were analyzed with histopathology and polarized light microscopy (PLM), confirming normal regions of articular cartilage. An interleaved multi-echo UTE acquisition scheme was proposed for in vivo applications (n = 5). RESULTS The short T2* values remained relatively constant across the cartilage depth while the long T2* values and long T2* fractions tended to increase from subchondral bone to the superficial cartilage. Long T2*s and T2s showed significant magic angle effect for all layers of cartilage from the medial to lateral facets, while the short T2* values and T2* fractions are insensitive to the magic angle effect. The deep radial and calcified cartilage showed a mean short T2* of 0.80 ± 0.05 ms and short T2* fraction of 39.93 ± 3.05% in vitro, and a mean short T2* of 0.93 ± 0.58 ms and short T2* fraction of 35.03 ± 4.09% in vivo. CONCLUSION UTE bi-component analysis can characterize the short and long T2* values and fractions across the cartilage depth, including the deep radial and calcified cartilage. The short T2* values and T2* fractions are magic angle insensitive.
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Bouhrara M, Reiter DA, Celik H, Fishbein KW, Kijowski R, Spencer RG. Analysis of mcDESPOT- and CPMG-derived parameter estimates for two-component nonexchanging systems. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:2406-20. [PMID: 26140371 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the reliability and stability of the multicomponent-driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) and Carl-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) approaches to parameter estimation. METHODS The stability and reliability of mcDESPOT and CPMG-derived parameter estimates were compared through examination of energy surfaces, evaluation of model sloppiness, and Monte Carlo simulations. Comparisons were performed on an equal time basis and assuming a two-component system. Parameter estimation bias, reflecting accuracy, and dispersion, reflecting precision, were derived for a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and relaxation parameters. RESULTS The energy surfaces for parameters incorporated into the mcDESPOT signal model exhibit flatness, a complex structure of local minima, and instability to noise to a much greater extent than the corresponding surfaces for CPMG. Although both mcDESPOT and CPMG performed well at high SNR, the CPMG approach yielded parameter estimates of considerably greater accuracy and precision at lower SNR. CONCLUSION mcDESPOT and CPMG both permit high-quality parameter estimates under SNR that are clinically achievable under many circumstances, depending upon available hardware and resolution and acquisition time constraints. At moderate to high SNR, the mcDESPOT approach incorporating two-step phase increments can yield accurate parameter estimates while providing values for longitudinal relaxation times that are not available through CPMG. However, at low SNR, the CPMG approach is more stable and provides superior parameter estimates. Magn Reson Med 75:2406-2420, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Reiter
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hasan Celik
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Liu F, Samsonov A, Wilson JJ, Blankenbaker DG, Block WF, Kijowski R. Rapid in vivo multicomponent T2 mapping of human knee menisci. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1321-8. [PMID: 25847733 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare multicomponent T2 parameters of menisci measured using Multicomponent Driven Equilibrium Single Pulse Observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) in asymptomatic volunteers and osteoarthritis (OA) patients with intact and torn menisci. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prospective study was performed with Institutional Review Board approval and with all subjects signing written informed consent. mcDESPOT was performed on the knee joint of 12 asymptomatic volunteers and 14 patients with knee OA. Single-component T2 relaxation time (T2Single ), T2 relaxation time of the fast relaxing water component (T2F ), and the slow relaxing water component (T2S ), and fraction of the fast relaxing water component (FF ) of the medial and lateral menisci were measured. Multivariate linear regression models were used to compare mcDESPOT parameters between normal menisci in asymptomatic volunteers, intact menisci in OA patients, and torn menisci in OA patients with adjustment for differences in age between subjects. RESULTS The mean mcDESPOT parameters for normal menisci in asymptomatic volunteers, intact menisci in OA patients, and torn menisci in OA patients were respectively 16.1 msec, 18.8 msec, and 22.7 msec for T2Single ; 9.0 msec, 10.0 msec, and 11.1 msec for T2F ; 24.4 msec, 27.7 msec, and 31.4 msec for T2S ; and 34%, 32%, 27% for FF . There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in T2Single , T2F , T2S , and FF between the three groups of menisci. CONCLUSION The menisci of OA patients had significantly higher T2Single , T2F , and T2S and significantly lower FF than normal menisci in asymptomatic volunteers with greater changes in multicomponent T2 parameters noted in torn than intact menisci in OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexey Samsonov
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John J Wilson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donna G Blankenbaker
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Walter F Block
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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26
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Chang EY, Du J, Statum S, Pauli C, Chung CB. Quantitative bi-component T2* analysis of histologically normal Achilles tendons. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2015; 5:58-62. [PMID: 26261782 PMCID: PMC4496019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the aim of this pilot study was to implement ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI with bi-component analysis on grossly normal Achilles tendons with histologic correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS six tendon samples which were grossly normal on visual inspection and palpation were harvested. A 2D UTE pulse sequence was implemented on a 3T MR scanner and bi-component and single-component T2* analysis was performed. Tendon samples were histologically processed and evaluated. RESULTS mean short T2* fraction was 79.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.1 - 88.3%), mean short T2* was 1.8 ms (95% CI, 1.3 - 2.3 ms), mean long T2* fraction was 20.8% (95% CI, 11.7 - 29.9%), mean long T2* was 9.2 ms (95% CI, 5.1 - 13.3 ms), and mean single-component T2* was 2.5 ms (95% CI, 1.8 - 3.1 ms). DISCUSSION 2D UTE MRI with bi-component and single-component T2* analysis was successfully implemented. Inter-individual variation can be demonstrated in grossly and histologically normal Achilles tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y. Chang
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, Usa
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, Usa
| | - Sheronda Statum
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, Usa
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine B. Chung
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, Usa
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27
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Tadimalla S, Momot KI. Effect of partial H2O-D2O replacement on the anisotropy of transverse proton spin relaxation in bovine articular cartilage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115288. [PMID: 25545955 PMCID: PMC4278899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropy of transverse proton spin relaxation in collagen-rich tissues like cartilage and tendon is a well-known phenomenon that manifests itself as the "magic-angle" effect in magnetic resonance images of these tissues. It is usually attributed to the non-zero averaging of intra-molecular dipolar interactions in water molecules bound to oriented collagen fibers. One way to manipulate the contributions of these interactions to spin relaxation is by partially replacing the water in the cartilage sample with deuterium oxide. It is known that dipolar interactions in deuterated solutions are weaker, resulting in a decrease in proton relaxation rates. In this work, we investigate the effects of deuteration on the longitudinal and the isotropic and anisotropic contributions to transverse relaxation of water protons in bovine articular cartilage. We demonstrate that the anisotropy of transverse proton spin relaxation in articular cartilage is independent of the degree of deuteration, bringing into question some of the assumptions currently held over the origins of relaxation anisotropy in oriented tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Tadimalla
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantin I. Momot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Chang EY, Du J, Chung CB. UTE imaging in the musculoskeletal system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:870-83. [PMID: 25045018 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues, such as bone, tendon, and ligaments, contain a high fraction of components with "short" and "ultrashort" transverse relaxation times and therefore have short mean transverse relaxation times. With conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences that employ relatively long echo times (TEs), there is no opportunity to encode the decaying signal of short and ultrashort T2 /T2 * tissues before it has reached zero or near zero. The clinically compatible ultrashort TE (UTE) sequence has been increasingly used to study the musculoskeletal system. This article reviews the UTE sequence as well as various modifications that have been implemented since its introduction. These modifications have been used to improve efficiency or contrast as well as provide quantitative analysis. This article reviews several clinical musculoskeletal applications of UTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
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29
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Effects of repetitive freeze–thawing cycles on T2 and T2* of the Achilles tendon. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83:349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Grosse U, Springer F, Hein T, Grözinger G, Schabel C, Martirosian P, Schick F, Syha R. Influence of physical activity on T1 and T2* relaxation times of healthy achilles tendons at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 41:193-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grosse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Fabian Springer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Tobias Hein
- Department of Sports Medicine; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Gerd Grözinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christoph Schabel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Petros Martirosian
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Roland Syha
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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31
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Effects of achilles tendon immersion in saline and perfluorochemicals on T2 and T2*. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:496-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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32
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Wang N, Xia Y. Experimental issues in the measurement of multi-component relaxation times in articular cartilage by microscopic MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 235:15-25. [PMID: 23916991 PMCID: PMC3775938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of experimental issues in the measurement of multi-component T2 and T1ρ relaxations in native and enzymatically digested articular cartilage were investigated by microscopic MRI (μMRI). The issues included the bath solutions (physiological saline and phosphate buffered saline (PBS)), the imaging resolution (35-140 μm), the specimen orientations (0° and 55°), and the strength of spin-lock frequencies (0.5-2 kHz) in the T1ρ experiments. In addition to cartilage, the samples of agar gel and doped water solution were also used in the investigation. Two imaging sequences were used: CPMG-SE and MSME. All raw data were analyzed by the non-negative least square (NNLS) method. The MSME sequence was shown to result in the observation of multi-component T2, even in the gel and liquid samples, demonstrating the artificial uncleanness of this sequence in the multi-component measurements. The soaking of cartilage in PBS reduced the observable T2 components to one at both 0° and 55°, suggesting the effect of phosphate ions on proton exchange between different pools of water molecules. The cartilage orientation with respect to the external magnetic field and the spin-lock strengths in the T1ρ experiment both affected the quantification of the multi-component relaxation. The transitions between a mono-component and multi-components in cartilage under various experimental conditions call for the extra caution in interpreting the relaxation results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Xia
- Corresponding Author and Address: Yang Xia, PhD, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA, Phone: (248) 370-3420, Fax: (248) 370-3408,
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Ramakrishnan N, Xia Y. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage and biomaterials: A review. TRENDS IN APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 10:1-23. [PMID: 31693014 PMCID: PMC6830739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has the potential to mark up the chemical changes of the materials, as almost all the materials contain their signatures in infrared region. Spectroscopy combined with spatial resolution enables the possibility of characterizing samples up to microscopic level. The emerging development of instrumentation to provide spatial information for infrared (IR) spectroscopy, termed as IR microscopy, provides an opening for newer applications in terms of image analysis, novel data processing tools, etc. Characterization of biomaterials using IR spectroscopy has a trace back to 1950s. The advent of FTIR with imaging capability made characterization possible in cartilage tissue and other biological systems. Extensive analysis of chemical constituents of cartilage and tendon, collagen orientation and polarization property of cartilage using FTIR imaging (FTIRI) has been actively explored during the last two decades. Also, studies using specialized instrumentations like synchrotron FTIR imaging have been attempted to understand the characteristics of biological samples like cartilage. This review covers most of those investigations on cartilage with FTIRI to characterize the same in terms of component characteristics and quantification, collagen orientation, zonal boundary determination, influence of mechanical compression on tissue nature and its correlation to other techniques in last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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