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Gast LV, Platt T, Nagel AM, Gerhalter T. Recent technical developments and clinical research applications of sodium ( 23Na) MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 138-139:1-51. [PMID: 38065665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium is an essential ion that plays a central role in many physiological processes including the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and the maintenance of the body's homeostasis. Due to the crucial role of sodium in the human body, the sodium nucleus is a promising candidate for non-invasively assessing (patho-)physiological changes. Almost 10 years ago, Madelin et al. provided a comprehensive review of methods and applications of sodium (23Na) MRI (Madelin et al., 2014) [1]. More recent review articles have focused mainly on specific applications of 23Na MRI. For example, several articles covered 23Na MRI applications for diseases such as osteoarthritis (Zbyn et al., 2016, Zaric et al., 2020) [2,3], multiple sclerosis (Petracca et al., 2016, Huhn et al., 2019) [4,5] and brain tumors (Schepkin, 2016) [6], or for imaging certain organs such as the kidneys (Zollner et al., 2016) [7], the brain (Shah et al., 2016, Thulborn et al., 2018) [8,9], and the heart (Bottomley, 2016) [10]. Other articles have reviewed technical developments such as radiofrequency (RF) coils for 23Na MRI (Wiggins et al., 2016, Bangerter et al., 2016) [11,12], pulse sequences (Konstandin et al., 2014) [13], image reconstruction methods (Chen et al., 2021) [14], and interleaved/simultaneous imaging techniques (Lopez Kolkovsky et al., 2022) [15]. In addition, 23Na MRI topics have been covered in review articles with broader topics such as multinuclear MRI or ultra-high-field MRI (Niesporek et al., 2019, Hu et al., 2019, Ladd et al., 2018) [16-18]. During the past decade, various research groups have continued working on technical improvements to sodium MRI and have investigated its potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Clinical research applications of 23Na MRI have covered a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly focusing on the brain, cartilage, and skeletal muscle (see Fig. 1). In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of methodological and hardware developments, as well as a review of various clinical research applications of sodium (23Na) MRI in the last decade (i.e., published from the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tanja Platt
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Puddu C, Rao M, Xu X, Deppe MH, Collier G, Maunder A, Chan HF, De Zanche N, Robb F, Wild JM. An asymmetrical whole-body birdcage RF coil without RF shield for hyperpolarized 129 Xe lung MR imaging at 1.5 T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3373-3381. [PMID: 34268802 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the development and testing of an asymmetrical xenon-129 (129 Xe) birdcage radiofrequency (RF) coil for 129 Xe lung ventilation imaging at 1.5 Tesla, which allows proton (1 H) system body coil transmit-receive functionality. METHODS The 129 Xe RF coil is a whole-body asymmetrical elliptical birdcage constructed without an outer RF shield to enable 1 H imaging. B 1 + field homogeneity and flip angle mapping of the 129 Xe birdcage RF coil and 1 H system body RF coil with the 129 Xe RF coil in situ were evaluated in the MR scanner. The functionality of the 129 Xe birdcage RF coil was demonstrated through hyperpolarized 129 Xe lung ventilation imaging with the birdcage in both transceiver configuration and transmit-only configuration when combined with an 8-channel 129 Xe receive-only RF coil array. The functionality of 1 H system body coil with the 129 Xe RF coil in situ was demonstrated by acquiring coregistered 1 H lung anatomical MR images. RESULTS The asymmetrical birdcage produced a homogeneous B 1 + field (±10%) in agreement with electromagnetic simulations. Simulations indicated an optimal detuning configuration with 4 diodes. The obtained g-factor of 1.4 for acceleration factor of R = 2 indicates optimal array configuration. Coregistered 1 H anatomical images from the system body coil along with 129 Xe lung images demonstrated concurrent and compatible arrangement of the RF coils. CONCLUSION A large asymmetrical birdcage for homogenous B 1 + transmission with high sensitivity reception for 129 Xe lung MRI at 1.5 Tesla has been demonstrated. The unshielded asymmetrical birdcage design enables 1 H structural lung MR imaging in the same exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Puddu
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Martin H Deppe
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guilhem Collier
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Maunder
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ho-Fung Chan
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola De Zanche
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fraser Robb
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,GE Healthcare, Aurora, Ohio, USA
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Barrett T, Riemer F, McLean MA, Kaggie JD, Robb F, Warren AY, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA. Molecular imaging of the prostate: Comparing total sodium concentration quantification in prostate cancer and normal tissue using dedicated 13 C and 23 Na endorectal coils. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 51:90-97. [PMID: 31081564 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been recent interest in nonproton MRI including hyperpolarized carbon-13 (13 C) imaging. Prostate cancer has been shown to have a higher tissue sodium concentration (TSC) than normal tissue. Sodium (23 Na) and 13 C nuclei have a frequency difference of only 1.66 MHz at 3T, potentially enabling 23 Na imaging with a 13 C-tuned coil and maximizing the metabolic information obtained from a single study. PURPOSE To compare TSC measurements from a 13 C-tuned endorectal coil to those quantified with a dedicated 23 Na-tuned coil. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Eight patients with biopsy-proven, intermediate/high risk prostate cancer imaged prior to prostatectomy. SEQUENCE 3T MRI with separate dual-tuned 1 H/23 Na and 1 H/13 C endorectal receive coils to quantify TSC. ASSESSMENT Regions-of-interest for TSC quantification were defined for normal peripheral zone (PZ), normal transition zone (TZ), and tumor, with reference to histopathology maps. STATISTICAL TESTS Two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum with additional measures of correlation, coefficient of variation, and Bland-Altman plots to assess for between-test differences. RESULTS Mean TSC for normal PZ and TZ were 39.2 and 33.9 mM, respectively, with the 23 Na coil and 40.1 and 36.3 mM, respectively, with the 13 C coil (P = 0.22 and P = 0.11 for the intercoil comparison, respectively). For tumor tissue, there was no statistical difference between the overall mean tumor TSC measured with the 23 Na coil (41.8 mM) and with the 13 C coil (46.6 mM; P = 0.38). Bland-Altman plots showed good repeatability for tumor TSC measurements between coils, with a reproducibility coefficient of 9 mM; the coefficient of variation between the coils was 12%. The Pearson correlation coefficient for TSC between coils for all measurements was r = 0.71 (r2 = 0.51), indicating a strong positive linear relationship. The mean TSC within PZ tumors was significantly higher compared with normal PZ for both the 23 Na coil (45.4 mM; P = 0.02) and the 13 C coil (49.4 mM; P = 0.002). DATA CONCLUSION We demonstrated the feasibility of using a carbon-tuned coil to quantify TSC, enabling dual metabolic information from a single coil. This approach could make the acquisition of both 23 Na-MRI and 13 C-MRI feasible in a single clinical imaging session. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:90-97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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Broeke NC, Peterson J, Lee J, Martin PR, Farag A, Gomez JA, Moussa M, Gaed M, Chin J, Pautler SE, Ward A, Bauman G, Bartha R, Scholl TJ. Characterization of clinical human prostate cancer lesions using 3.0-T sodium MRI registered to Gleason-graded whole-mount histopathology. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1409-1419. [PMID: 30430700 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overtreatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is a healthcare issue. Development of noninvasive imaging tools for improved characterization of prostate lesions might reduce overtreatment. PURPOSE To measure the distribution of tissue sodium concentration (TSC), proton T2 -weighted signal, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in human PCa and to test the presence of a correlation between regional differences in imaging metrics and the Gleason grade of lesions determined from histopathology. STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS Ten men with biopsy-proven PCa. SEQUENCES/FIELD STRENGTH Sodium, proton T2 -weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI data were acquired using Broad-Band 3D-Fast-Gradient-Recalled, 3D Cube (Isotropic 3D-Fast-Turbo-Spin-Echo acquisition) and 2D Spin-Echo sequences, respectively, with a 3.0T MR scanner. ASSESSMENT All imaging data were coregistered to Gleason-graded postprostatectomy histology, as the standard for prostate cancer lesion characterization. Regional TSC and T2 data were assessed using percent changes from healthy tissue of the same patient (denoted ΔTSC, ΔT2 ). STATISTICS Differences in ΔTSC, ADC, and ΔT2 as a function of Gleason score were analyzed for each imaging contrast using a one-way analysis of variance or a nonparametric t-test. Correlations between imaging data measures and Gleason score were assessed using a Spearman's ranked correlation. RESULTS Evaluation of the correlation of ΔTSC, ADC, and ΔT2 datasets with Gleason scoring revealed that only the correlation between ΔTSC and Gleason score was statistically significant (rs = 0.791, p < 0.01), whereas the correlations of ADC and ΔT2 with Gleason score were not (rs = -0.306, p = 0.079 and r s = -0.069, p = 0.699, respectively). In addition, all individual patients showed monotonically increasing ΔTSC with Gleason score. DATA CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary study suggest that changes in TSC, assessed by sodium MRI, has utility as a noninvasive imaging assay to accurately characterize PCa lesions. Sodium MRI may provide useful complementary information on mpMRI, which may assist the decision-making of men choosing either active surveillance or treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1409-1419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan C Broeke
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Peterson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter R Martin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Farag
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jose A Gomez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mena Gaed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Chin
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen E Pautler
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Ward
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Glenn Bauman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Imaging and Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Barrett T, Riemer F, McLean MA, Kaggie J, Robb F, Tropp JS, Warren A, Bratt O, Shah N, Gnanapragasam VJ, Gilbert FJ, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA. Quantification of Total and Intracellular Sodium Concentration in Primary Prostate Cancer and Adjacent Normal Prostate Tissue With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2018; 53:450-456. [PMID: 29969108 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) within tumors and normal prostate in prostate cancer patients, using prostatectomy as pathological criterion standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with biopsy-proven, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visible, intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer underwent a dedicated research sodium MRI, before treatment with radical prostatectomy. All participants signed written informed consent for this institutional review board-approved prospective study. 3 T MRI acquired using a dedicated multinuclear clamshell transmit coil and a bespoke dual-tuned H/Na endorectal receive coil, with intracellular-sodium imaging acquired using inversion recovery sequences; a phantom-based calibration enabled quantitative sodium maps. Regions of interest were defined for normal peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) and tumor regions, referenced from histopathology maps. A 1-way analysis of variance compared normal and tumor tissue, using Tukey test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Two patients were excluded due to artifact; software error resulted in 1 further intracellular-sodium failure. Fifteen tumors were detected (13 PZ, 2 TZ) in 13 patients: Gleason 3 + 3 (n = 1), 3 + 4 (6), 3 + 5 (2), 4 + 3 (5), 4 + 5 (1). Both mean TSC and intracellular-sodium were significantly higher in normal PZ (39.2 and 17.5 mmol/L, respectively) versus normal TZ (32.9 and 14.7; P < 0.001 and P = 0.02). Mean TSC in PZ tumor (45.0 mmol/L) was significantly higher than both normal PZ and TZ tissue (P < 0.001). Intracellular sodium in PZ tumors (19.9 mmol/L) was significantly higher than normal TZ (P < 0.001) but not normal PZ (P = 0.05). Mean TSC and intracellular-sodium was lower in Gleason ≤3 + 4 tumors (44.4 and 19.5 mmol/L, respectively) versus ≥4 + 3 (45.6 and 20.2), but this was not significant (P = 0.19 and P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS Tissue sodium concentration and intracellular sodium concentrations of prostate tumors were quantified, with PZ tumors demonstrating a significantly increased TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ola Bratt
- Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nimish Shah
- Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Fox MS, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Fluorine-19 MRI Contrast Agents for Cell Tracking and Lung Imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2016; 8:53-67. [PMID: 27042089 PMCID: PMC4807887 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F)-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging stand to revolutionize imaging-based research and clinical trials in several fields of medical intervention. First, their use in characterizing in vivo cell behavior may help bring cellular therapy closer to clinical acceptance. Second, their use in lung imaging provides novel noninvasive interrogation of the ventilated airspaces without the need for complicated, hard-to-distribute hardware. This article reviews the current state of 19F-based cell tracking and lung imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and describes the link between the methods across these fields and how they may mutually benefit from solutions to mutual problems encountered when imaging 19F-containing compounds, as well as hardware and software advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Fox
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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