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Giovannetti G, Flori A, Martini N, Cademartiri F, Aquaro GD, Pingitore A, Frijia F. Hardware and Software Setup for Quantitative 23Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3T: A Phantom Study. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2716. [PMID: 38732822 PMCID: PMC11085578 DOI: 10.3390/s24092716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) with sodium (23Na) is a noninvasive tool providing quantitative biochemical information regarding physiology, cellular metabolism, and viability, with the potential to extend MR beyond anatomical proton imaging. However, when using clinical scanners, the low detectable 23Na signal and the low 23Na gyromagnetic ratio require the design of dedicated radiofrequency (RF) coils tuned to the 23Na Larmor frequency and sequences, as well as the development of dedicated phantoms for testing the image quality, and an MR scanner with multinuclear spectroscopy (MNS) capabilities. In this work, we propose a hardware and software setup for evaluating the potential of 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a clinical scanner. In particular, the reliability of the proposed setup and the reproducibility of the measurements were verified by multiple acquisitions from a 3T MR scanner using a homebuilt RF volume coil and a dedicated sequence for the imaging of a phantom specifically designed for evaluating the accuracy of the technique. The final goal of this study is to propose a setup for standardizing clinical and research 23Na MRI protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.)
| | - Nicola Martini
- Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.)
| | - Filippo Cademartiri
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Donato Aquaro
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Pingitore
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Francesca Frijia
- Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.)
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Polak P, Schulte RF, Noseworthy MD. An approach to evaluation of the point-spread function for 23 Na magnetic resonance imaging. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4627. [PMID: 34652040 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the technical challenges that require lengthy acquisitions to overcome poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), sodium (23 Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an intriguing area of research due to its essential role in human metabolism. Low SNR images can impact the measurement of the point-spread function (PSF) by adding uncertainty into the resulting quantities. Here, we present methods to calculate the PSF by using the modulation transfer function (MTF), and a 3D-printed line-pair phantom in the context of 23 Na MRI. A simulation study investigated the effect of noise on the resulting MTF curves, which were derived by direct modulation (DM) and a method utilizing Fourier harmonics (FHs). Experimental data utilized a line-pair phantom with nine spatial frequencies, filled with different concentrations (15, 30, and 60 mM) of sodium in 3% agar. MTF curves were calculated using both methods from data acquired from density-adapted 3D radial projections (DA-3DRP) and Fermat looped orthogonally encoded trajectories (FLORET). Simulations indicated that the DM method increased variability in the MTF curves at all tested noise levels over the FH method. For the experimental data, the FH method resulted in PSFs with a narrower full width half maximum with reduced variability, although the improvement in variability was not as pronounced as predicted by simulations. The DA-3DRP data indicated an improvement in the PSF over FLORET. It was concluded that a 3D-printed line-pair phantom represents a convenient method to measure the PSF experimentally. The MTFs from the noisy images in 23 Na MRI have reduced variability from a FH method over DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Polak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael D Noseworthy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Barrett T, Riemer F, McLean MA, Kaggie JD, Robb F, Warren AY, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA. Molecular imaging of the prostate: Comparing total sodium concentration quantification in prostate cancer and normal tissue using dedicated 13 C and 23 Na endorectal coils. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 51:90-97. [PMID: 31081564 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been recent interest in nonproton MRI including hyperpolarized carbon-13 (13 C) imaging. Prostate cancer has been shown to have a higher tissue sodium concentration (TSC) than normal tissue. Sodium (23 Na) and 13 C nuclei have a frequency difference of only 1.66 MHz at 3T, potentially enabling 23 Na imaging with a 13 C-tuned coil and maximizing the metabolic information obtained from a single study. PURPOSE To compare TSC measurements from a 13 C-tuned endorectal coil to those quantified with a dedicated 23 Na-tuned coil. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Eight patients with biopsy-proven, intermediate/high risk prostate cancer imaged prior to prostatectomy. SEQUENCE 3T MRI with separate dual-tuned 1 H/23 Na and 1 H/13 C endorectal receive coils to quantify TSC. ASSESSMENT Regions-of-interest for TSC quantification were defined for normal peripheral zone (PZ), normal transition zone (TZ), and tumor, with reference to histopathology maps. STATISTICAL TESTS Two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum with additional measures of correlation, coefficient of variation, and Bland-Altman plots to assess for between-test differences. RESULTS Mean TSC for normal PZ and TZ were 39.2 and 33.9 mM, respectively, with the 23 Na coil and 40.1 and 36.3 mM, respectively, with the 13 C coil (P = 0.22 and P = 0.11 for the intercoil comparison, respectively). For tumor tissue, there was no statistical difference between the overall mean tumor TSC measured with the 23 Na coil (41.8 mM) and with the 13 C coil (46.6 mM; P = 0.38). Bland-Altman plots showed good repeatability for tumor TSC measurements between coils, with a reproducibility coefficient of 9 mM; the coefficient of variation between the coils was 12%. The Pearson correlation coefficient for TSC between coils for all measurements was r = 0.71 (r2 = 0.51), indicating a strong positive linear relationship. The mean TSC within PZ tumors was significantly higher compared with normal PZ for both the 23 Na coil (45.4 mM; P = 0.02) and the 13 C coil (49.4 mM; P = 0.002). DATA CONCLUSION We demonstrated the feasibility of using a carbon-tuned coil to quantify TSC, enabling dual metabolic information from a single coil. This approach could make the acquisition of both 23 Na-MRI and 13 C-MRI feasible in a single clinical imaging session. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:90-97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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Riemer F, McHugh D, Zaccagna F, Lewis D, McLean MA, Graves MJ, Gilbert FJ, Parker GJ, Gallagher FA. Measuring tissue sodium concentration: Cross-vendor repeatability and reproducibility of 23 Na-MRI across two sites. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:1278-1284. [PMID: 30859655 PMCID: PMC6767101 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium MRI (23 Na-MRI)-derived biomarkers such as total sodium concentration (TSC) have the potential to provide information on tumor cellularity and the changes in tumor microstructure that occur following therapy. PURPOSE To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of TSC measurements in the brains of healthy volunteers, providing evidence for the technical validation of 23 Na-MRI-derived biomarkers. STUDY TYPE Prospective multicenter study. SUBJECTS Eleven volunteers (32 ± 6 years; eight males, three females) were scanned twice at each of two sites. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Comparable 3D-cones 23 Na-MRI ultrashort echo time acquisitions at 3T. ASSESSMENT TSC values, quantified from calibration phantoms placed in the field of view, were obtained from white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), based on automated segmentation of coregistered 1 H T1 -weighted images and hand-drawn regions of interest by two readers. STATISTICAL TESTS Coefficients of variation (CoVs) from mean TSC values were used to assess intrasite repeatability and intersite reproducibility. RESULTS Mean GM TSC concentrations (52.1 ± 7.1 mM) were ∼20% higher than for WM (41.8 ± 6.7 mM). Measurements were highly repeatable at both sites with mean scan-rescan CoVs between volunteers and regions of 2% and 4%, respectively. Mean intersite reproducibility CoVs were 3%, 3%, and 6% for WM, GM, and CSF, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION These results demonstrate technical validation of sodium MRI-derived biomarkers in healthy volunteers. We also show that comparable 23 Na imaging of the brain can be implemented across different sites and scanners with excellent repeatability and reproducibility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1278-1284.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Riemer
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
| | - Damien McHugh
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental PsychologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
| | - Daniel Lewis
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
| | - Mary A. McLean
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Fiona J. Gilbert
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
| | - Geoff J.M. Parker
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental PsychologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Bioxydyn Ltd.ManchesterUK
| | - Ferdia A. Gallagher
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- CRUK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge & ManchesterUK
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Bydder M, Zaaraoui W, Ridley B, Soubrier M, Bertinetti M, Confort-Gouny S, Schad L, Guye M, Ranjeva JP. Dynamic 23Na MRI - A non-invasive window on neuroglial-vascular mechanisms underlying brain function. Neuroimage 2018; 184:771-780. [PMID: 30292814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and reconstruction method for obtaining a series of dynamic sodium 23Na-MRI acquisitions was designed to non-invasively assess the signal variations of brain sodium during a hand motor task in 14 healthy human volunteers on an ultra high field (7T) MR scanner. Regions undergoing activation and deactivation were identified with reference to conventional task-related BOLD functional MRI (fMRI). Activation observed in the left central regions, the supplementary motor areas and the left cerebellum induced an increase in the sodium signal observed at ultra short echo time and a decrease in the 23Na signal observed at long echo time. Based on a simple model of two distinct sodium pools (namely, restricted and mobile sodium), the ultra short echo time measures the totality of sodium whereas the long echo time is mainly sensitive to mobile sodium. This activation pattern is consistent with previously described processes related to an influx of Na+ into the intracellular compartments and a moderate increase in the cerebral blood volume (CBV). In contrast, deactivation observed in the right central regions ipsilateral to the movement, the precuneus and the left cerebellum induced a slight decrease in sodium signal at ultra short echo time and an increase of sodium signal at longer echo times. This inhibitory pattern is compatible with a slight decrease in CBV and an efflux of intracellular Na+ to the extracellular compartments that may reflect neural dendritic spine and astrocytic shrinkage, and an increase of sodium in the extracellular fraction. In conclusion, cerebral dynamic 23Na MRI experiments can provide access to the ionic transients following a functional task occurring within the neuro-glial-vascular ensemble. This has the potential to open up a novel non-invasive window on the mechanisms underlying brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bydder
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Wafaa Zaaraoui
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Ben Ridley
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Soubrier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Bertinetti
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Sylviane Confort-Gouny
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Lothar Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, University Hospital Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France.
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Ha Y, Choi CH, Worthoff WA, Shymanskaya A, Schöneck M, Willuweit A, Felder J, Shah NJ. Design and use of a folded four-ring double-tuned birdcage coil for rat brain sodium imaging at 9.4 T. J Magn Reson 2018; 286:110-114. [PMID: 29227914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A folded four-ring quadrature birdcage coil was designed and constructed with a double-tune configuration of an outer high-pass coil for 1H (400 MHz) and inner low-pass coil for 23Na (105.72 MHz at 9.4 T). The coil was evaluated on the bench and in the scanner, comparing its performance with that of single-tuned coils and a large four-ring coil. All coils were tuned and matched and the isolation between two quadrature ports was found to be better than -13.7 dB for 1H and -27 dB for 23Na. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated and 23Na flip angle maps were acquired. 23Na SNR of the folded four-ring reached ∼93% of that obtained with the single-tuned coil. A set of in vivo1H and 23Na axial images to cover the whole rat brain were obtained. The performance of the folded four-ring coil and its benefit for 23Na imaging experiments have been demonstrated. This proposed four-ring coil could avoid length restrictions, e.g. the shoulders, by folding the outer rings vertically. This facilitates the construction of double-tuned four-ring birdcage coils just to fit the head, leading to higher filling factors and better SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongHyun Ha
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Chang-Hoon Choi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
| | - Wieland A Worthoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Aliaksandra Shymanskaya
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Jörg Felder
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, JARA, Aachen, Germany
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CREMER M, TOUSSAINT EC. [SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL WATER, EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM AND EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM IN CLINICAL MEDICINE]. Acta Clin Belg 2016; 19:116-71. [PMID: 14178609 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.1964.11717741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
A longstanding problem in quadrupolar NMR of semi-solids is the selection of signals originating from ordered nuclei, i.e. those that experience a non-vanishing quadrupolar coupling. Established techniques, such as for example multiple-quantum filters are not adequate in situations when the radio frequency power is on the order of the quadrupolar coupling or the quadrupolar relaxation rates, such as may be the case on an MRI scanner, or in ex situ applications. In this manuscript we show a new method for the selective excitation of ordered spin-3/2 nuclei, which produces the desired results when the radio frequency power is approximately equal or smaller than quadrupolar frequency. Using a combination of simulations and experiments with (23)Na in NaCl solution, Pf1-solutions, and bovine patellar cartilage samples we further show how the value of the quadrupolar frequency and global features of a quadrupolar coupling distribution can be extracted from these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimerovsky Evgeny
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Zöllner FG, Konstandin S, Lommen J, Budjan J, Schoenberg SO, Schad LR, Haneder S. Quantitative sodium MRI of kidney. NMR Biomed 2016; 29:197-205. [PMID: 25728879 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the main tasks of the human kidneys is to maintain the homeostasis of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration of the plasma and excretion of the end products. Herein, the regulation of extracellular sodium in the kidney is of particular importance. Sodium MRI ((23)Na MRI) allows for the absolute quantification of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and thereby provides a direct link between TSC and tissue viability. Renal (23)Na MRI can provide new insights into physiological tissue function and viability thought to differ from the information obtained by standard (1)H MRI. Sodium imaging has the potential to become an independent surrogate biomarker not only for renal imaging, but also for oncology indications. However, this technique is now on the threshold of clinical implementation. Numerous, initial pre-clinical and clinical studies have already outlined the potential of this technique; however, future studies need to be extended to larger patient groups to show the diagnostic outcome. In conclusion, (23)Na MRI is seen as a powerful technique with the option to establish a non-invasive renal biomarker for tissue viability, but is still a long way from real clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Zöllner
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Konstandin
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- MR-Imaging and Spectroscopy, Faculty 01 (Physics/Electrical Engineering), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Lommen
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Budjan
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan O Schoenberg
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Haneder
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Petracca M, Fleysher L, Oesingmann N, Inglese M. Sodium MRI of multiple sclerosis. NMR Biomed 2016; 29:153-61. [PMID: 25851455 PMCID: PMC5771413 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and disease progression are poorly understood, in part as a result of the lack of non-invasive methods to measure and monitor neurodegeneration in vivo. Sodium MRI is a topic of increasing interest in MS research as it allows the metabolic characterization of brain tissue in vivo, and integration with the structural information provided by (1)H MRI, helping in the exploration of pathogenetic mechanisms and possibly offering insights into disease progression and monitoring of treatment outcomes. We present an up-to-date review of the sodium MRI application in MS organized into four main sections: (i) biological and pathogenetic role of sodium; (ii) brief overview of sodium imaging techniques; (iii) results of sodium MRI application in clinical studies; and (iv) future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Lee JS, Xia D, Madelin G, Regatte RR. Sodium inversion recovery MRI on the knee joint at 7 T with an optimal control pulse. J Magn Reson 2016; 262:33-41. [PMID: 26705907 PMCID: PMC4716894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the field of sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), inversion recovery (IR) is a convenient and popular method to select sodium in different environments. For the knee joint, IR has been used to suppress the signal from synovial fluids, which improves the correlation between the sodium signal and the concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cartilage tissues. For the better inversion of the magnetization vector under the spatial variations of the B0 and B1 fields, the IR sequence usually employ adiabatic pulses as the inversion pulse. On the other hand, it has been shown that RF shapes robust against the variations of the B0 and B1 fields can be generated by numerical optimization based on optimal control theory. In this work, we compare the performance of fluid-suppressed sodium MRI on the knee joint in vivo, between one implemented with an adiabatic pulse in the IR sequence and the other with the adiabatic pulse replaced by an optimal-control shaped pulse. While the optimal-control pulse reduces the RF power deposited to the body by 58%, the quality of fluid suppression and the signal level of sodium within cartilage are similar between two implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Ding Xia
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Guillaume Madelin
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ravinder R Regatte
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
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de Bruin PW, Koken P, Versluis MJ, Aussenhofer SA, Meulenbelt I, Börnert P, Webb AG. Time-efficient interleaved human (23)Na and (1)H data acquisition at 7 T. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:1228-1235. [PMID: 26269329 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate a flexible and time-efficient interleaved imaging approach for the acquisition of proton and sodium images of the human knee at 7 T within a clinically relevant timescale. A flexible software framework was established which allowed the interleaving of multiple, different, fully specific absorption ratio (SAR)-validated scans. The system was able to switch between these different scans at flexible time points. The practical example presented consists of interleaved proton (Dixon imaging and T2* mapping) and sodium (mapping the sodium content and fluid-suppressed component separately) sequences with the key idea to perform proton MRI whilst the sodium nuclei relax towards thermal equilibrium, and vice versa. Comparisons were made between these four scans being acquired sequentially in the normal mode of scanner operation and those acquired in an interleaved fashion. Images acquired in the interleaved mode were very similar to those acquired in sequential scans with no image artifacts produced by the slight intra-sequence variation in steady-state magnetization. A reduction in scanning time of almost a factor of two was established using the interleaved scans, allowing such a protocol to be completed within 30 min. Phantom experiments and in vivo scans performed in healthy volunteers and in one patient proved the basic feasibility of this approach. This approach for the interleaving of multiple proton and sodium scans, each with different contrasts, is an efficient method for the design of new practical clinical protocols for sodium MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W de Bruin
- Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Koken
- Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Börnert
- Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
- Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew G Webb
- Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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16
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Maguire ML, Geethanath S, Lygate CA, Kodibagkar VD, Schneider JE. Compressed sensing to accelerate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: evaluation and application to 23Na-imaging of mouse hearts. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:45. [PMID: 26073300 PMCID: PMC4466859 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) has wide applicability for non-invasive biochemical assessment in clinical and pre-clinical applications but suffers from long scan times. Compressed sensing (CS) has been successfully applied to clinical 1H MRSI, however a detailed evaluation of CS for conventional chemical shift imaging is lacking. Here we evaluate the performance of CS accelerated MRSI, and specifically apply it to accelerate 23Na-MRSI on mouse hearts in vivo at 9.4 T. METHODS Synthetic phantom data representing a simplified section across a mouse thorax were used to evaluate the fidelity of the CS reconstruction for varying levels of under-sampling, resolution and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The amplitude of signals arising from within a compartment, and signal contamination arising from outside the compartment relative to noise-free Fourier-transformed (FT) data were determined. Simulation results were subsequently verified experimentally in phantoms and in three mouse hearts in vivo. RESULTS CS reconstructed MRSI data are scaled linearly relative to absolute signal intensities from the fully-sampled FT reconstructed case (R(2) > 0.8, p-value < 0.001). Higher acceleration factors resulted in a denoising of the reconstructed spectra, but also in an increased blurring of compartment boundaries, particularly at lower spatial resolutions. Increasing resolution and SNR decreased cross-compartment contamination and yielded signal amplitudes closer to the FT data. Proof-of-concept high-resolution, 3-fold accelerated 23Na-amplitude maps of murine myocardium could be obtained within ~23 mins. CONCLUSIONS Relative signal amplitudes (i.e. metabolite ratios) and absolute quantification of metabolite concentrations can be accurately determined with up to 5-fold under-sampled, CS-reconstructed MRSI. Although this work focused on murine cardiac 23Na-MRSI, the results are equally applicable to other nuclei and tissues (e.g., 1H MRSI in brain). Significant reduction in MRSI scan time will reduce the burden on the subject, increase scanner throughput, and may open new avenues for (pre-) clinical metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahon L Maguire
- British Heart Foundation Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sairam Geethanath
- Medical Imaging Research Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, 560078, India
| | - Craig A Lygate
- British Heart Foundation Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Vikram D Kodibagkar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-9709, USA
| | - Jürgen E Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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17
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Langer GA, Frank JS, Tillisch JH. Coupling calcium in mammalian myocardium: its source and control. Adv Cardiol 2015; 12:162-73. [PMID: 4600367 DOI: 10.1159/000395462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Benkhedah N, Bachert P, Nagel AM. Two-pulse biexponential-weighted 23Na imaging. J Magn Reson 2014; 240:67-76. [PMID: 24530955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new method is proposed for acquiring 3D biexponential-weighted sodium images with two instead of three RF pulses to allow for shorter repetition time at high magnetic fields (B0≥7 T) and reduced SAR. The second pulse converts single- into triple-quantum coherences in regions containing sodium ions which are restricted in mobility. Since only single-quantum coherences can be detected, an image acquired after the second pulse is intrinsically single-quantum-filtered and can be used to generate a biexponential-weighted sodium image by a weighted subtraction with the spin-density-weighted image acquired between the pulses. The proposed sequence generates biexponential-weighted sodium images of in vivo human brain with 140% higher SNR than triple-quantum-filtered sodium images and 4% higher SNR than a biexponential-weighted sequence with three RF pulses at equal acquisition time and with 1/3 lower SAR. As SAR is reduced, accordingly repetition time can be spared to obtain even higher SNR-time efficiency. In comparison to a difference image generated from two images of a double-readout sequence, the proposed two-pulse sequence yields about 14% higher SNR. Our new two-pulse biexponential-weighted sequence allows for acquisition of full 3D data sets of the human brain in vivo with a nominal resolution of (5 mm)(3) in about 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benkhedah
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bachert
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Puckeridge M, Chapman BE, Conigrave AD, Grieve SM, Figtree GA, Kuchel PW. Stoichiometric relationship between Na(+) ions transported and glucose consumed in human erythrocytes: Bayesian analysis of (23)Na and (13)C NMR time course data. Biophys J 2013; 104:1676-84. [PMID: 23601315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the response of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) to monensin, a Na(+) ionophore, with and without ouabain, an NKA inhibitor, in suspensions of human erythrocytes (red blood cells). A combination of (13)C and (23)Na NMR methods allowed the recording of intra- and extracellular Na(+), and (13)C-labeled glucose time courses. The net influx of Na(+) and the consumption of glucose were measured with and without NKA inhibited by ouabain. A Bayesian analysis was used to determine probability distributions of the parameter values of a minimalist mathematical model of the kinetics involved, and then used to infer the rates of Na(+) transported and glucose consumed. It was estimated that the numerical relationship between the number of Na(+) ions transported by NKA per molecule of glucose consumed by a red blood cell was close to the ratio 6.0:1.0, agreeing with theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Puckeridge
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Fujiwara K, Kinashi Y, Takahashi T, Yashima H, Kurihara K, Sakurai Y, Tanaka H, Ono K, Takahashi S. Induced radioactivity in the blood of cancer patients following Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Radiat Res 2013; 54:769-774. [PMID: 23392825 PMCID: PMC3709676 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) has been used for over 400 cancer patients at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI). After BNCT, the patients are radioactive and their (24)Na and (38)Cl levels can be detected via a Na-I scintillation counter. This activity is predominantly due to (24)Na, which has a half-life of 14.96 h and thus remains in the body for extended time periods. Radioactive (24)Na is mainly generated from (23)Na in the target tissue that is exposed to the neutron beam in BNCT. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the radioactivity of blood (24)Na following BNCT and the absorbed gamma ray dose in the irradiated field. To assess blood (24)Na, 1 ml of peripheral blood was collected from 30 patients immediately after the exposure, and the radioactivity of blood (24)Na was determined using a germanium counter. The activity of (24)Na in the blood correlated with the absorbed gamma ray doses in the irradiated field. For the same absorbed gamma ray dose in the irradiated field, the activity of blood (24)Na was higher in patients with neck or lung tumors than in patients with brain or skin tumors. The reasons for these findings are not readily apparent, but the difference in the blood volume and the ratio of bone to soft tissue in the irradiated field, as well as the dose that leaked through the clinical collimator, may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fujiwara
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yuko Kinashi
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yashima
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kouta Kurihara
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Radiation Life Science and Radiation Medical Science Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Radiation Life Science and Radiation Medical Science Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Radiation Life Science and Radiation Medical Science Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Sentaro Takahashi
- Radiation Safety and Control Department of Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennann-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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21
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Babsky AM, Ju S, Bennett S, George B, McLennan G, Bansal N. Effect of implantation site and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma on apparent diffusion coefficient of water and sodium MRI. NMR Biomed 2012; 25:312-321. [PMID: 21823182 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastases are an increasing problem worldwide. Non-invasive methods for the early detection of HCC and understanding of the tumor growth mechanisms are highly desirable. Both the diffusion-weighted (1)H (DWI) and (23)Na MRI reflect alterations in tissue compartment volumes in tumors, as well as physiological and metabolic transformation in cells. Effects of untreated growth on apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC), single quantum (SQ) and triple quantum-filtered (TQF) (23)Na MRI were compared in intrahepatically and subcutaneously implanted HCCs in rats. Animals were examined weekly for 4 weeks after injection of N1S1 cells. ADC of intrahepatic HCC was 1.5-times higher compared to the nearby liver tissue, and with growth, the ADC did not increase. ADC of subcutaneous HCC was lower compared to intrahepatic HCC and it increased with growth. Untreated growth of both intrahepatic and subcutaneous HCCs was associated with an increase in SQ and TQF (23)Na signal intensity suggesting an increase in tissue Na(+) and intracellular Na(+) (Na(+)(i)), respectively, most likely due to an increase in relative extracellular space and Na(+)(i) concentration as a result of changes in tissue structure and cellular metabolism. Thus, SQ and TQF (23)Na MRI may be complementary to diffusion imaging in areas susceptible to motion for characterizing hepatic tumors and for other applications, such as, predicting and monitoring therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy M Babsky
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, USA.
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22
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Lu A, Atkinson IC, Vaughn JT, Thulborn KR. Impact of gradient timing error on the tissue sodium concentration bioscale measured using flexible twisted projection imaging. J Magn Reson 2011; 213:176-181. [PMID: 21944734 PMCID: PMC3217314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The rapid biexponential transverse relaxation of the sodium MR signal from brain tissue requires efficient k-space sampling for quantitative imaging in a time that is acceptable for human subjects. The flexible twisted projection imaging (flexTPI) sequence has been shown to be suitable for quantitative sodium imaging with an ultra-short echo time to minimize signal loss. The fidelity of the k-space center location is affected by the readout gradient timing errors on the three physical axes, which is known to cause image distortion for projection-based acquisitions. This study investigated the impact of these timing errors on the voxel-wise accuracy of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) bioscale measured with the flexTPI sequence. Our simulations show greater than 20% spatially varying quantification errors when the gradient timing errors are larger than 10 μs on all three axes. The quantification is more tolerant of gradient timing errors on the Z-axis. An existing method was used to measure the gradient timing errors with <1 μs error. The gradient timing error measurement is shown to be RF coil dependent, and timing error differences of up to ∼16 μs have been observed between different RF coils used on the same scanner. The measured timing errors can be corrected prospectively or retrospectively to obtain accurate TSC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Lu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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23
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Mueller KT, Sun BQ, Chingas GC, Zwanziger JW, Terao T, Pines A. Dynamic-angle spinning of quadrupolar nuclei. 1990. J Magn Reson 2011; 213:298-315. [PMID: 22152350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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24
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Kuchel PW, Naumann C, Puckeridge M, Chapman BE, Szekely D. Relaxation times of spin states of all ranks and orders of quadrupolar nuclei estimated from NMR z-spectra: Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis applied to 7Li+ and 23Na+ in stretched hydrogels. J Magn Reson 2011; 212:40-46. [PMID: 21742525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The NMR z-spectra of 7Li+ and 23Na+ in stretched hydrogels contain five minima, or critical values, with a sharp "dagger" on the central dip. The mathematical representation of such z-spectra from spin-3/2 nuclei contains nine distinct (the total is 15 but there is redundancy of the ±order-numbers) relaxation rate constants that are unique for each of the spin states, up to rank 3, order 3. We present an approach to multiple-parameter-value estimation that exploits the high level of separability of the effects of each of the relaxation rate constants on the features of the z-spectrum. The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is computationally demanding but it yielded statistically robust estimates (low coefficients of variation) of the parameter values. We describe the implementation of the MCMC analysis (in the present context) and posit that it can obviate the need for using multiple-quantum filtered RF-pulse sequences to estimate all relaxation rate constants/times under experimentally favorable, but readily achievable, circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Kuchel
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138667, Singapore.
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25
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Laustsen C, Ringgaard S, Pedersen M, Nielsen NC. Quadrupolar-coupling-specific binomial pulse sequences for in vivo 23Na NMR and MRI. J Magn Reson 2010; 206:139-146. [PMID: 20673642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aimed at selective detection of (23)Na with specific quadrupolar couplings for in vitro NMR and MRI, we present a series of quadrupolar binomial pulse sequences offering high specificity with respect to the quadrupolar couplings of the excited species. It is demonstrated that pulse sequences with an increasing number of elements, e.g., 11, 121, 1331, 14641, and 15101051, with the units representing flip angles smaller than the 90 degrees pulses typically encountered in binomial spin-1/2 solvent suppression experiments, and different phase combinations may provide a high degree of flexibility with respect to quadrupolar coupling selectivity and robustness towards rf inhomogeneity. This may facilitate efficient separation of, for example, intra and extracellular (23)Na in tissues with efficient control of the excitation (or suppression) of central as well as satellite transitions through on- and off-resonance irradiation. The pulse sequences are described in terms of their analogy to binomial liquid-state NMR solvent suppression experiments and demonstrated numerically and experimentally through NMR and MRI experiments on a 7 T horizontal small-bore animal magnet system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Inukai M, Takeda K. Double-resonance magic angle coil spinning. J Magn Reson 2010; 202:274-278. [PMID: 19926320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an extension of magic angle coil spinning (MACS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy to double-resonance experiments, enabling implementation of powerful double-resonance solid-state NMR methodologies including cross polarization, proton decoupling, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy etc., while still enjoying the merits that are intrinsic to MACS, such as high concentration sensitivity, eliminated magnetic susceptibility-induced field distortion, and an easy-to-use approach with the conventional and widespread hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Inukai
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Augath M, Heiler P, Kirsch S, Schad LR. In vivo(39)K, (23)Na and (1)H MR imaging using a triple resonant RF coil setup. J Magn Reson 2009; 200:134-6. [PMID: 19501530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of a gradient of potassium and sodium ions across the cell membranes is essential for the physiological function of the mammal organism. The measurement of the spatial distribution of pathologically changing ion concentrations of (23)Na and (39)K with magnetic resonance imaging offers a promising approach in clinical diagnostics to measure tissue viability. Existing studies were focused mainly on (23)Na imaging as well as spectroscopy with only one post-mortem study for (39)K imaging. In this paper a triple resonant RF coil setup for the rat head at 9.4T is presented for imaging of both nuclei ((23)Na and (39)K) and the acquisition of anatomical proton images in the same experiment without moving the subject or the RF coil. In vivo MR images of (39)K and (23)Na in the rat brain were acquired as well as anatomical proton images in the same scanning session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Augath
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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28
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Lee JS, Regatte RR, Jerschow A. Selective detection of ordered sodium signals by a jump-and-return pulse sequence. J Magn Reson 2009; 200:126-9. [PMID: 19596211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple pulse sequence, derived from the shaped pulse optimally exciting the central transition of a spin 3/2, can be used to selectively detect ordered sodium with a given quadrupolar coupling. The pulse sequence consists of two pulses with opposite phases and separated by a delay, called a quadrupolar jump-and-return (QJR) sequence. This QJR sequence is tested with a phantom made of sodium ions in bacteriophage and in aqueous solution and its feasibility for contrast modification based on the quadrupolar coupling is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Abstract
Partial (23)Na MRI invisibility in muscle foods is often referred to as an inherent drawback of the MRI technique, impairing quantitative sodium analysis. Several model samples were designed to simulate muscle foods with a broad variation in protein, fat, moisture, and salt content. (23)Na spin-echo MRI and a recently developed (23)Na SPRITE MRI approach were compared for quantitative sodium imaging, demonstrating the possibility of accurate quantitative (23)Na MRI by the latter method. Good correlations with chemically determined standards were also obtained from bulk (23)Na free induction decay (FID) and CPMG relaxation experiments on the same sample set, indicating their potential use for rapid bulk NaCl measurements. Thus, the sodium MRI invisibility is a methodological problem that can easily be circumvented by using the SPRITE MRI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Veliyulin
- SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Trap-Jensen J, Alpert JS, Lassen NA. Capillary diffusion capacity for sodium in skeletal muscle in long-term juvenile diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand Suppl 2009; 476:135-46. [PMID: 5236036 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1967.tb12692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Gobet M, Mouaddab M, Cayot N, Bonny JM, Guichard E, Le Quéré JL, Moreau C, Foucat L. The effect of salt content on the structure of iota-carrageenan systems: (23)Na DQF NMR and rheological studies. Magn Reson Chem 2009; 47:307-312. [PMID: 19152376 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(23)Na NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of Na(+) ion concentrations on the structure of 1% (w/w) iota-carrageenan systems, a natural gelling polysaccharide used as a thickener in the food industry. Rheological and (23)Na T(1) relaxation time measurements revealed that gel formation correlates with decreases in ion mobility over the range of 0-3% (w/w) sodium content. (23)Na single-quantum (SQ) and double-quantum-filtered (DQF) NMR experiments performed on these systems provided evidence for a 'bound' sodium ion fraction in a specifically ordered environment. These results have allowed us to propose a model for the carrageenan gelation mechanism in the presence of Na(+) ions.
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Secher-Hansen E. Studies on the subcutaneous absorption in mice. VIII. Influence of connective tissue ground substance on the absorption of subcutaneously injected depots of sodium and chloride. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 28:102-7. [PMID: 4915052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1970.tb00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Akerman B, Persson H, Tegnér C. Local anaesthetic properties of the optically active isomers of prilocaine (Citanest). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 25:233-41. [PMID: 6072942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1967.tb01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Aström A, Persson NH. Effect of some sympathomimetic amines on the tissue clearance of radiosodium injected into the hind leg of the rat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 30:29-35. [PMID: 5171351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1971.tb00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Jacobs MA, Ouwerkerk R, Kamel I, Bottomley PA, Bluemke DA, Kim HS. Proton, diffusion-weighted imaging, and sodium (23Na) MRI of uterine leiomyomata after MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound: a preliminary study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 29:649-56. [PMID: 19243047 PMCID: PMC4151255 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the feasibility of using combined proton (1H), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and sodium (23Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the treatment of uterine leiomyomata (fibroids). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight patients with uterine leiomyomata were enrolled and treated using MRI-guided high-intensity frequency ultrasound surgery (MRg-HIFUS). MRI scans collected at baseline and posttreatment consisted of T2-, T1-, and 1H DWI, as well as posttreatment 23Na MRI. The 23Na and 1H MRi were coregistered using a replacement phantom method. Regions of interest in treated and untreated uterine leiomyoma tissue were drawn on 1H MRI and DWI, wherein the tissue apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) and absolute sodium concentrations were measured. RESULTS Regions of treated uterine tissue were clearly identified on both DWI and 23Na images. The sodium concentrations in normal myometrium tissue were 35.8+/-2.1 mmol (mM), in the fundus; 43.4+/-3.8 mM, and in the bladder; 65.3+/-0.8 mM with ADC in normal myometrium of 2.2+/-0.3x10(-3) mm2/sec. Sodium concentration in untreated leiomyomata were 28+/-5 mM, and were significantly elevated (41.6+/-7.6 mM, P<0.05) after treatment. Apparent diffusion coefficient values in the treated leiomyomata (1.30+/-0.38x10(-3) mm2/sec) were decreased compared to areas of untreated leiomyomata (1.75+/--4048micro-4050micro36x10(-3) mm2/sec; P=0.04). CONCLUSION Multiparametric imaging permits identification of uterine leiomyomata, revealing altered 23Na MRI and DWI levels following noninvasive treatment that provides a mechanism to explore the molecular and metabolic pathways after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jacobs
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Babs'kyĭ AM, Ju S, Topper S, Bennett S, Atthe B, McLennan G, Bansal N. [Noninvasive monitoring of the hepatocellular carcinoma growth by the method of 1H and 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2008; 80:130-137. [PMID: 19140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using diffusion weighted 1H, single-quantum 23Na and triple-quantum-filtered 23Na magnetic resonance imaging water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), total tissue Na+ and intracellular Na+ were monitored in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats and in the surrounding liver tissue. The tumor water ADC was approximately 50% higher compared to the nearby healthy liver tissue but did not increase during 28 days of tumor growth (double time 3.9 days). The HCC growth was associated with an increase in both total tissue and intracellular 23Na signal intensity especially after 21 days post-cell inoculation reflecting possible changes in extracellular space and in intracellular ionic metabolism.
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Abrahams I, Hawkes GE, Ahmed A, Di Cristina T, Demetriou DZ, Ivanova GI. Structures of the chain metaphosphates NaM(PO3)3 (M = Ca or Sr). Magn Reson Chem 2008; 46:316-322. [PMID: 18306173 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state (23)Na and (31)P magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography have been used to study the structures of the chain metaphosphates NaCa(PO(3))(3) and NaSr(PO(3))(3). The compounds are isostructural and crystallise in space group P(-1) with the following parameters: NaCa(PO(3))(3), a = 6.711 A, b = 6.934 A, c = 7.619 A, alpha = 83.44 degrees , beta = 81.41 degrees , gamma = 82.80 degrees ; NaSr(PO(3))(3)a = 6.805 A, b = 7.133 A, c = 7.720 A and alpha = 83.71 degrees , beta = 80.48 degrees , gamma = 82.87 degrees . Both structures contain anionic metaphosphate chains of (PO(3))(n) (n) with ionic contacts to Na(+) ions in distorted octahedral sites and Ca(2+) (or Sr(2+)) in distorted dodecahedral sites. (31)P and (23)Na NMR are entirely consistent with the crystallographic data and an empirical method for assigning (31)P resonances to particular crystallographically unique P atoms is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Abrahams
- Centre for Materials Research, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road London E1, 4NS, UK.
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Wong A, Yan Z, Huang Y, Wu G. A solid-state 23Na NMR study of monovalent cation binding to double-stranded DNA at low relative humidity. Magn Reson Chem 2008; 46:308-315. [PMID: 18306259 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a solid-state (23)Na NMR study of monovalent cation (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+) and NH(4) (+)) binding to double-stranded calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) at low relative humidity, ca 0-10%. Results from (23)Na--(31)P rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR experiments firmly establish that, at low relative humidity, monovalent cations are directly bound to the phosphate group of CT DNA and are partially dehydrated. On the basis of solid-state (23)Na NMR titration experiments, we obtain quantitative thermodynamic parameters concerning the cation-binding affinity for the phosphate group of CT DNA. The free energy difference (DeltaG degrees ) between M(+) and Na(+) ions is as follows: Li(+) (-1.0 kcal mol(-1)), K(+) (7.2 kcal mol(-1)), NH(4) (+) (1.0 kcal mol(-1)), Rb(+) (4.5 kcal mol(-1)) and Cs(+) (1.5 kcal mol(-1)). These results suggest that, at low relative humidity, the binding affinity of monovalent cations for the phosphate group of CT DNA follows the order: Li(+) > Na(+) > NH(4) (+) > Cs(+) > Rb(+) > K(+). This sequence is drastically different from that observed for CT DNA in solution. This discrepancy is attributed to the different modes of cation binding in dry and wet states of DNA. In the wet state of DNA, cations are fully hydrated. Our results suggest that the free energy balance between direct cation-phosphate contact and dehydration interactions is important. The reported experimental results on relative ion-binding affinity for the DNA backbone may be used for testing theoretical treatment of cation-phosphate interactions in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is considerable variability in the clinical behavior and treatment response of low-grade (WHO grade II) gliomas. The purpose of this work was to characterize the metabolic profile of low-grade gliomas by using short echo time (1)H-MR spectroscopy and to correlate metabolite levels with MR imaging-measured sodium ((23)Na) signal intensity. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and increased myo-inositol (mIns), choline (Cho), glutamate (Glu), and (23)Na signal intensity in glioma tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained for all of the subjects. Proton ((1)H-MR) spectroscopy (TR/TE = 2200/46 ms) and sodium ((23)Na) MR imaging were performed at 4T in 13 subjects (6 women and 7 men; mean age, 44 years) with suspected low-grade glioma. Absolute metabolite levels were quantified, and relative (23)Na levels were measured in low-grade glioma and compared with the contralateral side in the same patients. Two-sided Student t tests were used to test for statistical significance. RESULTS Significant decreases were observed for NAA (P < .001) and Glu (P = .004), and increases were observed for mIns (P = .003), Cho (P = .025), and sodium signal intensity (P < .001) in low-grade glioma tissue. Significant correlations (r(2) > 0.25) were observed between NAA and Glu (P < .05) and between NAA and mIns (P < .01). Significant correlations were also observed between (23)Na signal intensity and NAA (P < .01) and between (23)Na signal intensity and Glu (P < .01). Ratios of NAA/mIns, NAA/(23)Na, and NAA/Cho were altered in glioma tissue (P < .001); however based on the t statistic, NAA/(23)Na (t = 9.6) was the most significant, followed by NAA/mIns (t = 6.1), and NAA/Cho (t = 5.0). CONCLUSION Although Glu concentration is reduced and mIns concentration is elevated in low-grade glioma tissue, the NAA/(23)Na ratio was the most sensitive indicator of pathologic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bartha
- Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Research, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Mouaddab M, Foucat L, Donnat JP, Renou JP, Bonny JM. Absolute quantification of Na+ bound fraction by double-quantum filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson 2007; 189:151-5. [PMID: 17897852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the absolute quantification of double-quantum filtered spectra of spin-3/2 nuclei ((23)Na). The method was tested on a model system, a cationic exchange resin for which the number of Na(+) binding sites was quantitatively controlled. The theoretical and experimental approaches were validated on samples with different Na(+) concentrations. An excellent agreement between the results obtained by double-quantum and single-quantum acquisitions was found. This method paves the way for absolute quantification of both bound and free fractions of Na(+), which are determining factors in the characterization of salted/brined/dried food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mouaddab
- Structures Tissulaires et Interactions Moléculaires, UR370, INRA-Theix, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ouwerkerk
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 601 N Caroline Street, JHOC 4241, Baltimore, MD 21287-0845, USA
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Abstract
The noninvasive localization of the epileptogenic zone continues to be a challenge in many patients that present as candidates for possible epilepsy surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide accurate anatomical definition, but despite their high resolution, these techniques fail to visualize the pathological neocortical and hippocampal changes in a sizable number of patients with focal pathologies. Further, visualized lesions on MRI may not all produce seizures. One of the keys to the understanding of the epileptogenic zone lies in the recognition of the metabolic alterations that occur in the setting of epileptic seizures. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a valuable tool that can be used to study the metabolic changes seen in both acute and chronic animal models of epilepsy. Such study allows for the identification of epileptic tissue with high sensitivity and specificity. We present here a review of the use of MRS in animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish K Hiremath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Nielles-Vallespin S, Weber MA, Bock M, Bongers A, Speier P, Combs SE, Wöhrle J, Lehmann-Horn F, Essig M, Schad LR. 3D radial projection technique with ultrashort echo times for sodium MRI: clinical applications in human brain and skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Med 2007; 57:74-81. [PMID: 17191248 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
(23)Na MRI has the potential to noninvasively detect sodium (Na) content changes in vivo. The goal of this study was to implement (23)Na MRI in a clinical setting for neurooncological and muscular imaging. Due to the biexponential T(2) decay of the tissue Na signal with a short component, which ranges between 0.5-8 ms, the measurement of total Na content requires imaging techniques with echo times (TEs) below 0.5 ms. A 3D radial pulse sequence with a TE of 0.2 ms at a spatial resolution of 4 x 4 x 4 mm(3) was developed that allows the acquisition and presentation of Na images on the scanner. This sequence was evaluated in patients with low- and high-grade gliomas, and higher (23)Na MR signals corresponding to an increased Na content were found in the tumor regions. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between tumor and white matter increased from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.3 +/- 0.3 with tumor grade. In patients with an identified muscular (23)Na channelopathy (Paramyotonia congenita (PC)), induced muscle weakness led to a signal increase of approximately 18% in the (23)Na MR images, which was attributed to intracellular Na(+) accumulation in this region.
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Alecci M, Romanzetti S, Kaffanke J, Celik A, Wegener HP, Shah NJ. Practical design of a 4 Tesla double-tuned RF surface coil for interleaved 1H and 23Na MRI of rat brain. J Magn Reson 2006; 181:203-11. [PMID: 16716616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MRI is proving to be a very useful tool for sodium quantification in animal models of stroke, ischemia, and cancer. In this work, we present the practical design of a dual-frequency RF surface coil that provides (1)H and (23)Na images of the rat head at 4 T. The dual-frequency RF surface coil comprised of a large loop tuned to the (1)H frequency and a smaller co-planar loop tuned to the (23)Na frequency. The mutual coupling between the two loops was eliminated by the use of a trap circuit inserted in the smaller coil. This independent-loop design was versatile since it enabled a separate optimisation of the sensitivity and RF field distributions of the two coils. To allow for an easy extension of this simple double-tuned coil design to other frequencies (nuclei) and dimensions, we describe in detail the practical aspects of the workbench design and MRI testing using a phantom that mimics in vivo conditions. A comparison between our independent-loop, double-tuned coil and a single-tuned (23)Na coil of equal size obtained with a phantom matching in vivo conditions, showed a reduction of the (23)Na sensitivity (about 28 %) because of signal losses in the trap inductance. Typical congruent (1)H and (23)Na rat brain images showing good SNR ((23)Na: brain 7, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid 11) and spatial resolution ((23)Na: 1.25 x 1.25 x 5mm(3)) are also reported. The in vivo SNR values obtained with this coil were comparable to, if not better than, other contemporary designs in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alecci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche and CNR-INFM, Universita' dell'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
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Weber MA, Nielles-Vallespin S, Huttner HB, Wöhrle JC, Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F, Schad LR, Kauczor HU, Essig M, Meinck HM. Evaluation of patients with paramyotonia at 23Na MR imaging during cold-induced weakness. Radiology 2006; 240:489-500. [PMID: 16775221 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2401050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively examine whether sodium 23 (23Na) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used to visualize acute intracellular Na+ accumulation and the effects of specific therapy in patients with paramyotonia congenita (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. Sixteen patients (four women, 12 men; mean age, 46.7 years +/- 16.7 [standard deviation]) with confirmed PC and 10 healthy volunteers (three women, seven men; mean age, 26.6 years +/- 3) were examined by using a 1.5-T MR system with a 16.8-MHz surface coil. 23Na MR imaging was performed before and after local cooling of the nondominant lower leg and exercising, with experimentally induced weakness scored by a neurologist. The 23Na MR examination was repeated in 13 patients and all volunteers after 3 days and, additionally, in seven patients after 4 days of oral administration of mexiletine, which blocks Na+ channels. The 23Na MR protocol comprised two-dimensional (2D) fast low-angle shot (FLASH), 2D radial, and free induction decay (FID) sequences. The FID data were fitted to a biexponential decay curve to evaluate the slow and fast components of the T2 relaxation time. Fast and slow components were assigned to intra- and extracellular Na+ concentrations, respectively. Radial and FLASH MR images were evaluated by means of a region-of-interest analysis by using 0.3% saline solution for reference. T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging were also performed. Data were analyzed by using a parametric t test. RESULTS After exercising, all patients developed considerable weakness exclusively in the cooled lower leg; no weakness was observed in volunteers. In patients, all 23Na MR images showed a significant increase in 23Na signal intensity in the cooled lower leg (P < .001) in comparison with nonsignificant findings in volunteers. After treatment with mexiletine, cooling and exercise induced almost no muscle weakness and no changes in 23Na MR signal intensity in patients. CONCLUSION 23Na MR imaging enables visualization of muscular Na+ accumulation associated with muscle weakness in patients with PC, and effects of specific therapy can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Weber
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kuchel PW, Chapman BE, Müller N, Bubb WA, Philp DJ, Torres AM. Apparatus for rapid adjustment of the degree of alignment of NMR samples in aqueous media: verification with residual quadrupolar splittings in (23)Na and (133)Cs spectra. J Magn Reson 2006; 180:256-65. [PMID: 16556508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectra of (23)Na(+) and (133)Cs(+) in gelatine in a silicone rubber tube that was stretched to various extents showed remarkably reproducible resonance multiplicity. The relative intensities of the components of the split peaks had ratios, 3:4:3, and 7:12:15:16:15:12:7, respectively, that conformed with those predicted using a Mathematica program. The silicone-rubber tube was sealed at its lower end by a small rubber stopper and placed inside a thick-walled glass tube. Gelatine was injected in solution into the silicone tube and 'set' by cooling below 30 degrees C. A plastic thumb-screw held the silicone tube at various degrees of extension, up to approximately 2-fold. After constituting the gel in buffers containing NaCl and CsCl, both (23)Na and (133)Cs NMR spectroscopy revealed that after stretching the initial single Lorentzian line was split into a well-resolved triplet and a heptet, respectively. This was interpreted as being due to coupling between the electric quadrupoles of the nuclei and the average electric field gradient tensor of the collagen molecules of gelatine; these molecules became progressively more aligned in the direction of the main magnetic field, B(0), of the vertical bore magnet, as the gel was stretched. This apparatus provides a simple way of demonstrating fundamental physical characteristics of quadrupolar cations, some characteristics of gelatine under stretching, and a way to invoke static distortion of red blood cells. It should be useful with these and other cell types, for studies of metabolic and membrane transport characteristics that may change when the cells are distorted, and possibly for structural studies of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Kuchel
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
The clinical detection of evolving acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and differentiating it from other causes of renal failure are currently limited. The maintenance of the corticomedullary sodium gradient, an indicator of normal kidney function, is presumably lost early in the course of ATN. Herein, sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI) was applied to study the early alteration in renal sodium distribution in rat kidneys 6 h after the induction of ATN. Three-dimensional gradient echo sodium images were recorded at 4.7 T with high spatial resolution. ATN was produced by the administration of radiologic contrast medium, combined with inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis. The sodium images revealed that the sham-controlled kidney exhibited a linear increase in sodium concentration along the corticomedullary axis of 30+/-2 mmol/l/mm, resulting in an inner medulla to cortex sodium ratio of 4.3+/-0.3 (n=5). In the ATN kidney, however, the cortico-outer medullary sodium gradient was reduced by 21% (P<0.01, n=7) and the inner medulla to cortex sodium ratio was decreased by 40% (P<0.001, n=7). Small, though significant, increments in plasma creatinine at this time inversely correlated with the decline in the corticomedullary sodium gradient. Histological findings demonstrated outer medullary ATN involving 4% of medullary thick ascending limbs. Hence, 23Na MRI non-invasively quantified changes in the corticomedullary sodium gradient in the ATN kidney when morphologic tubular injury was still focal and very limited. MRI detection of corticomedullary sodium gradient abnormalities may serve to identify evolving ATN at its early phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maril
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Romanzetti S, Halse M, Kaffanke J, Zilles K, Balcom BJ, Shah NJ. A comparison of three SPRITE techniques for the quantitative 3D imaging of the 23Na spin density on a 4T whole-body machine. J Magn Reson 2006; 179:64-72. [PMID: 16325438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium density maps acquired with three SPRITE-based methods have been compared in terms of the resulting quantitative information as well as image quality and acquisition times. Consideration of factors relevant for the clinical implementation of SPRITE shows that the Conical-SPRITE variant is preferred because of a 20-fold reduction in acquisition time, slightly improved image quality, and no loss of quantitative information. The acquisition of a 3D data set (32x32x16; FOV=256x256x160 mm) for the quantitative determination of sodium density is demonstrated. In vivo Conical-SPRITE 23Na images of the brain of a healthy volunteer were acquired in 30 min with a resolution of 7.5x7.5x7.5 mm and a signal-to-noise ratio of 23 in cerebrospinal fluid and 17 in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romanzetti
- Institute of Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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