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Lu F, Yang J, Yang S, Bernd K, Fu C, Yang C, Xu H, Liu M, Zhan S, Wang C, Guo R, Wu Y. Use of Three-Dimensional Arterial Spin Labeling to Evaluate Renal Perfusion in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1152-1163. [PMID: 33769645 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A noninvasive method for evaluating renal blood flow (RBF) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may have clinical value in disease staging, management, and prognostication. PURPOSE To evaluate effectiveness of three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) and pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) in assessment of cortex and outer medulla (cortex/OM) RBF in CKD patients and healthy volunteers (HVs). STUDY TYPE Prospective, in a single institution. SUBJECTS A total of 48 CKD patients (stage 1, 2, 3, and 4-5: N = 11, 12, 13, and 12, respectively) and 18 HVs FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3 T, pCASL, and PASL with a three-dimensional hybrid gradient echo/spin echo sequence. ASSESSMENT Quality of RBF images derived from pCASL and PASL were evaluated and RBF in cortex/OM measured. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded. STATISTICAL TESTS Image quality differences between pCASL and PASL were evaluated with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For both methods, analysis of variance, followed by Fisher's LSD-t test, was used to determine whether RBF differed between CKD stages and HVs. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess strength of relationships between cortex/OM RBF and data from clinical and laboratory tests. RESULTS Image quality differences were significantly higher in pCASL than PASL in both patients and HVs (both P < 0.05). For pCASL, cortex/OM RBF of patients were significantly lower than those of HVs (P < 0.05). Cortex/OM RBF were higher in S1 and S2 patients than those in S3 and S4-5 (P < 0.05). For PASL, only RBF in cortex of S1 and S2 patients were significantly higher than those of S4-5 (P < 0.05). Good correlations between pCASL RBF and estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) were found in cortex/OM of patients (rho = 0.796 and 0.798, respectively, both P < 0.05), higher than those between PASL RBF and eGFR (rho = 0.430 and 0.374, respectively, both P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION Three-dimensional pCASL may potentially be a noninvasive technique to assess renal perfusion in CKD patients in different stages. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuehn Bernd
- MR Applications Development, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caixia Fu
- MR Applications Development, Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenyao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ku MC, Fernández-Seara MA, Kober F, Niendorf T. Noninvasive Renal Perfusion Measurement Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Basic Concept. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2216:229-239. [PMID: 33476003 PMCID: PMC9703206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ involved in the excretion of metabolic products as well as the regulation of body fluids, osmolarity, and homeostatic status. These functions are influenced in large part by alterations in the regional distribution of blood flow between the renal cortex and medulla. Renal perfusion is therefore a key determinant of glomerular filtration. Therefore the quantification of regional renal perfusion could provide important insights into renal function and renal (patho)physiology. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) based perfusion MRI techniques, can offer a noninvasive and reproducible way of measuring renal perfusion in animal models. This chapter addresses the basic concept of ASL-MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chi Ku
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kober
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Marseille, France
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang JL, Lee VS. Renal perfusion imaging by MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 52:369-379. [PMID: 31452303 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal perfusion can be quantitatively assessed by multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, including dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE), arterial spin labeling (ASL), and diffusion-weighted imaging with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis. In this review we summarize the advances in the field of renal-perfusion MRI over the past 5 years. The review starts with a brief introduction of relevant MRI methods, followed by a discussion of recent technical developments. In the main section of the review, we examine the clinical and preclinical applications for three disease populations: chronic kidney disease, renal transplant, and renal tumors. The DCE method has been routinely used for assessing renal tumors but not other renal diseases. As a noncontrast alternative, ASL was extensively explored in both preclinical and clinical applications and showed much promise. Protocol standardization for the methods is desperately needed, and then large-scale clinical trials for the methods can be initiated prior to their broad clinical use. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:369-379.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian S Lee
- Verily Life Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Jiang K, Tang H, Mishra PK, Macura SI, Lerman LO. Measurement of murine kidney functional biomarkers using DCE-MRI: A multi-slice TRICKS technique and semi-automated image processing algorithm. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 63:226-234. [PMID: 31442558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a rapid multi-slice T1 measurement method using time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) and a semi-automated image processing algorithm for comprehensive assessment murine kidney function using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). METHODS A multi-slice TRICKS sampling scheme was implemented in an established rapid T1 measurement method. A semi-automated image-processing scheme employing basic image processing techniques and machine learning was developed to facilitate image analysis. Reliability of the multi-slice technique in measuring renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was tested in normal mice (n = 7 for both techniques) by comparing to the validated single-slice technique. Utility of this method was demonstrated on mice after either sham surgery (n = 7) or induction of unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS, n = 8). Renal functional parameters were extracted using a validated bi-compartment model. RESULTS The TRICKS sampling scheme achieved an acceleration factor of 2.7, allowing imaging of eight axial slices at 1.23 s/scan. With the aid of the semi-automated scheme, image analysis required under 15-min for both kidneys per mouse. The multi-slice technique yielded renal perfusion and GFR values comparable to the single-slice technique. Model-fitted renal parameters successfully differentiated control and stenotic mouse kidneys, including renal perfusion (706.5 ± 164.0 vs. 375.9 ± 277.9 mL/100 g/min, P = 0.002), blood flow (1.6 ± 0.4 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7 mL/min, P < 0.001), and GFR (142.9 ± 17.9 vs. 58.0 ± 42.8 μL/min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The multi-slice TRICKS-based DCE-MRI technique, with a semi-automated image processing scheme, allows rapid and comprehensive measurement of murine kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Prasanna K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Slobodan I Macura
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Zhou JY, Wang YC, Zeng CH, Ju SH. Renal Functional MRI and Its Application. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:863-881. [PMID: 30102436 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal function varies according to the nature and stage of diseases. Renal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a technique considered superior to the most common method used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate, allows for noninvasive, accurate measurements of renal structures and functions in both animals and humans. It has become increasingly prevalent in research and clinical applications. In recent years, renal fMRI has developed rapidly with progress in MRI hardware and emerging postprocessing algorithms. Function-related imaging markers can be acquired via renal fMRI, encompassing water molecular diffusion, perfusion, and oxygenation. This review focuses on the progression and challenges of the main renal fMRI methods, including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, blood oxygen level-dependent MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, arterial spin labeling, fat fraction imaging, and their recent clinical applications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:863-881.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chu-Hui Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Jiang K, Tang H, Mishra PK, Macura SI, Lerman LO. Measurement of Murine Single-Kidney Glomerular Filtration Rate Using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 2018; 79:2935-2943. [PMID: 29034514 PMCID: PMC5843517 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a method for measuring murine single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). METHODS This prospective study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A fast longitudinal relaxation time (T1 ) measurement method was implemented to capture gadolinium dynamics (1 s/scan), and a modified two-compartment model was developed to quantify GFR as well as renal perfusion using 16.4T MRI in mice 2 weeks after unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS, n = 6) or sham (n = 8) surgeries. This approach was validated by comparing model-derived GFR and perfusion to those obtained by fluorescein isothiocyanante (FITC)-inulin clearance and arterial spin labeling (ASL), respectively, using the Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlations and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The compartmental model provided a good fitting to measured gadolinium dynamics in both normal and RAS kidneys. The proposed DCE-MRI method offered assessment of single-kidney GFR and perfusion, comparable to the FITC-inulin clearance (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.95 and Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ = 0.94, P < 0.0001, and mean difference -7.0 ± 11.0 μL/min) and ASL (r = 0.92 and ρ = 0.84, P < 0.0001, and mean difference 4.4 ± 66.1 mL/100 g/min) methods. CONCLUSION The proposed DCE-MRI method may be useful for reliable noninvasive measurements of single-kidney GFR and perfusion in mice. Magn Reson Med 79:2935-2943, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Prasanna K. Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Slobodan I. Macura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Baligand C, Qin H, True-Yasaki A, Gordon J, von Morze C, Santos JD, Wilson D, Raffai R, Cowley PM, Baker AJ, Kurhanewicz J, Lovett DH, Wang ZJ. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance evaluation of renal ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3765. [PMID: 28708304 PMCID: PMC5618802 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Persistent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated across diverse forms of AKI and in the transition to CKD. In this study, we applied hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C dehydroascorbate (DHA) and 13 C pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate the renal redox capacity and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, respectively, in a murine model of AKI at baseline and 7 days after unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Compared with the contralateral sham-operated kidneys, the kidneys subjected to IRI showed a significant decrease in the HP 13 C vitamin C/(vitamin C + DHA) ratio, consistent with a decrease in redox capacity. The kidneys subjected to IRI also showed a significant decrease in the HP 13 C bicarbonate/pyruvate ratio, consistent with impaired PDH activity. The IRI kidneys showed a significantly higher HP 13 C lactate/pyruvate ratio at day 7 compared with baseline, although the 13 C lactate/pyruvate ratio was not significantly different between the IRI and contralateral sham-operated kidneys at day 7. Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated significantly reduced perfusion in the IRI kidneys. Renal tissue analysis showed corresponding increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced PDH activity in the IRI kidneys. Our results show the feasibility of HP 13 C MRS for the non-invasive assessment of oxidative stress and mitochondrial PDH activity following renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Baligand
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hecong Qin
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aisha True-Yasaki
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeremy Gordon
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin DeLos Santos
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David Wilson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robert Raffai
- Medicine, San Francisco VAMC/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Patrick M. Cowley
- Medicine, San Francisco VAMC/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anthony J. Baker
- Medicine, San Francisco VAMC/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David H. Lovett
- Medicine, San Francisco VAMC/University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhen Jane Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Gutjahr FT, Günster SM, Kampf T, Winter P, Herold V, Bauer WR, Jakob PM. MRI-based quantification of renal perfusion in mice: Improving sensitivity and stability in FAIR ASL. Z Med Phys 2017; 27:334-339. [PMID: 28431859 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The importance of the orientation of the selective inversion slice in relation to the anatomy in flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery arterial spin labeling (FAIR ASL) kidney perfusion measurements is demonstrated by comparing the standard FAIR scheme to a scheme with an improved slice selective control experiment. METHODS A FAIR ASL method is used. The selective inversion preparation slice is set perpendicular to the measurement slice to decrease the unintended labeling of arterial spins in the control experiment. A T1*-based quantification method compensates for the effects of the imperfect inversion on the edge of the selective inversion slice. The quantified perfusion values are compared to the standard experiment with parallel orientation of imaging and selective inversion slice. RESULTS Perfusion maps acquired with the perpendicular inversion slice orientation show higher sensitivity compared to the parallel orientation. The T1*-based quantification method removes artifacts arising from imperfect inversion slice profiles. The stability is improved. CONCLUSION Adjusting the labeling technique to the anatomy is of high importance. Improved sensitivity and reproducibility could be demonstrated. The proposed method provides a solution to the problem of FAIR ASL measurements of renal perfusion in coronal view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tobias Gutjahr
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Michael Günster
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kampf
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Winter
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Herold
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rudolf Bauer
- Universität Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Jakob
- Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Research Center Magnetic-Resonance-Bavaria, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Becker AS, Rossi C. Renal Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 135:1-5. [PMID: 27760424 DOI: 10.1159/000450797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI allows the quantification of tissue perfusion without administration of exogenous contrast agents. Patients with reduced renal function or other contraindications to Gadolinium-based contrast media may benefit from the non-invasive monitoring of tissue microcirculation. So far, only few studies have investigated the sensitivity, the specificity and the reliability of the ASL techniques for the assessment of renal perfusion. Moreover, only little is known about the interplay between ASL markers of perfusion and functional renal filtration parameters. In this editorial, we discuss the main technical issues related to the quantification of renal perfusion by ASL and, in particular, the latest results in patients with kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Becker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Orth P, Peifer C, Goebel L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Comprehensive analysis of translational osteochondral repair: Focus on the histological assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 50:19-36. [PMID: 26515165 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage guarantees for an optimal functioning of diarthrodial joints by providing a gliding surface for smooth articulation, weight distribution, and shock absorbing while the subchondral bone plays a crucial role in its biomechanical and nutritive support. Both tissues together form the osteochondral unit. The structural assessment of the osteochondral unit is now considered the key standard procedure for evaluating articular cartilage repair in translational animal models. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the different methods for a comprehensive evaluation of osteochondral repair. The main focus is on the histological assessment as the gold standard, together with immunohistochemistry, and polarized light microscopy. Additionally, standards of macroscopic, non-destructive imaging such as high resolution MRI and micro-CT, biochemical, and molecular biological evaluations are addressed. Potential pitfalls of analysis are outlined. A second focus is to suggest recommendations for osteochondral evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Carolin Peifer
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Lars Goebel
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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